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Fig. 6. A–B in Small, rare and little known: new records and species of Cardiomya (Bivalvia: Cuspidariidae) from Brazil

Fig. 6. A–B. Cardiomya sp. 1, CMPHRM 3681, left valve. A. External view. B. Hinge detail. — C–D. Cardiomya sp. 2, CMPHRM 3668, left valve. C. External view. D. Hinge detail. — E–H. Cardiomya sp. 3, ZUEC-BIV 5128. E–F. External view, left and right valve. G–H. Hinge detail. Scale bars = 1 mm.

Fig. 5. A–F in Small, rare and little known: new records and species of Cardiomya (Bivalvia: Cuspidariidae) from Brazil

Fig. 5. A–F. Cardiomya minerva sp. nov., holotype (IBUFRJ 5785). A–B. External view, left and right valve. C–D. Details of the posterior radial ribs and the rostrum. E–F. Hinge detail. — G–H. Cardiomya surinamensis van Regteren Altena, 1971, holotype (RMNH.MOL.55387), left valve. G. External view. H. Hinge detail. — I–J. Cardiomya cadiziana Huber, 2010, syntype (USNM 172032), left valve. I. External view. J. Hinge detail. Scale bars: A–B, G–J = 1 mm; C–D = 0.25 mm; E–F = 0.5 mm.

Fig. 4. A–H in Small, rare and little known: new records and species of Cardiomya (Bivalvia: Cuspidariidae) from Brazil

Fig. 4. A–H. Cardiomya striolata (Locard, 1897). External view. A–C. Left valve. D–F. Right valve. A, E. CMPHRM 3679. B–C, F. CMPHRM 3678. D. CMPHRM 3680I. G–H. Syntype MNHN 24210. — Cardiomya costellata (Deshayes, 1835). I. Original picture. Scale bars = 2 mm.

Fig. 1. Pictographic glossary. A. General shell features. B in Small, rare and little known: new records and species of Cardiomya (Bivalvia: Cuspidariidae) from Brazil

Fig. 1. Pictographic glossary. A. General shell features. B. Rostrum length, termed as very short (Bi), short (Bii) and long (Biii). C. Anterodorsal margin, termed as descending (Ci) and forming a shoulder (Cii). D. Posteroventral sinuation, termed as unobtrusive (Di), shallow (Dii) and gently marked (Diii).

Fig. 2 in Small, rare and little known: new records and species of Cardiomya (Bivalvia: Cuspidariidae) from Brazil

Fig. 2. Cardiomya cleryana (d'Orbigny, 1842). A–C. External view. A. MNHNM 3281, left valve. B. USNM 96108, right valve. C. MORG 50583, left valve. D–E. MORG 50583, hinge detail. Scale bars = 2 mm.

Fig. 3 in Small, rare and little known: new records and species of Cardiomya (Bivalvia: Cuspidariidae) from Brazil

Fig. 3. Cardiomya striolata (Locard, 1897). A–E. IBUFRJ 21296. A–B. External view, right and left valve. C–D. Details of the rostrum and posterior radial rib. E. Hinge detail, right valve. F. CMPHRM 3679. Hinge detail, left valve. Scale bars: A–B, E–F = 1 mm; C–D = 0.5 mm.

FIGURE 3 in Error cascade in taxonomy: The case of Cardiomya perrostrata (Mollusca: Bivalvia: Cuspidariidae) in Brazilian waters

FIGURE 3. Species most often confused with Cardiomya perrostrata (Dall, 1881). A–B. Cardiomya ornatissima (Orbigny, 1853 in 1842–1853), USNM 35362, holotype of Cardiomya glypta Bush in Verrill & Bush, 1898, a junior synonym. C–D. Cardiomya cleryana (Orbigny, 1842 in 1834–1847), syntypes of Cuspidaria (Cardiomya) simillima E.A. Smith, 1915, a junior synonym; C. NHMUK 1915.4.18.512; D. NHMUK 1915.4.18.513–515. E–F. Cardiomya striata (Jeffreys, 1876), USNM 63965, syntype. Scale bars: A–B = 1 mm; C–D = 3 mm; E–F = 5 mm.

FIGURE 2 in Error cascade in taxonomy: The case of Cardiomya perrostrata (Mollusca: Bivalvia: Cuspidariidae) in Brazilian waters

FIGURE 2. Cardiomya perrostrata (Dall, 1881). A. USNM 95393, left valve measuring 25 mm in length; B. IBUFRJ 20950, microsculpture of the dissoconch; C–D. IBUFRJ 18247, internal views of left and right valves; E–F. detail of the hinges of C and D, respectively. Scale bars: A = 10 mm; B = 50 µm; C–D = 500 µm; E–F = 200 µm.

FIGURE 1 in Error cascade in taxonomy: The case of Cardiomya perrostrata (Mollusca: Bivalvia: Cuspidariidae) in Brazilian waters

FIGURE 1. Cardiomya perrostrata (Dall, 1881). Growth series. A–L. Right view. M. Dorsal view. A and B. IBUFRJ 20951; C. IBUFRJ 20950; D and F. IBUFRJ 14985; E. IBUFRJ 20949; G. IBUFRJ 18247; H. IBUFRJ 14985; I. MCZ 8100, syntype; J. USNM 63119, syntype; K. IBUFRJ 15625; L. USNM 63119, syntype; M. IBUFRJ 20052. Scale bar = 3 mm.

FIGURE 4. A in Error cascade in taxonomy: The case of Cardiomya perrostrata (Mollusca: Bivalvia: Cuspidariidae) in Brazilian waters

FIGURE 4. A. Boxplot of depth of records of Cardiomya perrostrata (Dall, 1881) considered as a whole (all), or grouped according to whether or not the taxonomic identification was verified herein. B. Geographic and bathymetric distribution of C. perrostrata. Coordinates were taken from literature sources whenever available, or translated from geographic names using the online services by Claus et al. (2014) and GeoNames (2016). Raw data, including sources of records, are provided in Appendix 1.