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FIGURE 10. Cardita malvinae. A, B in The Families Carditidae and Condylocardiidae in the Magellan and Perú – Chile provinces (Bivalvia: Carditoidea)

FIGURE 10. Cardita malvinae. A, B: Original illustrations by d'Orbigny (184-?: pl. 84); C–F: Specimens currently labeled as "Holotype of Cardita malvinae" (NHMUK 1854.12.4.759). Scale bars: 2 mm.

FIGURE 4. Cyclocardia velutina. A, D, G, J in The Families Carditidae and Condylocardiidae in the Magellan and Perú – Chile provinces (Bivalvia: Carditoidea)

FIGURE 4. Cyclocardia velutina. A, D, G, J: Syntype of Cardita (Actinobolus) velutinus, Port Rosario, 4–55 m (NHMUK 1879.10.15.145); B, E, H, K: Puerto Parry, 35 m (MACN-In 39060); C, F, M, N: Bahía Lapataia, 120–138 m (MLP 12212); I, L: Isla Gable, 66–68 m (MLP 12207); O: Isla Lilihuapi, 80–94 m (MACN-In 39062). A–F: Outer views; A–C: Right valve; D– F: Left valve; G, H, J, K: Inner views; G, H: Left valve; J, K: Right valve; I: Dorsal view; L: Prodissoconch (arrow shows P-1/ P-2 boundary); M, N: Detail of hinge plate; M: Left valve; N: Right valve; O: Shell sculpture and periostracal projections. Scale bars: A–H, J, K = 1 cm; I, M, N = 2 mm; L = 100 µm; O = 200 µm.

FIGURE 8. Carditopsis flabellum. A, B, G in The Families Carditidae and Condylocardiidae in the Magellan and Perú – Chile provinces (Bivalvia: Carditoidea)

FIGURE 8. Carditopsis flabellum. A, B, G: Syntype of Cardita flabellum, Valparaíso (NHMUK 196381); C, H: Syntype of Carditella pallida duodecimcostata, Burdwood Bank, 102 m (RSM 1921.143.712); D–F, P: Cape Horn, 198 m (ZMB 103461); I: Cape Horn, 198 m (ZMB 103423); J, O: Cabo San Pío, 65–80 m (MLP 13717); K–N: Isla Becasses, 30–40 m (MLP 13719). A–F: Outer views; A, C, D, F: Right valve; B, E: Left valve; G, H, K, L: Inner views; G, K: Left valve; H, L: Right valve; I, J: Dorsal view; M, N: Detail of hinge plate; M: Left valve; N: Right valve; O: Prodissoconch; P: Shell sculpture. Abbreviations: 3a, 3b, 3p, 4b, 2p = cardinal teeth; LAI, LAII = anterior lateral teeth; LPII, LPIII = posterior lateral teeth; L = ligament; D = central depression; R = radial ribs; W= wing. Arrow shows P-1/P-2 boundary. Scale bars: A, B, D, E, G, K, L = 2 mm; C, F, H, J, M, N = 1 mm; I, O, P = 500 µm.

FIGURE 3. Cyclocardia thouarsii. A, D in The Families Carditidae and Condylocardiidae in the Magellan and Perú – Chile provinces (Bivalvia: Carditoidea)

FIGURE 3. Cyclocardia thouarsii. A, D: Holotype of Cardita thouarsii, Malvinas/Falkland Islands (NHMUK 1854.12.4.760); B, E, I: Cape Horn, 780 m (ZMB 103678); C, F, L: Cape Horn, 430 m (ZMB 103538); G, H: Syntype of Cardita congelascens, Burdwood Bank, 102 m (RSM 1921.143.711); J, K, M–O: Burdwood Bank, 286 m (MLP 13708). A–C, E–G: Outer view; A– C: Left valve; E–G: Right valve; D, H, J, K: Inner view; D, J: Left valve; H, K: Right valve; I: Dorsal view; L: Periostracal projections; M, N: Detail of hinge plate; M: Left valve; N: Right valve; O: Prodissoconch (right valve; arrow shows P-1/P-2 boundary). Scale bars: A, C, D, F–H, J, K = 2 mm; B, E, I = 1 cm; L, O = 100 µm; M, N = 500 µm.

FIGURE 11. Carditella exulata. A–F in The Families Carditidae and Condylocardiidae in the Magellan and Perú – Chile provinces (Bivalvia: Carditoidea)

FIGURE 11. Carditella exulata. A–F: Syntypes, Nightingale Island (NHMUK 1887.2.9.2877-78). A–C: Outer views; A, C: Left valve; B: Right valve; D–F: Inner views; D, F: Left valve; E: Right valve. Scale bars: 2 mm.

FIGURE 7. Carditella semen. A, D, G in The Families Carditidae and Condylocardiidae in the Magellan and Perú – Chile provinces (Bivalvia: Carditoidea)

FIGURE 7. Carditella semen. A, D, G: Syntypes of Carditella semen, Mexillones, 5.5 m (NHMUK 1967585); B, E, F, H–O: Iquique, intertidal (LACM 64-16); C: Arica (NHM 1854.12.4.762). A–E: Outer view; A–C: Right valve; D, E: Left valve; F, I: Detail of shell sculpture; F: Anterior end; I: Posterior end; G, J, K: Inner views; G, J: Right valve; K: Left valve; H: Dorsal views; L: Larva removed from adult; M, N: Detail of hinge plate; M: Right valve; N: Left valve; O: Prodissoconch and ligament. Abbreviation: R = rim. Arrow shows P-1/P-2 boundary. Scale bars: A, B, D, E, G, J, K = 1 mm; C = 3 mm; F, I, O = 200 µm; H, M, N = 500 µm; L = 100 µm.

FIGURE 2. Cyclocardia spurca. A, B, D, E, G, H in The Families Carditidae and Condylocardiidae in the Magellan and Perú – Chile provinces (Bivalvia: Carditoidea)

FIGURE 2. Cyclocardia spurca. A, B, D, E, G, H: Syntypes of Cardita spurca, Iquique, 11–18 m (NHMUK w/n); C, F, I: Perú (MNHN). A–F: Outer view; A–C: Right valve; D–F: Left valve; G, H: Inner view; G: Left valve; H: Right valve; I: Dorsal view. Scale bars: 1 cm.

FIGURE 1. Cyclocardia compressa. A, B, E, F in The Families Carditidae and Condylocardiidae in the Magellan and Perú – Chile provinces (Bivalvia: Carditoidea)

FIGURE 1. Cyclocardia compressa. A, B, E, F: Syntypes of Cardita compressa, Valparaíso, 36–109 m (NHMUK 1967582); C, D, I, J, M: Punta Segunda, 12 m (MACN-In 39050); G, H: Caleta del Rey, Chile, 20–30 m (MACN-In 39057); K, L: Punta Segunda, 27 m (MLP 12191). A–D: Outer views; A, C: Right valve; B, D: Left valve; E–H: Inner views; E, G: Left valve; F, H: Right valve; I, J: Detail of hinge plate; I: Left valve; J: Right valve; K: Dorsal view; L: Detail of lunule and ligament; M: Prodissoconch. Abbreviations: 2a, 3a, 3b, 4b, 5b = cardinal teeth; LAI, LAII = anterior lateral teeth; LPI, LPII = posterior lateral teeth; L = ligament. Arrow shows P-1/P-2 boundary. Scale bars: A–F = 5 mm; G, H = 1 cm; I, J = 2 mm; K = 1 mm; L = 500 µm; M = 100 µm.

FIGURE 6. Carditella naviformis. A, C in The Families Carditidae and Condylocardiidae in the Magellan and Perú – Chile provinces (Bivalvia: Carditoidea)

FIGURE 6. Carditella naviformis. A, C: Syntype of Cardita naviformis, Valparaíso, 46 m (NHMUK 1967584); B, D: Caleta del Rey, 20–30 m (MACN-In 39086); E–H, M: Cabo San Pío, 30–35 m (MLP 12248); I–L: Cabo San Pío, 65–80 m (MLP 12244). A–D, I: Outer views; A, B, I: Right valve; C, D: Left valve; E, F: Inner views; E: Right valve; F: Left valve; G, H: Detail of hinge plate; G: Right valve; H: Left valve; J: Shell sculpture; K, L: Dorsal view; K: General view; L: Prodissoconch and ligament; M: Prodissoconch. Abbreviations: D = central depression, R = rim. Arrow shows P-1/P-2 boundary. Scale bars: A, C, E, F = 3 mm; B, D, G–I, K = 1 mm; J, L = 500 µm; M = 250 µm.

FIGURE 3 in Systematics of the family Carditidae (Bivalvia: Archiheterodonta) in the Cenozoic of Argentina

FIGURE 3. (1–3) Cyclocardia cannada (Ihering, 1907). 1, LV, Holotype MACN-Pi 344, from Cañadón de los Artilleros. 2, LV, MACN-Pi 344, from Cañadón de los Artilleros. 3, RV, MACN-Pi 348, from Yegua Quemada. (4–6) Cyclocardia compressa (Reeve, 1843). 4, LV, MACN-Pi 363, from Puerto Deseado. 5, LV, MACN-Pi 363, from Puerto Deseado. 6, RV, MACN-Pi 363, from Puerto Deseado. (7–9, 11) Cyclocardia dalek n. sp. from Playa La Mina. 7, LV, Holotype MACN-Pi 5770. 8, LV, Holotype MACN-Pi 5770. 9, RV, Paratype MACN-Pi 5771. 11, RV, Paratype MACN-Pi 5771. (10, 12–13) 'Cyclocardia' nortensis (del Río, 1986), from Punta Norte. 10, LV, Holotype CPBA 13242. 12, RV, Paratype CPBA 13247. 13, RV, Paratype CPBA 13247. Scale bar represents 10 mm.

FIGURE 6 in Systematics of the family Carditidae (Bivalvia: Archiheterodonta) in the Cenozoic of Argentina

FIGURE 6. (1–5) Purpurocardia elegantoides (Ortmann, 1899). 1, RV, Holotype PRI.66394, from Punta Arenas. 2, RV, Holotype PRI.66394, from Punta Arenas. 3, LV, CIRGEO-PI 2276, from Cerro Castillo. 4, LV, CIRGEO-PI 2276, from Cerro Castillo. 5, RV, CIRGEO-PI 2276, from Cerro Castillo. (6–9) Purpurocardia leonensis del Río, 1986, from Cerro Prismático. 6, RV, Holotype CPBA 11651. 7, RV, CPBA 11651. 8, LV, CPBA 12928. 9, RV, CPBA 11653. (10–13) Scalaricardita camaronesia (Ihering, 1907), from Camarones. 10, LV, Holotype MACN-Pi 349. 11, LV, Holotype MACN-Pi 349. 12, External view of right valve, Paratype MACN-Pi 349. 13, RV, Paratype MACN-Pi 349. (14–16) Scalaricardita laciarina (Feruglio, 1954), from Terraces of Cerro Laciar. 14, LV, MACN-Pi 2214. 15, LV, MACN-Pi 2214. 16, RV, MACN-Pi 2214. (17–18) Pleuromeris? sp. (=Venericardia sp.), from Estancia Arroyo. 17, Internal moulds of LV, CPBA 15637. 18, Internal mould of RV, CPBA 15637. (18). Scale bar represents 10 mm for 1–9, 14–16, 5 mm for 10–13 and 15 mm for 17–18.

FIGURE 2 in Systematics of the family Carditidae (Bivalvia: Archiheterodonta) in the Cenozoic of Argentina

FIGURE 2. Stratigraphic distribution of studied carditid species including Cenozoic molluscan assemblages of Patagonia (del Río 1988, 2004). Abbreviations in the text.

FIGURE 1 in Systematics of the family Carditidae (Bivalvia: Archiheterodonta) in the Cenozoic of Argentina

FIGURE 1. (1) Provenance of studied fossil. (2) Expanded area from 1. Fossiliferous sites at Gran Bajo San Julián and Santa Cruz River and surrounding areas. 1= La Bajada, 2= Barranca Final, 3= Punta Norte, 4= Cerro Prismático, 5= Camarones, 6= Cerro Cabeza Papagayo, 7= Punta Nava, 8= Cabo Tres Puntas, 9= Terraces of Cerro Laciar, 10= Punta Guanacos, 11= Las Coloradas, 12= Cerro Castillo, 13= Cancha Carreras, 14= Punta Arenas, 15= Sección 30, 16= Sección Avilés, 17= El Castillo, 18= Playa La Mina, 19= Cañadón de los Artilleros, 20= Pan de Azúcar, 21= Cañadón Misioneros, 22= Punta Quilla, 23= Monte Entrada, 24= Monte Observación, 25= Las Cuevas, 26= Yegua Quemada. Enclosed area in 1 corresponds to enlarged map in 2.

FIGURE 4 in Systematics of the family Carditidae (Bivalvia: Archiheterodonta) in the Cenozoic of Argentina

FIGURE 4. Darwinicardia patagonica (Sowerby, 1846). 1, LV, Syntype BNHM-L 27955-6, from "Santa Cruz". 2, LV, Syntype BNHM-L 27955-6, from "Santa Cruz". 3, LV, Holotype of Cardita inaequalis SGO.Pi 469, from "Santa Cruz". 4, LV, MACN-Pi 362, from Las Cuevas. 5, LV, MACN-Pi 362, from Las Cuevas. 6, RV, MACN-Pi 362, from Las Cuevas. 7, RV, CPBA 15948, from Punta Quilla. 8, LV, CIRGEO-PI 2831, from Sección 30. 9, RV, MACN-Pi 5768, from Playa La Mina. 10, Internal mould of RV, PRI.66400, from Lago Pueyrredon (=Venericardia pueyrredona Ihering, 1907). Scale bar represents 10 mm.

FIGURE 5 in Systematics of the family Carditidae (Bivalvia: Archiheterodonta) in the Cenozoic of Argentina

FIGURE 5. (1–2) Fasciculicardia sp., from La Bajada. 1, LV, MACN-Pi 361b. 2, LV, MACN-Pi 361b. (3–6) Kolmeris tehuelchana (Ihering, 1907), from Terraces of Cerro Laciar. 3, LV, Holotype MACN-Pi 371. 4, LV, Holotype MACN-Pi 371. 5, RV, MACN-Pi 353. 6, RV, MACN-Pi 353. (7–9) Pleuromeris fueguina (Steinmann & Wilckens, 1908), from Sierra Carmen Silva. 7, RV, Holotype PZ-NHRM Mo. 117903. 8, RV, Holotype PZ-NHRM Mo. 117903. 9, LV, Holotype PZ-NHRM Mo. 117903. (10–14) Pleuromeris sulcolunularis (Ihering, 1907). 10, RV, Holotype MACN-Pi 367, from Bajo de las Flechas. 11, RV, Holotype MACN-Pi 367, from Bajo de las Flechas. 12, LV, Paratype MACN-Pi 366, from Cabo Tres Puntas. 13, LV, Paratype MACN-Pi 366, from Cabo Tres Puntas. 14, RV, MACN-Pi 5774, from Monte Entrada. Scale bar represents 10 mm.

FIGURE 6. Carditid hinges. A–C in Systematic position of two Pliocene carditids with description of Akardita n. gen. and A. iberica n. sp. (Bivalvia: Carditidae)

FIGURE 6. Carditid hinges. A–C. Cardites antiquatus (Linnaeus, 1758), Bari (beach drift), Italy (La Perna coll., 015-2014). D, E. Cardites antiquatus (Linnaeus, 1758), surroundings of Lecce, Italy, lower Pleistocene (La Perna coll., 032-2011); F. Venericardia imbricata (Gmelin, 1791), Fercourt, France, Lutetian (La Perna coll., 011-2015). Scale bars: 2 mm.

FIGURE 2. Cyclocardia spp. A–D in Systematic position of two Pliocene carditids with description of Akardita n. gen. and A. iberica n. sp. (Bivalvia: Carditidae)

FIGURE 2. Cyclocardia spp. A–D. Cyclocardia borealis (Conrad, 1832), northern Gulf of St. Lawrence, Canada, photo and permission C. Nozères, Fisheries and Oceans Canada (A, LF; B–D, RV). E–G. Cyclocardia crassidens (Broderip & Sowerby I, 1829), off Gay Head (Aquinnah), Martha's Vineyard, Massachusetts (Yale Peabody Museum of Natural History, YPM IZ 033525), photo E. Lazo-Wasem (http://collections.peabody.yale.edu/search/Record/YPM-IZ-033525) (E, LV; F, RV). Scale bars: 10 mm (A, B, D, E, F), 5 mm (C, G).

FIGURE 5. Akardita iberica n in Systematic position of two Pliocene carditids with description of Akardita n. gen. and A. iberica n. sp. (Bivalvia: Carditidae)

FIGURE 5. Akardita iberica n. sp., Lucena del Puerto (Huelva), Spain, lower Pliocene. A–D, G, H, J, K. Holotype (MZB 47004). E, F. Paratype 1, RV (MZB 47005). I. Paratype 2, RV (MZB 47005). Scale bars: 20 mm (A–F), 10 mm (G, H, K), 2 mm (I, J).

FIGURE 1 in Systematic position of two Pliocene carditids with description of Akardita n. gen. and A. iberica n. sp. (Bivalvia: Carditidae)

FIGURE 1. Akardita monodi (Nicklès, 1953), off al-Dakhla, Western Sahara, 50–60 m (La Perna coll., 026-2017). Scale bars: 5 mm (A, B, E), 2 mm (C, D, F).

FIGURE 4 in Systematic position of two Pliocene carditids with description of Akardita n. gen. and A. iberica n. sp. (Bivalvia: Carditidae)

FIGURE 4. Akardita subrevoluta (de Stefani, 1888). A. Scatter plot H vs L (64 valves from Tavernelle) Open circle indicates the size in the original description. B. Scatter plot and least square regression of L/H vs L.