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Figure 1 in Notes on Candelabrum australe (Briggs, 1928) (Hydrozoa, Anthoathecatae)

Figure 1. Candelabrum australe. Laboratory photograph of partially extended hydranth Figure 2 A, female blastostyle with clusters on Ecklonia radiata thallus. A, capitate of tentacles and young and mature Figure 3 A, large desmoneme from body body tentacles; B, blastostyle tentacles; C, gonophores containing larvae. B, actinula tentacles. B, small desmoneme. C–F, mature gonophore. Scale bar: 2 cm. larva several hours after liberation. Scale stenoteles. G, large merotrichous isorhiza. bar: A, 2 mm; B, 0.5 mm. H, small?merotrichous isorhiza. I, mesotele. Scale bar: 30 μm.

FIGURE 7 in Toward a revision of the bamboo corals: Part 6, Illuminating a new candelabrum genus (Octocorallia: Keratoisididae)

FIGURE 7. Map showing distribution of Tridentisis candelabrum specimens, including both collected specimens (green squares) and in situ observations from high-definition video from ROV (yellow circles). There is overlap of symbols for collection locations on Balanus Seamount and off Molokai, Hawaii.

FIGURE 6. Tridentisis candelabrum, paratype specimen MOL101-1 sclerites from A in Toward a revision of the bamboo corals: Part 6, Illuminating a new candelabrum genus (Octocorallia: Keratoisididae)

FIGURE 6. Tridentisis candelabrum, paratype specimen MOL101-1 sclerites from A, body, intertentacular needles, B, body wall, C, tentacles, D, coenenchyme, and E, pharynx.

FIGURE 5 in Toward a revision of the bamboo corals: Part 6, Illuminating a new candelabrum genus (Octocorallia: Keratoisididae)

FIGURE 5. Normal and aberrant polyps of Tridentisis candelabrum colonies. A. in situ image of expanded polyps with projecting inter-tentacular needles, semi-transparent tissue, and red color associated with oral opening (Mariana Trench Marine National Monument, Pacific Ocean, 1847 m depth, EX1605L3 Dive 19). B. microscope image of preserved paratype colony MOL101-1 showing inter-tentacular needles and semi-transparent tissue in the basal part of the polyp. C. in situ image of part of the colony CAT 206-1; the widely space branches and sparse polyps are evident. D. microscope image of a section of the most lateral vertical branch; the polyps are poorly developed with only the large needle sclerites being evident.

FIGURE 4 in Toward a revision of the bamboo corals: Part 6, Illuminating a new candelabrum genus (Octocorallia: Keratoisididae)

FIGURE 4. Examples of aberrant colony form in Tridentisis candelabrum. A. two-node offset of trident, on rift zone ridge north of St. Rogatien Bank, Northwestern Hawaiian Islands, 1963 m depth, EX1504L2 Dive 3. B,C. one-node offset of trident, on Mendelsohn Seamount, Musician Seamounts, Pacific Ocean, 1651 m depth, EX1708 Dive 19. A fragment of this colony was collected and sequenced (USNM 1467653; GenBank Acc. # OR805796). D. asymmetrical branch growth, Explorer Ridge, Mariana Trench Marine National Monument, Pacific Ocean, 1754 m depth, EX1605L3 Dive 15. E,F. asymmetrical branch growth and anomalous branch "tangle", Karin Ridge, Johnston Atoll Unit of Pacific Remote Islands Marine National Monument, Pacific Ocean, 1897 m depth, EX1504L4 Dive 9. G. apparent failure of growth of one side of the colony, Wake Atoll Unit of Pacific Remote Islands Marine National Monument, Pacific Ocean, 1972 m depth, EX1606 Dive 7. H. axis bifurcation one node below trifurcation on one side resulting in branches overlapping and developing out of the plane of the candelabra, Johnston Atoll Unit of Pacific Remote Islands Marine National Monument, Pacific Ocean, 1364 m depth, EX1706 Dive 13. I. aberrant branching of vertical branch and one node offset of the trident, Wake Atoll Unit of Pacific Remote Islands Marine National Monument, Pacific Ocean, 1982 m depth, EX1606 Dive 3.

FIGURE 3 in Toward a revision of the bamboo corals: Part 6, Illuminating a new candelabrum genus (Octocorallia: Keratoisididae)

FIGURE 3. Whole colony in situ images of Tridentisis candelabrum specimens for which samples were collected (see Type Series and Table 1 for details). A, holotype colony (BAL205-1) at 1889 meters depth on Balanus Seamount, New England Seamount chain. B, colony CAT 206-1 from Cat Island, Bahamas, collected at 1255 m. C, paratype colony NEP204-4 at 1289 meters depth in the Northeast Providence Channel, Whale Cay, The Bahamas. D, paratype colony BAL208-1 at 1815 meters depth on Balanus Seamount, New England Seamount chain. E, paratype colony NWP107-1 at 1263 meters depth in the Northwest Providence Channel, SW of Great Abaco Is., The Bahamas; note second-order branching on the central vertical branch creating a second trident. F, colony BOO103-1 at 1302 meters depth south of Conception Is., The Bahamas. G, colony CAT107-1 at 1468 meters depth on the Bahama Escarpment, N. of Cat Is., The Bahamas. H, paratype colony MOL601-1 at 1652 meters depth in Molokai Canyon, Molokai Island, Hawaii. I, paratype colony P5-689-1 at 1751 meters depth on West Twin Bank, Northwestern Hawaiian Ridge.

FIGURE 2 in Toward a revision of the bamboo corals: Part 6, Illuminating a new candelabrum genus (Octocorallia: Keratoisididae)

FIGURE 2. Tridentisis candelabrum, holotype, BAL205-1, YPM IZ107121, A, whole polyp, tissue cleared with clove oil and imaged with partially crossed polarizing filters. B, scanning electron microscope (SEM) image of upper part of polyp. C, cleared-tissue image of tentacle showing arrangement of sclerites along tentacle rachis and in pinnules. D, light microscope image of thick section cut through the body wall and one septum (s); the outer thick matrix (*) is seen on the left side of the image left of the body wall. E, SEM image of cut through the layered matrix on the outside of the body wall of the polyp; layering appears to be composed of collagen fibers.

FIGURE 1 in Toward a revision of the bamboo corals: Part 6, Illuminating a new candelabrum genus (Octocorallia: Keratoisididae)

FIGURE 1. Tridentisis candelabrum, holotype, BAL205-1, YPM IZ107121, A, collected colony section; and sclerites from, B, the body wall (1, generally, 2, intertentacular sclerites), C, tentacles, and D, the pharynx.

Figure 10 in Systematics of the candelabrum gorgonian corals (Eunicea Lamouroux; Plexauridae; Octocorallia; Cnidaria)

Figure 10. Scanning electron micrograph images from sclerites of Eunicea tayrona sp. nov. holotype (USNM 100646). A–D, sclerites (ornamented spindles) from the middle layer (scale bars = 0.1 mm). A is a stereopair. B and D are details of wart ornamentation (scale bars = 0.01 mm); E, rod sclerites from the anthocodial crown/armature of the polyps (scale bars = 0.01 mm).

Figure 8 in Systematics of the candelabrum gorgonian corals (Eunicea Lamouroux; Plexauridae; Octocorallia; Cnidaria)

Figure 8. Photographs of Caribbean candelabrum corals in situ. A, Eunicea calyculata (Ellis & Solander), Serrana Bank, Colombia, 18 m; B, Eunicea knighti Bayer, Bocas del Toro Panama, 15 m; C, Eunicea pallida García-Parrado & Alcolado, Bocas del Toro, Panamá, 15 m; D, Eunicea flexuosa (Lamouroux), Carrie Bow Cay, Belize, 12 m. Polyp details (Bocas del Toro, Panamá): E, Eunicea tourneforti; F, Eunicea laciniata; G, E. calyculata; H, Eunicea clavigera; and I, Eunicea tayrona sp. nov.

Figure 7 in Systematics of the candelabrum gorgonian corals (Eunicea Lamouroux; Plexauridae; Octocorallia; Cnidaria)

Figure 7. Scanning electron microscope stereopairs of Eunicera clavigera sclerites ('slender' morphotype USNM 100645). A, sclerite, spindle, from the middle layer (scale bar = 0.2 mm); B, detail from A, wart ornamentation (scale bar = 0.02 mm); C, axial layer sclerites (scale bar = 0.02 mm); D, warts from spindles of the middle layer (scale bar = 0.01 mm); E, axial layer sclerites (scale bar = 0.01 mm); F, rod sclerites from the anthocodial crown/armature of the polyps (scale bar = 0.02 mm); G–H, club sclerites (foliate) from the surface layer (scale bar = 0.01 mm).

Figure 9 in Systematics of the candelabrum gorgonian corals (Eunicea Lamouroux; Plexauridae; Octocorallia; Cnidaria)

Figure 9. Photographs of Eunicea tayrona sp. nov. holotype (USNM 100646). A, underwater views of the colony alive, Riding Rock Reef, Leeward terrace, 12 m, San Salvador, Bahamas, 15 August 1999; B, dry specimen (calliper open at 2 cm) and detail; C, photo of the Eunicea fusca holotype and its club-like sclerites, museum of Turin (photos by and courtesy of Carlo Cerrano, University of Genoa).

Figure 11 in Systematics of the candelabrum gorgonian corals (Eunicea Lamouroux; Plexauridae; Octocorallia; Cnidaria)

Figure 11. Scanning electron micrograph stereopairs from sclerites of Eunicea tayrona sp. nov. holotype (USNM 100646). A, sclerites (ornamented spindles) from the middle layer (scale bar = 0.1 mm); B, detail of wart ornamentation from A (scale bar = 0.02 mm); C, axial layer sclerite (scale bar = 0.01 mm); D, club sclerite from the surface layer (scale bar = 0.01 mm).

Figure 5 in Systematics of the candelabrum gorgonian corals (Eunicea Lamouroux; Plexauridae; Octocorallia; Cnidaria)

Figure 5. Scanning electron microscope images from sclerites of Eunicea clavigera 'slender' or typical morphotype (USNM 100645). A, sclerite (ornamented spindle) from the middle layer (scale bar = 0.1 mm) with detail of wart ornamentation (scale bars = approximately 0.5 and 0.05 mm, respectively); B, club sclerites (foliate) from the surface layer (scale bars = approximately 0.005 mm); C, rod sclerites from the anthocodial crown/armature of the polyps (scale bars = approximately 0.015 mm); D, rod sclerites from the anthocodial crown/armature of the polyps (scale bars = approximately 0.005 mm).

Figure 3 in Systematics of the candelabrum gorgonian corals (Eunicea Lamouroux; Plexauridae; Octocorallia; Cnidaria)

Figure 3. Cladograms of the most parsimonious phylogenetic hypotheses of Eunicea spp. obtained with maximum parsimony (A–B) (length = 24; consistency index = 0.708; retention index = 0.865). Above node numbers correspond to bootstrapping support values obtained in PAUP* (number of replicates = 1000; *corresponds to the only node with decay index> 1, obtained also in PAUP* increasing progressively the upper tree length bound and comparing strict concensus). Vertical lines refer to the monophyletic groups in common for the two trees.

Figure 4 in Systematics of the candelabrum gorgonian corals (Eunicea Lamouroux; Plexauridae; Octocorallia; Cnidaria)

Figure 4. Photographs of Eunicea clavigera. A–B, 'thick' morphotype (USNM 100644), A, underwater view of the colony alive, Riding Rock Reef, Leeward terrace, 17 m, San Salvador, Bahamas, 15 August 1999 (diver L. Kauffman); B, dry specimen (calliper open at 2 cm). C–D, 'slender' morphotype specimen (USNM 100645). C, dry specimen (calliper open at 2 cm); D, underwater views of the colony alive, Riding Rock Reef, Leeward terrace, 12 m, San Salvador, Bahamas, 15 August 1999. Right photos show the same branch with different levels of polyp retraction.

Figure 1 in Systematics of the candelabrum gorgonian corals (Eunicea Lamouroux; Plexauridae; Octocorallia; Cnidaria)

Figure 1. Photographs of Caribbean candelabrum corals in situ. A, Eunicea pinta Bayer & Deichmann Roncador Bank Colombia, 25 m; B, Eunicea palmeri Bayer, Roncador Bank, Colombia, 12 m; C, Eunicea succinea (Pallas) Bocas del Toro, Panama, 12 m; D, Eunicea laxispica (Lamarck), fore-reef terrace, 20 m, Abaco, Bahamas (2000); E, Eunicea mammosa Lamouroux, Roncador Bank, Colombia, 12 m; F, Eunicea tourneforti Milne Edwards & Haime, Carrie Bow Cay, Belize, 8 m; G, Eunicea asperula Milne-Edwards & Haime, outer slope edge, Cat island, Bahamas (2001); H, Eunicea laciniata Duchassaing & Michelotti, shallow fore-reef, 10 m, Carrie Bow Cay, Belize (2001); I, Eunicea fusca Duchassaing & Michelotti, White Horse Reef, fore-reef, 20 m, Exuma Cays, Bahamas (2000).