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FIG. 7 in Anatomy, affinities, and evolutionary implications of new silicified stems of Sphenophyllum Brongniart, 1828 from the early Carboniferous (Mississippian) of France and Germany

FIG. 7. — Reconstruction of MN911 at the level of branching based on a series of transverse sections. Because only the base of the leaves is well known, their tips are represented in dashed lines. Sections 1-6 correspond to polished surfaces MN911-B1i, MN911-B1s, MN911-B2i, MN911-B2s, MN911-B3i, and MN911- B3s; sections 7 and 8 correspond to slides MN911-A1 and MN911-A2. Artwork by Bernard Terreaux.

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FIG. 2 in Anatomy, affinities, and evolutionary implications of new silicified stems of Sphenophyllum Brongniart, 1828 from the early Carboniferous (Mississippian) of France and Germany

FIG. 2. — General aspect of the specimens in transverse section at the same scale. The primary xylem is in dark grey, the secondary xylem – when present – is in black. A, MN201(slide MN201-E2); B, same specimen as A at a level of branching (slide MN201-F1); C, largest axis resulting from the branching of MN911 with two leaf bases (slide MN911-A1); D, same axis as in C at another level with one leaf base and the production of two traces from one arm of the stele (slide MN911-A2); E, smallest axis resulting from the branching of MN911 (slide MN911-A2); F, MN864 showing secondary xylem all around the stele (slide MN864-C1); G, KLC3 showing a small amount of secondary xylem (slide KLC3-C); H, KLC4 showing a small amount of secondary xylem like KLC3 but a much smaller cortex (slide KLC4-B2). Scale bar: 2 mm.

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FIG. 1 in Anatomy, affinities, and evolutionary implications of new silicified stems of Sphenophyllum Brongniart, 1828 from the early Carboniferous (Mississippian) of France and Germany

FIG. 1. — Maps showing the location of the localities in Southern France (A) and Thuringia, Germany (B). Detailed maps modified from Galtier et al. 1988 and Meyer-Berthaud & Rowe 1997.

FIG. 5 in Trophic position of some Late Devonian-Carboniferous (Mississippian) conodonts revealed on carbon organic matter isotope signatures: a case study of the East European basin

FIG. 5. — δ13Cdistribution along the facies profile plotted for dominating taxa (latest Famennian-middle Tournaisian; Kamenka River section org

FIG. 3 in Trophic position of some Late Devonian-Carboniferous (Mississippian) conodonts revealed on carbon organic matter isotope signatures: a case study of the East European basin

FIG. 3. — Distribution of δ13Cvalues among conodonts having different morphological types of P1 elements. Scale bar: 0.1 mm. org

FIG. 2 in Trophic position of some Late Devonian-Carboniferous (Mississippian) conodonts revealed on carbon organic matter isotope signatures: a case study of the East European basin

FIG. 2. — Lithology, biostratigraphy, and facies distribution of the Kamenka River section (Pechora Craton). Legend: 1, limestone; 2, clayey limestone; 3, clay; 4, cherty nodules; 5, flat lamination; 6, wavy lamination.

FIG. 1 in Trophic position of some Late Devonian-Carboniferous (Mississippian) conodonts revealed on carbon organic matter isotope signatures: a case study of the East European basin

FIG. 1. — Localization of the sites under consideration: A, Generalized map of Eastern Europe; rectangles mark the localities: 1, Pechora Craton; 2, Voronezh Anteclise (Kamenka Quarry and Russkiy Brod Quarry sections); 3, Ilmen Lake region (Chudovo section, Syas River section, Ilmen Lake borehole 8, Ilmen Lake section); 4, Chimbulat Quarry. B, Map of Pechora Craton; C, Scheme of outcrops' position in the Kozhva River basin.

Fig. 9 in Rugose corals across the Devonian-Carboniferous boundary in NW Turkey

Fig. 9. Palaeogeographic occurrences of uppermost Famennian (Strunian) rugose corals (modified after Chwieduk 2005, map after Golonka et al. 1994). 1, Omolon Massif (E Siberia); 2, Novaya Zemlya; 3, Istanbul Zone (NW Turkey); 4, Kraków, Holy Cross Mountains and Sudetes (S Poland); 5, PomeraniaRügen area (NW Poland and NE Germany); 6, German Kulm area (Thuringian and Rheinish massifs); 7, Namur-Dinant Basin (S Belgium, French Avesnois, German Aachen area); 8, Montagne Noire (S France); 9, Anti-Atlas (Morocco); 10, Xinzang (Tibet); 11, Transcaucasus (Armenia); 12, Hunan and Guizhou (S China); 13, Viet-Nam; 14, NW Australia; 15, New Mexico.

Fig. 6 in Rugose corals across the Devonian-Carboniferous boundary in NW Turkey

Fig. 6. Scatter diagram showing the number of septa plotted against corallite diameter for Campophyllum flexuosum (Goldfuss, 1826) and Campophyllum sp.

Fig. 4. Detailed lithological column around the D–C in Rugose corals across the Devonian-Carboniferous boundary in NW Turkey

Fig. 4. Detailed lithological column around the D–C boundary (DCB) in the Topluca section (unit ET-DC in Fig. 2). The stratigraphic distribution of some guide taxa is also indicated.

Fig. 8. Devonian–Carboniferous rugose corals from Turkey. A–E in Rugose corals across the Devonian-Carboniferous boundary in NW Turkey

Fig. 8. Devonian–Carboniferous rugose corals from Turkey. A–E. Caninophyllum charli sp. nov. from the lower Tournaisian (upper Hastarian) of Zonguldak, Gökgöl section. A. Holotype, G.8.1.1, successive TS (A1, A2); close-up view of the dissepimentarium, TS (A3). B. G.8.6.1, successive TS (B1, B2). C. G.8.4.3, TS. D. G.8.4.2, TS. E. G.8.3.2, LS. F, G. Uralinia simplex (Yü, 1933) from the lower Tournaisian (lower Hastarian) of Bartın, Topluca section. F. ET.9c.7, TS. G. ET.9c.8, TS. H. Amplexocarinia rozkowskae (Fedorowski, 2003) from the uppermost Famennian (Strunian) of Bartın, Dallıca section, D.2.4.II', TS. I.?Metriophyllum sp. from the uppermost Famennian (Strunian) of Bartın, Topluca section, ET.11.X, TS. J–L. Bounophyllum praecursor (Frech, 1895) form the uppermost Famennian (Strunian) of Bartın, Topluca section. J. ET.12a.1.III, successive TS (J1–J3). K. ET.12a.1.II, TS. L. ET.12a.1.V, LS. Scale bar A–G, 5 mm; H, 3 mm; I, 1.9 mm; J–L, 2.5 mm.

Fig. 2 in Rugose corals across the Devonian-Carboniferous boundary in NW Turkey

Fig. 2. Simplified lithological columns of the main sampled sections with the stratigraphic range of the rugose corals in the Yılanlı Formation and the position of samples with foraminifers (DFZ7, MFZ1, MFZ2, MFZ3 referring to the biostratigraphic zones of Poty et al. 2006). The position of the D–C boundary, based on foraminiferal assemblage, is indicated by the double arrow.

Fig. 1. A in Rugose corals across the Devonian-Carboniferous boundary in NW Turkey

Fig. 1. A. General structural map of Turkey (modified after Görür and Tüysüz 2001; Moix et al. 2008; Okay 2008). CCAC, Central Anatolian Crystalline Complex; EAAC, East Anatolian Accretionnary Complex (Sanadaj-Sirjan Block); Lycian Np., Lycian Nappes. B. Geological map of the IstanbulZonguldak Zone (modified after Okay et al. 2006) with the position of the Zonguldak and Bartın areas. C. Simplified geological map of the Zonguldak area (redrawn after Hoşgörmez 2007 and Charles 1933) with the location of the sampled sections (G, Gökgöl section). D. Simplified geological map of the Bartın area (redrawn after Tokay 1954) with the location of the sampled sections (T, Topluca section; D, Dallıca section; E, Esenpınar section).

Fig. 3 in Rugose corals across the Devonian-Carboniferous boundary in NW Turkey

Fig. 3. Uppermost Famennian (Strunian) facies in the Topluca section, Turkey. A. Lower stromatoporoid biostrome (unit ET12a in Fig. 2). B. Bioclastic facies of the unit ET11 crowded with large campophyllid solitary rugose corals in a packstone matrix.

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Figure 2. A in X-ray microtomography of the late Carboniferous whip scorpions (Arachnida, Thelyphonida) Geralinura britannica and Proschizomus petrunkevitchi

Figure 2. A, reconstruction of the holotype of Proschizomus petrunkevitchi (NHMUK PI In 7912) in dorsal aspect. B, photograph of the P. petrunkevitchi holotype, part. C, photograph of the P. petrunkevitchi holotype, counterpart. D, left pedipalp of P. petrunkevitchi. E, P. petrunkevitchi in frontal view. Translucent elements are inferred through symmetry or comparison with extant taxa. Abbreviations: 1–4, legs 1–4; Ap, apophysis; Fe, femur; Pa, patella; Pp, pedipalps; Ta, tarsus; Ti, tibia; Tr, trochanter. Scale bars: A–C = 5 mm; D = 1 mm; E = 2 mm.

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Figure 1. A in X-ray microtomography of the late Carboniferous whip scorpions (Arachnida, Thelyphonida) Geralinura britannica and Proschizomus petrunkevitchi

Figure 1. A, reconstruction of a paratype of Geralinura brittanica (NHMUK PI In 31265) in dorsal view. B, expanded view of the dorsal anterior of G. brittanica with the median eyes outlined. C, photograph of G. brittanica paratype, part. D, photograph of G. brittanica paratype, counterpart. E, right chelicera of G. brittanica. F, left pedipalp of G. brittanica. G, G. brittanica in frontal view. Abbreviations: 1–4, legs 1–4; Ap, apophysis; Fe, femur; Fl, flange; LK, lateral keel; ME, median eyes; Pa, patella; Pp, pedipalps; Ta, tarsus; Ti, tibia; Tr, trochanter. Scale bars: A–D = 5 mm; E, F = 1 mm; G = 2 mm.

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Figure 3 in X-ray microtomography of the late Carboniferous whip scorpions (Arachnida, Thelyphonida) Geralinura britannica and Proschizomus petrunkevitchi

Figure 3. Results of the cladistic analysis presented herein under equal weights parsimony and Bayesian inference. Top: topology within the pantetrapulmonates, in particular between the Haptopoda, Amblypygi, Thelyphopnida and Schizomida, in both parsimony and Bayesian analyses. Bottom: the relationships recovered for all arachnid and chelicerate orders using the topology from the Bayesian analysis (the arachnid-wide parsimony topology is included in the Supplemental material). Support values are bootstrap/ jackknife (parsimony) or posterior probabilities (Bayesian); plotted against geological time using equal branch lengths between fossil taxa (see Methods). Taxon images either drawn for this publication, or from Lozano-Fernandez et al. (2019).

Fig. 5 in Rugose corals across the Devonian-Carboniferous boundary in NW Turkey

Fig. 5. Cyathophylline Campophyllum flexuosum (Goldfuss, 1826) (A–M) and hetophylline Pseudoendophyllum sp. (N–Q) corals from the uppermost → Famennian (Strunian) of Zonguldak and Bartin areas, Topulca (A, B, D–I, K), Esenpınar (C, J), Gökgöl (L, M), and Dallıca (N–Q) sections, Turkey. A. ET.11.16.b, TS. B. ET.11.17.I, TS. C. EV.3.2, TS. D. ET.11.16.V', TS. E. ET.11.16.b, TS. F. ET.11.16.IV.b, TS. G. ET.11.18, TS. H. ET.11.18, TS. I. ET.11.13.II.a, TS. J. EV.3.5, TS (J1), LS (J2). K. ET.11.16.V, TS. L. G.3.17.I, LS. M. G.3.15, TS, close-up view of the dissepimentarium. N. D.2.1.II, TS. O. D.2.4.I, TS. P. D.2.2.I.a, successive TS (P1, P2). Q. D.2.2.I.b, LS. Scale bar 5 mm for all specimens except D, 2.5 mm and M, 3.75 mm.

Fig. 7 in Rugose corals across the Devonian-Carboniferous boundary in NW Turkey

Fig. 7. Cyathophylline coral Campophyllum sp. from the uppermost Famennian (Strunian) of Bartın area, Topluca section, Turkey. A. ET.11.12.III, succes- → sive TS (A1, A2). B. ET.11.12.II, successive TS (B1, B2). C. ET.11.12, successive TS (C1, C2); close-up view of the dissepimentarium and cardinal fossula, TS (C3); LS, (C4). D. ET.11.10, TS. Scale bar 5 mm for all specimens except C3, 3.75 mm.