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227 results for “Carotenoid”
Additional file 1 of Medium development and production of carotenoids and exopolysaccharides by the extremophile Rhodothermus marinus DSM16675 in glucose-based defined media
<p>The biodegradative capacity of bacteria in their natural habitats is affected by water availability. In this work, we have examined the activity and effector specificity of the transcriptional regulator XylR of the TOL plasmid pWW0 of Pseudomonas putida mt-2 for biodegradation of m-xylene when external water potential was manipulated with polyethylene glycol PEG8000. By using non-disruptive luxCDEAB reporter technology, we noticed that the promoter activated by XylR (Pu) restricted its activity and the regulator<br> became more effector-specific towards head TOL substrates when cells were grown under water subsaturation. Such a tight specificity brought about by water limitation was relaxed when intracellular osmotic stress was counteracted by the external addition of the compatible solute glycine betaine. With these facts in hand, XylR variants isolated earlier as effectorspecificity responders to the non-substrate 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene under high matric stress were re-examined and found to be unaffected by water potential in vivo. All these phenomena could be ultimately explained as the result of water potential-dependent conformational changes in the A domain of XylR and its effector-binding pocket, as suggested by AlphaFold prediction of protein structures. The consequences of this scenario for the evolution of specificities in regulators and the emergence of catabolic pathways are discussed.</p>
Seasonal but not sex-biased gene expression of the carotenoid ketolase, CYP2J19, in the sexually dichromatic southern red bishop (Euplectes orix)
<p>Intense red colors in birds are often due to ketocarotenoids (KCs). In many land birds, KCs are oxidized from dietary yellow precursors, presumably by the avian carotenoid ketolase CYP2J19, the regulation and constraints of which have important implications for condition-dependence and honest signaling of carotenoid color displays. Here we investigate hepatic CYP2J19 gene expression in the seasonally and sexually dichromatic southern red bishop (Euplectes orix) in relation to season, sex, progression of the prenuptial moult, testis size, body condition, reflectance-based redness (hue), and circulating sex steroids. A coloration function of CYP2J19 is supported by seasonal upregulation prior to and during the carotenoid-depositing stage of the male prenuptial moult. However, upregulation was similar in females (which do not moult prenuptially), and remained high in males after moult, suggesting additional or alternative functions of hepatic CYP2J19 or its products, such as detoxification or antioxidants, respectively. In males, the CYP2J19 upregulation preceded and was unrelated to the rise in plasma testosterone, but was correlated with androstenedione, likely of adrenal origin and compatible with luteinizing hormone-induced and (in females) estrogen-suppressed moult. Finally, contrary to ideas that carotenoid ketolation rate mediates honest signaling, CYP2J19 expression was not related to male body condition or plumage redness.</p>
Seasonal but not sex-biased gene expression of the carotenoid ketolase, CYP2J19, in the sexually dichromatic southern red bishop (Euplectes orix)
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Climate Change Across Seasons Experiment (CCASE) at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest; concentrations of foliar metabolites: polyamines, amino acids, chlorophyll, carotenoids, soluble proteins, soluble elements, sugars, and total nitrogen and carbon in red maple (Acer rubrum) trees.
Foliage was collected in 2015 and 2017 from red maple trees at the Climate Change Across Seasons Experiment (CCASE) as part of the Hubbard Brook Ecosystem Study (HBES). Analyses of foliar metabolites include polyamines, amino acids, chlorophylls, carotenoids, soluble proteins, soluble inorganic elements, sugars, and total nitrogen and carbon. There are six (11 x 14m) plots in total in this study; two control (plots 1 and 2), two warmed 5 degrees (°) Celsius (C) above ambient throughout the growing season (plots 3 and 4), and two warmed 5 °C in the growing season, with snow removal during the winter to induce soil freezing and then warmed with buried heating cables to create a subsequent thaw (plots 5 and 6). Each soil freeze/thaw cycle includes 72 hours of soil freezing followed by 72 hours of thaw. Four kilometers (km) of heating cable are buried in the soil to warm these four plots. Together, these treatments led to warmer growing season soil temperatures and an increased frequency of soil freeze-thaw cycles (FTCs) in winter. Our goal was to determine how these changes in soil temperature affect foliar nitrogen (N) and carbon metabolism of red maple trees. These data were gathered as a collaborative effort at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, which is operated and maintained by the USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station.
Data from: Carotenoid pigmentation in salmon: Variation in expression at BCO2-l locus controls a key fitness trait affecting red colouration
Carotenoids are primarily responsible for the characteristic red flesh colouration of salmon. Flesh colouration is an economically and evolutionarily significant trait that varies inter- and intra-specifically, yet the underlying genetic mechanism is unknown. Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) represent an ideal system to study carotenoid variation as, unlike other salmonids, they exhibit extreme differences in carotenoid utilization due to genetic polymorphisms. Here, we crossed populations of Chinook salmon with fixed differences in flesh colouration (red vs. white) for a genome-wide association study (GWAS) to identify loci associated with pigmentation. Here, the beta-carotene oxygenase 2-like (BCO2-l) gene was significantly associated with flesh colour, with the most significant SNP explaining 66% of the variation in colour. BCO2 gene disruption is linked to carotenoid accumulation in other taxa, therefore we hypothesize that an ancestral mutation partially disrupting BCO2-l activity (i.e., hypomorphic mutation) allowed the deposition and accumulation of carotenoids within Salmonidae. Indeed, we found elevated transcript levels of BCO2-l in white Chinook salmon relative to red. The long-standing mystery of why salmon are red, while no other fishes are, is thus likely explained by a hypomorphic mutation in the proto-salmonid at the time of divergence of red-fleshed salmonid genera (~30 MYA).
Anthropogenic noise is associated with telomere length and carotenoid-based coloration in free-living nestling songbirds
<p>Growing evidence suggests that anthropogenic noise has deleterious effects on the behavior and physiology of free-living animals. These effects may be particularly pronounced early in life, when developmental trajectories are sensitive to stressors, yet studies investigating developmental effects of noise exposure in free-living populations remain scarce. To elucidate the effects of noise exposure during development, we examined whether noise exposure is associated with shorter telomeres, duller carotenoid-based coloration and reduced body mass in nestlings of a common urban bird, the great tit (Parus major). We also assessed how the noise environment is related to reproductive success. We obtained long-term measurements of the noise environment, over a ~24-h period, and characterized both the amplitude (measured by LAeq, LA90, LA10, LAmax) and variance in noise levels, since more stochastic, as well as louder, noise regimes might be more likely to induce stress. In our urban population, noise levels varied substantially, with louder, but less variable, noise characteristic of areas adjacent to a highway. Noise levels were also highly repeatable, suggesting that individuals experience consistent differences in noise exposure. The amplitude of noise near nest boxes was associated with shorter telomeres among smaller, but not larger, brood members. In addition, carotenoid chroma and hue were positively associated with variance in average and maximum noise levels, and average reflectance was negatively associated with variance in background noise. Independent of noise, hue was positively related to telomere length. Nestling mass and reproductive success were unaffected by noise exposure. Results indicate that multiple dimensions of the noise environment, or factors associated with the noise environment, could affect the phenotype of developing organisms, that noise exposure, or correlated variables, might have the strongest effects on sensitive groups of individuals, and that carotenoid hue could serve as a signal of early-life telomere length.</p>
Data from: Testosterone activates sexual dimorphism including male-typical carotenoid but not melanin plumage pigmentation in a female bird
In males it is frequently testosterone (T) that activates the expression of sexually selected morphological and behavioral displays, but the role of T in regulating similar traits in females is less clear. Here we combine correlational data with results from T and gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) manipulations in both sexes to assess the role of T in mediating sexually dimorphic coloration and morphology in the red-backed fairy-wren (Malurus melanocephalus). We show that (1) natural variation in female expression of ornamental traits (darkened bills and red back feathers) are positively associated with age and circulating androgen titres, (2) females have the capacity to express most male-typical traits in response to exogenous T, including carotenoid-pigmented body plumage, shorter feathers, darkened bill, and enlarged cloacal protuberance, but (3) appear constrained in production of male-typical melanin-pigmented plumage, and (4) low androgen levels during the pre-nuptial molt, probably due to low ovarian capacity for steroid production (or LH-sensitivity), prevent females from developing male-like ornamentation. Thus, females appear to retain molecular mechanism for hormonally regulated male-typical ornamentation, although these are rarely activated because of insufficient production of the hormonal signal.
Photoactivation of the Orange Carotenoid Protein Requires Two Light-Driven Reactions Mediated by a Metastable Monomeric Intermediate – Absorption Spectra and Global Analysis Results, Molecular Dynamics Simulations
<p>Time-resolved absorption and molecular dynamics trajectory datasets associated with: Rose, J. B.; Gascón, J. A.; Sutter, M.; Sheppard, D. I.; Kerfeld, C. A.; Beck, W. F. Photoactivation of the Orange Carotenoid Protein Requires Two Light-Driven Reactions Mediated by a Metastable Monomeric Intermediate. <i>Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys.</i> <strong>2023</strong>, DOI: 10.1039/d3cp04484j.</p>
Carotenoid skin ornaments as flexible indicators of male foraging behavior in a marine predator: Variation among Mexican colonies of Brown Booby (Sula leucogaster)
<p>Carotenoid-dependent ornaments can reflect animals' diet and foraging behaviors. However, this association should be spatially flexible and variable among populations to account for geographic variation in optimal foraging behaviors. We tested this hypothesis using populations of a marine predator (the brown booby, <em>Sula leucogaster</em>) that forage across a gradient in ocean depth in and near the Gulf of California. Specifically, we quantified green chroma for two skin traits (foot and gular color) and their relationship to foraging location and diet of males, as measured via GPS tracking and stable carbon isotope analysis of blood plasma. Our three focal colonies varied in which foraging attributes were linked to carotenoid-rich ornaments. For gular skin, our data showed a shift from a benthic prey-green skin association in the shallow waters in the north to a pelagic prey-green skin association in the deepest waters to the south. Mean foraging trip duration and distance of the foraging site from the coast also predicted skin coloration in some colonies. Finally, brown booby colonies varied in which trait (foot vs. gular skin color) was associated with foraging metrics. Overall, our results indicate that male ornaments reflect the quality of diet and foraging – information that may help females select mates who are adapted to local foraging conditions and therefore, are likely to provide better parental care. More broadly, our results stress that diet-dependent ornaments are intimately linked to animals' environments and that we cannot assume ornaments or ornament signal content are ubiquitous within species, even when ornaments appear similar among populations. </p>
Carotenoid oil extraction efficiencies in the case of Nannochloropsis gaditana S4 strain
<p>Carotenoids and astaxanthin (Ax) Extraction efficiency achieved by oil extraction from Nannochloropsis gaditana S4 strain grown at A4F facilities. Carotenoids and astaxanthin concentration was determined by spectrophotometric analysis</p>
Same colors for different functions: implications for the evolution of carotenoid-based ornamentation
<p><span>Sexual ornamentation is often assumed to be costly, allowing honest signaling of individual quality, and carotenoid-based colors were proposed to bear significant costs. If carotenoid-based colors are costly to produce, sexually-selected signals should use more concentrated carotenoid pigments and have more saturated color than non-sexual signals, where honesty-guaranteeing costs are not required. We tested this prediction comparing carotenoid-based colors across canaries, goldfinches and allies, because many of these species </span><span>use </span><span>yellow plumage as sexual ornamentation, but also have yellow rumps that appear to be non-sexual flash marks</span><span>. Only in the breast, but not the rump, was there an asymmetric </span><span>co-distribution of male and female color saturation, with males </span><span>similarly or more saturated than females, indicating evolution of breast color by sexual selection. Yellow was not consistently more saturated in the breast than in the rump, and the co-distribution of rump and breast color saturation indicated that saturated rumps can persist irrespective of breast color. This challenges </span><span>the assumption that carotenoid-based colors bear significant costs. The use of carotenoid coloration as sexual signals in this clade may instead be due to social costs, cost-free index mechanisms for signaling quality, and/or socially-monogamous species evolving low-cost signals to mostly discriminate against low-quality mates.</span></p>
Data to: Carotenoids-based reddish pelvic spines in non-reproducing female and male sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus) – signalling social dominance?
<p>Conspicuous ornaments are often considered a result of evolution by sexual selection. According to the social selection hypothesis, such conspicuous traits may also evolve as badges of status associated with increased boldness or aggression towards conspecifics in conflicts about ecological resources. This study tested predictions from the social selection hypothesis to explain evolution of conspicuous red colour of the pelvic spines of the three-spine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus). Wild non-reproducing sticklebacks were presented to pairs of dummies which differed at their pelvic spines, having either (i) normal sized grey or red pelvic spines, or (ii) normal sized grey or large red pelvic spines. The experimental tank was illuminated by white or green light, since green light impedes the sticklebacks' ability to detect red colour. The dummies moved slowly around in circles at each end of the experimental tank. We quantified the parameters (i) which of the two dummies was visited first, (ii) time taken before the first visit to a dummy, (iii) distribution of the focal sticklebacks in the two zones close to each of the two dummies and in the neutral zone of the tank, (iv) close to which of the two dummies did the focal fish eat its first food-piece, and (v) time spent until the first piece of food was eaten. This was carried out for 22 females and 29 males sticklebacks. The results suggested no effect of the colour or size of the dummies' pelvic spines, on none of the five behavioural parameters. Moreover, neither the colour of the pelvic spines of the focal sticklebacks themselves (as opposed to redness of the dummies' spines) or their body length was associated with behaviour towards the dummies. Thus, this study did not support predictions from the social selection hypothesis to explain evolution of red pelvic spines in sticklebacks.</p>
Environmental gradients predict the ratio of environmentally acquired carotenoids to self-synthesised pteridine pigments
<p>Carotenoids are important pigments producing integument coloration; however, their dietary availability may be limited in some environments. Many species produce red to yellow hues using a combination of carotenoids and self-synthesised pteridine pigments. A compelling but untested hypothesis is that pteridines replace carotenoids in environments where carotenoid availability is limited. Based on a phylogenetic comparative analysis of pigment concentrations in agamid lizards, we show that environmental gradients predict the ratio of carotenoids to pteridines; carotenoid concentrations are lower and pteridine concentrations higher in arid environments with low vegetation productivity. Both carotenoid and pteridine pigments were present in all species, but only pteridine concentrations explained colour variation among species and there were no correlations between carotenoid and pteridine pigments with similar hue. These results suggest that pteridine pigments replace carotenoids in carotenoid-limited environments, irrespective of skin hue, presumably because it is metabolically cheaper to synthesise pteridines than to acquire and sequester carotenoids when carotenoids are rare.</p>
Data from: Hyperspectral imaging reveals differential carotenoid and chlorophyll temporal dynamics and spatial patterns in Scots pine under water stress
<p>Data and codes associated with the manuscript '<span>Hyperspectral imaging reveals differential carotenoid and chlorophyll temporal dynamics and spatial patterns in Scots pine under water stress</span>'. </p>
Origin of the natural variation in the storage of dietary carotenoids in freshwater amphipod crustaceans
<p>Carotenoids are diverse lipophilic natural pigments which are stored in variable amounts by animals. Given the multiple biological functions of carotenoids, such variation may have strong implications in evolutionary biology. Crustaceans such as <i>Gammarus </i>amphipods store large amounts of these pigments and inter-population variation occurs. While differences in parasite selective pressure have been proposed to explain this variation, the contribution of other factors such as genetic differences in the gammarid ability to assimilate and/or store pigments, and the environmental availability of carotenoids cannot be dismissed. This study investigates the relative contributions of the gammarid genotype and of the environmental availability of carotenoids in the natural variability in carotenoid storage. It further explores the link of this natural variability in carotenoid storage with major crustacean immune parameters. We addressed these aspects using the cryptic diversity in the amphipod crustacean <i>Gammarus fossarum</i> and a diet supplementation protocol in the laboratory. Our results suggest that natural variation in <i>G. fossarum</i> storage of dietary carotenoids results from both the availability of the pigments in the environment and the genetically-based ability of the gammarids to assimilate and/or store them, which is associated to levels of stimulation of cellular immune defences. While our results may support the hypothesis that carotenoids storage in this crustacean may evolve in response to parasitic pressure, a better understanding of the specific roles of this large pigment storage in the crustacean physiology is needed.</p>
Estimating the distribution of carotenoid coloration in skin and integumentary structures of birds and extinct dinosaurs
<p>Carotenoids are pigments responsible for most bright yellow, red, and orange hues in birds. Their distribution has been investigated in avian plumage, but the evolution of their expression in skin and other integumentary structures has not been approached in detail. Here, we investigate the expression of carotenoid-consistent coloration across tissue types in all extant, non-passerine species (n= 4,022) and archelosaur outgroups in a phylogenetic framework. We collect dietary data for a subset of birds and investigate how dietary carotenoid intake may relate to carotenoid expression in various tissues. We find that carotenoid-consistent expression in skin or non-plumage keratin has a 50 percent probability of being present in the most recent common ancestor of Archosauria. Skin expression has a similar probability at the base of the avian crown clade, but plumage expression is unambiguously absent in that ancestor and shows hundreds of independent gains within non-passerine neognaths, consistent with previous studies. Although our data do not support a strict sequence of tissue expression in non-passerine birds, we find support that expression of carotenoid-consistent color in non-plumage integument structures might evolve in a correlated manner and feathers are rarely the only region of expression. Taxa with diets high in carotenoid content also show expression in more body regions and tissue types. Our results may inform targeted assays for carotenoids in tissues other than feathers, and expectations of these pigments in non-avian dinosaurs. In extinct groups, bare-skin regions and the rhamphotheca, especially in species with diets rich in plants, may express these pigments, which are not expected in feathers or feather homologues.</p>
Characterization of grain carotenoids in global sorghum germplasm to guide genomics-assisted breeding strategies
<p><strong>Background</strong></p> <p>Crop biofortification is a successful strategy to ameliorate Vitamin A deficiency. Sorghum is a good candidate for vitamin A biofortification, as it is a staple food in regions with high prevalence of vitamin A deficiency. β-carotene—the main provitamin A carotenoid—is below the target concentration in sorghum grain, therefore, biofortification breeding is required. Previous studies found evidence that sorghum carotenoid variation is oligogenic, suggesting that marker-assisted selection can be an appropriate biofortification method. However, we hypothesize that sorghum carotenoids have both oligogenic and polygenic components of variation. Genomics-assisted breeding could accelerate breeding efforts, but there exists knowledge gaps in the genetics underlying carotenoid variation, as well as appropriate germplasm to serve as donors.</p> <p><strong>Results</strong></p> <p>In this study, we characterized carotenoids in 447 accessions from the sorghum association panel and carotenoid panel using high-performance liquid chromatography, finding high carotenoid accessions not previously identified. Genome-wide association studies confirmed that zeaxanthin epoxidase is a major gene underlying variation for not only zeaxanthin but also lutein and β-carotene. High carotenoid lines were found to have limited genetic diversity and originated predominantly from only one country. Potential novel genetic diversity for carotenoid content was identified through genomic predictions in 2,495 accessions of unexplored germplasm. Oligogenic variation of carotenoids was confirmed, as well as evidence for polygenic variation, suggesting both marker-assisted selection and genomic selection can facilitate breeding efforts.</p> <p><strong>Conclusions</strong></p> <p>Sorghum vitamin A biofortification could be beneficial for millions of people who rely on it as a dietary staple. Carotenoid content in sorghum is low, but high heritability suggests that increasing concentrations through breeding is possible. Low genetic diversity among high carotenoid lines might be the main limitation for breeding efforts, therefore further germplasm characterization is needed to assess the feasibility of biofortification breeding. Based on germplasm here evaluated, most countries' germplasm lacks high carotenoid alleles, thus prebreeding will be needed. An SNP marker within the zeaxanthin epoxidase gene was identified as a good candidate for use in marker-assisted selection. Due to the oligogenic and polygenic variation of sorghum grain carotenoids, both marker-assisted selection and genomic selection can be employed to accelerate breeding efforts.</p>
Data and code for "Dietary carotenoid supplementation has long-term and community-wide effects on the amphibian skin microbiome"
<p>Data, R code and R markdown report for the manuscript "Dietary carotenoid supplementation has long-term and community-wide effects on the amphibian skin microbiome" by Risely, A., Phillip G. Byrne, Bethany J. Hoye, and Aimee J. Silla</p> <p><strong>Data</strong></p> <p>frog_final.RDS = Processed phyloseq dataset of frog skin microbiome</p> <p><strong>Code</strong></p> <p>Frog_diet_analysis_V1.Rmd = Rmarkdown code</p> <p>Frog_diet_analysis_V1.html = Rmarkdown report (html version - need to download to view)</p> <p>Frog_diet_analysis_V1.pdf = Rmarkdown report (PDF version)</p>
Source Data for the publication: "How Orange Carotenoid Protein controls the excited state dynamics of Canthaxanthin"
<p>This dataset contains the raw data for the results shown in the paper, in plain text format. The first line of each file describes the content of the columns.</p> <p>Contents:</p> <ul> <li>ocp_adiabatic_energies.txt - Energies of the adiabatic states (A.U.) for all SH trajectories of CAN in OCP</li> <li>ocp_bla.txt - Values of the BLA coordinate (Angstrom) for all SH trajectories of CAN in OCP</li> <li>ocp_dihedrals.txt - Values of the CAN dihedrals ) degrees for all SH trajectories of CAN in OCP</li> <li>ocp_populations.txt - Calculated adiabatic populations of CAN in OCP</li> <li>vac_adiabatic_energies.txt - Energies of the adiabatic states (A.U.) for all SH trajectories of CAN in gas phase</li> <li>vac_bla.txt - Values of the BLA coordinate (Angstrom) for all SH trajectories of CAN in gas phase</li> <li>vac_dihedrals.txt - Values of the CAN dihedrals ) degrees for all SH trajectories of CAN in gas phase</li> <li>vac_populations.txt - Calculated adiabatic populations of CAN in gas phase</li> </ul> <p><br> </p> <p> </p> <p> </p>
Family-based Lifestyle Intervention Program and Carotenoid Supplementation for Children With Obesity
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT02060279. IPD Sharing: Not stated. Countries: 1. Publications: 1.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
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