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66 results for “Canopy communities”
Tree survey:Effects of Long Term Fertilization and Oak Canopy Cover on Plant Communities and Ecosystem Processes
In 1996 E142 was established in field D on top of the E004 macroplots. E004 was conducted in fields A, B, C and D by Dave Tilman. The purpose of E004 was to see what effect NH4NO3 addition has on large areas over a longer period of time with exposure to naturally-occurring levels of herbivory. The nutrient addition treatments in E004, E142 plots have been applied annually since 1982. These experiments, along with others at Cedar Creek, examine the community and ecosystem consequences of chronic nutrient loading.
Canopy litter biomass:Effects of Long Term Fertilization and Oak Canopy Cover on Plant Communities and Ecosystem Processes
In 1996 E142 was established in field D on top of the E004 macroplots. E004 was conducted in fields A, B, C and D by Dave Tilman. The purpose of E004 was to see what effect NH4NO3 addition has on large areas over a longer period of time with exposure to naturally-occurring levels of herbivory. The nutrient addition treatments in E004, E142 plots have been applied annually since 1982. These experiments, along with others at Cedar Creek, examine the community and ecosystem consequences of chronic nutrient loading.
Herbaceous Vegetation Survey:Effects of Long Term Fertilization and Oak Canopy Cover on Plant Communities and Ecosystem Processes
In 1996 E142 was established in field D on top of the E004 macroplots. E004 was conducted in fields A, B, C and D by Dave Tilman. The purpose of E004 was to see what effect NH4NO3 addition has on large areas over a longer period of time with exposure to naturally-occurring levels of herbivory. The nutrient addition treatments in E004, E142 plots have been applied annually since 1982. These experiments, along with others at Cedar Creek, examine the community and ecosystem consequences of chronic nutrient loading.
Percent cover, species richness, and canopy height data of seagrass communities in Shark Bay, Western Australia, with accompanying abiotic data, from October 2012 to July 2013
This dataset provides cover, canopy height, and species richness estimates for seagrass communities throughout Shark Bay, as well as ancilliary physical data. These data will be used to determine spatial patterns of seagrass loss and recovery, as well as recovery rates and succisional changes in community composition, if present.
Peeking under the canopy: anomalously short fire-return intervals alter subalpine forest understory plant communities
Changing climate and fire regimes are profoundly affecting temperate coniferous forests, driving greatly reduced tree cover postfire. However, whether similar changes are present in the understory of these forests remains less well-understood. We sampled understory plant communities in 20 plot pairs across Greater Yellowstone (Wyoming, USA) in July and August 2021, with each including one plot burned at short (<30 year) fire-return interval and one plot burned in the same most recent fire but not burned previously for >125 years. We also included 11 plot pairs meeting our definition of short- and long-interval fire that were sampled 12 years after the 1988 Yellowstone fires in summer 2000. We also used previously collected published and unpublished data to compare understory communities following recent (2016) short-interval fires to those following the previous long-interval fire in the same general area. In each plot, percent cover of understory plant species was estimated in 0.25-m2 quadrats, and species richness determined via a whole-plot sweep. Understory plant community cover, richness, and diversity did not differ by interval class, but species able to persist in drier conditions and in lower vegetation zones became more abundant following shot interval fire. Further, previously distinct understory communities following long-interval fire in two regions of Greater Yellowstone became slightly more similar following recent short-interval fire. Dissimilarity between plot pairs increased with greater historical snowfall and decreased with time since fire and postfire winter snowfall. These changes to understory plant communities may continue with ongoing shifts in climate and fire across temperate and boreal forests.
canopy herbivory and leaf traits of tree communities in tropical montane rainforests of southern Ecuador
This dataset contains herbivory data estimated as leaf area loss [cm²] and [%] and several leaf traits measured either conventionally or via spectral sensing-based techniques from canopies of tree communities in tropical montane rainforests of the Andes in southern Ecuador between February and March in 2019. The data were used by Schön et al. (in prep) to evaluate whether leaf traits are valuable indicators of canopy herbivory mainly caused by arthropods and further, whether chemical leaf traits estimated via spectral sensing-based techniques have similar strong relations to herbivory as leaf traits measured conventionally. Herbivory was estimated with the software WinFOLIA ™ 2019a from scanned mature and sun-exposed leaves of tree canopies. Spectral sensing-based leaf traits comprising secondary plant metabolites and both structural and nutritional cell components were estimated from leaves with an OceanOptics spectrometer HDX. Conventionally measured leaf traits comprising morphological and nutritional traits were derived by applying both elemental and morphometrical analyses (e.g., ICP analysis, a digital micrometer and penetrometer). For detailed descriptions of the methodology see Schön et al. (in prep), Homeier et al. (2021), and Limberger et al. (2021). Research was conducted by the subprojects A1, B1, and B4 within the framework of the RESPECT project (Environmental changes in biodiversity hotspot ecosystems of South Ecuador: RESPonse and feedback effECTs) funded by the DFG with the grant numbers: BE1780/51-1, BE1780/51-2, Ho3296/6-1, FA 925/11-1, FA 925/11-2, FA 925/16-1, BR1293/17-1.
Fig. 2 in Herpetofaunal community of a high canopy tank bromeliad (Aechmea zebrina) in the Yasuní Biosphere Reserve of Amazonian Ecuador, with comments on the use of "arboreal" in the herpetological literature
Fig. 2. (A) A downward vertical view (in situ) of Aechmea zebrina (foreground center left, and at lower elevation in upper right and center right) and a cluster of Aechmea tessmannii (center, with one in bloom) bromeliads in the tree canopy from ~34 m. (B) A community of A. zebrina bromeliads at ~38 m (in situ). (C) An A. zebrina bromeliad (ex situ) inside screen tent being measured and prepared for dismantling, collected from ~44 m in the canopy. Notice the more upright leaves and reddish color because of increased sun exposure due to high canopy location.
Fig. 5 in Herpetofaunal community of a high canopy tank bromeliad (Aechmea zebrina) in the Yasuní Biosphere Reserve of Amazonian Ecuador, with comments on the use of "arboreal" in the herpetological literature
Fig. 5. Box plots of recorded habitat variables for Aechmea zebrina bromeliads collected from all trees, bromeliads with ≥1 metamorphosed anuran, and bromeliads absent of anurans. Asterisks represent the mean, open circles are outliers, horizontal line inside box is the median, top and bottom lines of the rectangle are the 3rd and 1st quartiles (Q3 and Q1), respectively, and the top and bottom whiskers are maximum and minimum values excluding outliers, respectfully.
Fig. 1 in Herpetofaunal community of a high canopy tank bromeliad (Aechmea zebrina) in the Yasuní Biosphere Reserve of Amazonian Ecuador, with comments on the use of "arboreal" in the herpetological literature
Fig. 1. (A) Map of South America with Ecuador (shaded light blue) and Yasuní National Park (solid dark green) highlighted. The Amazon ecoregion is outlined with light green line. (B) Northeastern section of Yasuní National Park (light gray line) and surrounding region where trees were sampled for Aechmea zebrina bromeliads within the vicinity of the Tiputini Biodiversity Station – Universidad San Francisco de Quito (TBS) and the Yasuní Research Station – Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador (YRS). (C) Detail of TBS where trees were sampled for A. zebrina bromeliads. Note: Map is modified from Figure 2 in McCracken and Forstner (2014) and used under the Creative Commons Attribution license.
Fig. 4 in Herpetofaunal community of a high canopy tank bromeliad (Aechmea zebrina) in the Yasuní Biosphere Reserve of Amazonian Ecuador, with comments on the use of "arboreal" in the herpetological literature
Fig. 4. The Banded cat-eyed snake, Leptodeira annulata, collected in an Aechmea zebrina bromeliad at 43.5 m above the forest floor.
Fig. 3. A in Herpetofaunal community of a high canopy tank bromeliad (Aechmea zebrina) in the Yasuní Biosphere Reserve of Amazonian Ecuador, with comments on the use of "arboreal" in the herpetological literature
Fig. 3. A collection of anurans collected from Aechmea zebrina bromeliads. (A) Pristimantis aureolineatus hiding in leaf axil, and (B) on a leaf of A. zebrina. (C) Pristimantis waoranii emerging from leaf axil, and (D) on a leaf of A. zebrina. (E) Ranitomeya ventrimaculata and (F) Scinax ruber collected from A. zebrina bromeliads.
Biodiversity facets, canopy structure and surface temperature of grassland communities
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Data from: Life in the canopy: community trait assessments reveal substantial functional diversity among fern epiphytes
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Canopy height and epiphytic bryophytes shape fungal communities in a temperate rainforest
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Non-native weed reaches community dominance under the canopy of native tree
Whether facilitation from native plants is strong enough to trigger community dominance by non-natives remains unclear. We explored the possibility that facilitation from Prosopis caldenia, the dominant native tree in the semiarid open forest of central Argentina, drives local community dominance by Chenopodium album, an annual herb native to Europe. We assessed this hypothesis by conducting extensive field sampling in which we recorded the relative abundance of species growing under the canopy of P. caldenia (caldén microsites) and in adjacent locations free of this tree (open microsites). If our hypothesis is correct, then the relative abundance of C. album will be greater than that of the rest of the species only when growing under P. caldenia. Also, we measured C. album performance, estimated its soil seed bank, and characterized growing conditions in caldén and open microsites. We found that the relative abundance of C. album was over seven times greater than that of any other species in communities occurring in caldén microsites; by contrast, C. album co-dominated communities with several other species in the open. Chenopodium album density, cover, biomass, and fecundity were all several times greater in caldén than open microsites. Similarly, C. album seed bank displayed an eight-fold increase in caldén as compared to open microsites. Growing conditions were markedly different between microsites, which could explain positive responses from C. album. Our results suggest that facilitation from natives is indeed strong enough to trigger local community dominance by non-natives, advancing the understanding of community-level consequences of this interaction.
Data from: A test of community assembly rules using foliar endophytes from a tropical forest canopy
<p>Community assembly theory assumes that ecological communities are spatially delimited into patches. Within these patches, coexistence results from environmental filtering, competition, and immigration. Truly delineated communities exist in laboratory studies of microbial cultures in Petri dishes, yet empirical tests conducted in continuous environments often use patches defined by convention as opposed to realised boundaries. Here we perform a test of ecological community assembly rules using foliar endophyte communities from a tropical rainforest, where leaves are considered as patches for both fungal and bacterial communities. We determined the diversity of fungal and bacterial endophytes using environmental DNA sequencing of 365 top-canopy leaves, collected from 38 host trees belonging to 22 different species across a 4-hectare research plot. Three leaves were collected from three or more branches within each tree crown. We tested the effect of host tree species and their level of phylogenetic relatedness on community composition as well as the contribution of geographic distance between leaves to endophyte community diversity. Endophyte diversity significantly differed across host tree species, as did community composition. Within certain endophytic orders (Xylariales, Rhizobiales) species assemblages significantly differed across host tree species, but this trend was weaker or non-existent in other orders known to contain pathogens and saprotrophs (Polyporales, Solirubrobacterales). Phylogenetically related host tree species displayed more similar endophyte communities than expected by chance, but geographically close trees did not. Consistent with the finding of host-specificity, nearby leaves tended to host more similar communities than distantly positioned ones. These findings demonstrate that foliar endophytes are structured by dispersal across small spatial scales, but at the scale of the canopy they display patterns of neutral filtering, with only a small part of variation described by host tree differences. Endophyte communities thus act as a model system in evoking the rules predicted by theoretical community ecology.</p>
Data for: Effect of seaweed canopy disturbance on understory microbial communities on rocky shores
<p>The collapse of macroalgal habitats is altering the structure of benthic communities on rocky shores globally. Nonetheless, how the loss of canopy-forming macroalgae influences the structure of epilithic microbial communities is yet to be explored. Here, we used experimental field manipulations and 16S-rRNA-gene amplicon sequencing to determine the effects of macroalgal loss on the understorey bacterial communities and their relationship with epiphytic bacteria on macroalgae. Beds of the fucoid <em>Hormosira</em> <em>banksii</em> were exposed to different levels of disturbance resulting in five treatments: (i) 100% removal of <em>Hormosira</em> individuals, (ii) 50% removal, (iii) no removal, (iv) a procedural control that mimicked the removal process, but no <em>Hormosira</em> was removed and (v) adjacent bare rock. Canopy cover, bacterial communities (epilithic and epiphytic) and benthic macroorganisms were monitored for 16 months. Results showed that reductions in canopy cover rapidly altered understory bacterial diversity and composition. <em>Hormosira</em> canopies in 50% and 100% removal plots showed signs of recovery over time, but understory epilithic bacterial communities remained distinct throughout the experiment in plots that experienced full Hormosira removal. Changes in bacterial communities were not related to changes in other benthic macroorganisms. These results demonstrate that understory epilithic bacterial communities respond rapidly to environmental disturbances at small scales and these changes can be long-lasting. A deeper knowledge of the ecological role of understory epilithic microbial communities is needed to better understand potential cascading effects of disturbances on the functioning of macroalgal-dominated systems.</p>
Season-specific impacts of climate change on canopy-forming seaweed communities
<p><span>Understory assemblages associated with canopy-forming species such as trees, kelps, and rockweeds should respond strongly to climate stressors due to strong interaction strengths. Climate change can directly and indirectly modify these assemblages, particularly during more stressful seasons and climate scenarios. </span><span>However, fully understanding the seasonal impacts of different climate conditions on canopy-reliant assemblages is difficult due to a continued emphasis on studying single species responses to a single future climate scenario during a single season. To examine these more complex interactions, we used mesocosm experiments to expose intertidal assemblages associated with the canopy-forming golden rockweed, <em>Silvetia compressa</em>, to elevated temperature and pCO<sub>2 </sub>conditions reflecting two projected greenhouse emission scenarios [RCP 2.6 (low) & RCP 4.5 (moderate)]. Assemblages were grown in the presence and absence of <em>Silvetia</em>, and in two seasons. Relative to ambient conditions, predicted climate scenarios generally suppressed <em>Silvetia</em> biomass and photosynthetic efficiency. However, these effects varied seasonally - both future scenarios reduced <em>Silvetia</em> biomass in summer, but only the moderate scenario did so in winter. These reductions shifted the assemblage, with more extreme shifts occurring in summer. Contrarily, future scenarios did not shift assemblages within <em>Silvetia </em>Absent treatments, suggesting that climate primarily affected assemblages indirectly through changes in <em>Silvetia</em>. Mesocosm experiments were coupled with a field <em>Silvetia</em>-removal experiment to simulate the effects of climate-mediated <em>Silvetia</em> loss on natural assemblages. Consistent with the mesocosm experiment, <em>Silvetia</em> loss resulted in season-specific assemblage shifts, with weaker effects observed in winter. Together,</span><span> our study supports the hypotheses that climate-mediated changes to canopy-forming species can indirectly affect the associated assemblage, and that these effects vary seasonally. Such seasonality is important to consider as it may provide periods of recovery when conditions are less stressful, especially if we can reduce the severity of future climate scenarios. </span></p>
Data from: Plant canopies promote climatic disequilibrium in Mediterranean recruit communities
<p>Current rates of climate change are exceeding the capacity of many plant species to track climate, thus leading communities to be in disequilibrium with climatic conditions. Plant canopies can contribute to this disequilibrium by buffering macro-climatic conditions and sheltering poorly adapted species to the oncoming climate, particularly in their recruitment stages. Here we analyze differences in climatic disequilibrium between understory and open ground woody plant recruits in 28 localities, covering more than 100,000 m<sup>2</sup>,<sup> </sup>across an elevation range embedding temperature and aridity gradients in the southern Iberian Peninsula. This study demonstrates higher climatic disequilibrium under canopies compared with open ground, supporting that plant canopies would affect future community climatic lags by allowing the recruitment of less arid-adapted species in warm and dry conditions, but also it endorse that canopies could favor warm-adapted species in extremely cold environments as mountain tops, thus pre-adapting communities living in these habitats to climate change.</p>
Data from: Preference for mammalian urine is higher in the canopy than on the ground in a tropical rainforest ant community in Yunnan, China
<p>Ants are among the most abundant groups of arthropods, and approximately half of all ant species are associated with forest canopies. The forest canopy environment is distinct from the understory and forest floor, and vertical stratification in environmental conditions shapes species assembly and organismal traits and behaviors across taxa in forest communities. Canopy ants are faced with a more nitrogen-limited environment compared with ground ants because of their reliance on nitrogen-poor plant and insect exudates. Despite prior work suggesting that some ant species consume mammalian urine and use symbiotic bacteria to extract nitrogen, we have little knowledge about the consumption of urine in canopy ants or the relative preference for urine between ground and canopy ants. We conducted an observational field experiment in a lowland tropical rainforest in southern China to test for vertical stratification in ant preference for sugar and urine, setting ground and canopy baited pitfall traps with the use of a canopy crane. We found distinct vertical stratification in the use of urine, with higher richness and abundance in sugar baits on the ground, and a higher abundance in urine baits in the canopy. Furthermore, the composition of captured ants differentiated according to both vertical stratum and bait type. This distinct vertical stratification of niche preference may represent an important case of niche partitioning that contributes to high ant species diversity in tropical rainforests as well as high species turnover between ground and canopy strata. The preference of canopy ants for mammalian urine also highlights the importance of interspecific interactions across highly unrelated animal taxa and emphasizes the need for a holistic understanding of biological networks to effectively conserve threatened tropical forest communities.</p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
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Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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