Find research datasets worth reusing
Search datasets from major research repositories and use ShareScore to quickly assess how well each record supports discovery, access, and reuse.
194
datasets available to search
ShareScore release 0.9.0
Dataset results
194 results for “Cause and effect”
Data Sets of Cause-Effect Pairs
<p>Data Sets of Cause-Effect Pairs first used in the following paper:</p> <p><em><strong>Answering Binary Causal Questions Through Large-Scale Text Mining: An Evaluation Using Cause-Effect Pairs from Human Experts</strong></em><br> Oktie Hassanzadeh, Debarun Bhattacharjya, Mark Feblowitz, Kavitha Srinivas, Michael Perrone, Shirin Sohrabi, Michael Katz<br> <strong>IJCAI 2019</strong></p> <pre><code>@inproceedings{Hassanzadeh19, author = {Oktie Hassanzadeh and Debarun Bhattacharjya and Mark Feblowitz and Kavitha Srinivas and Michael Perrone and Shirin Sohrabi and Michael Katz}, title = {Answering Binary Causal Questions Through Large-Scale Text Mining: An Evaluation Using Cause-Effect Pairs from Human Experts}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the Twenty-Eighth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence, {IJCAI} 2019, August 10-16, 2019, Macao, China}, year = {2019} }</code></pre> <p>See README.txt for details.</p> <pre>$ wc -l * 319 ce_me_benchmark_v1.csv 118 nato_sfa_benchmark_v1.csv 804 risk_models_benchmark_v1.csv 1730 semeval_benchmark_v1.csv 2971 total $ ls -lh * | awk '{print $5,$9}' 23K ce_me_benchmark_v1.csv 11K nato_sfa_benchmark_v1.csv 73K risk_models_benchmark_v1.csv 42K semeval_benchmark_v1.csv NATO SFA Benchmark is created from the tables in the Appendix of the following publicly available document: STRATEGIC FORESIGHT ANALYSIS 2017 REPORT Links: <a href="https://www.act.nato.int/images/stories/media/doclibrary/171004_sfa_2017_report_hr.pdf">https://www.act.nato.int/images/stories/media/doclibrary/171004_sfa_2017_report_hr.pdf</a> <a href="https://www.act.nato.int/images/stories/media/doclibrary/171004_sfa_2017_report_txt.pdf">https://www.act.nato.int/images/stories/media/doclibrary/171004_sfa_2017_report_txt.pdf</a> <a href="https://www.act.nato.int/futures-work">https://www.act.nato.int/futures-work</a> SemEval data is published under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported license: <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/</a> Details: <a href="https://docs.google.com/document/d/1QO_CnmvNRnYwNWu1-QCAeR5ToQYkXUqFeAJbdEhsq7w/preview">https://docs.google.com/document/d/1QO_CnmvNRnYwNWu1-QCAeR5ToQYkXUqFeAJbdEhsq7w/preview</a> Original source: <a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B_jQiLugGTAkMDQ5ZjZiMTUtMzQ1Yy00YWNmLWJlZDYtOWY1ZDMwY2U4YjFk/view?sort=name&layout=list&num=50">https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B_jQiLugGTAkMDQ5ZjZiMTUtMzQ1Yy00YWNmLWJlZDYtOWY1ZDMwY2U4YjFk/view?sort=name&layout=list&num=50</a> The rest of the data sets are covered by the Creative Commons: Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike (CC BY-NC-SA) license <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/legalcode">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/legalcode</a> THIS DATA IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.</pre>
Fig. 1 in Apparent effect of chronic Plasmodium infections on disease severity caused by experimental infections with Mycoplasma gallisepticum in house finches
Fig. 1. Mean severity of eye lesions ± SE (circles), and M. gallisepticum-load (log (qPCR+1)) (triangles) of birds infected through horizontal transmission with the CA2015 strain of M. gallisepticum. Birds in which Plasmodium was detected by PCR (grey symbols) developed more severe disease than birds in which Plasmodium was not found (white symbol). As there is no significant interaction between M. gallisepticum ‾strain and Plasmodium infection (Table 2) the results for the other M. gallisepticum strains are qualitatively similar and therefore not shown.
Study Exploring the Effect of Crizanlizumab on Kidney Function in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease Caused by Sickle Cell Disease
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT04053764. IPD Sharing: YES. Countries: 11. Publications: 2.
Data from: Testing the evolutionary potential of an alpine plant: Phenotypic plasticity in response to growth temperature outweighs parental environmental effects and other genetic causes of variation
Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.
Hidden causes of variation in offspring reproductive value: negative effects of maternal breeding age on offspring telomere length persist undiminished across multiple generations
Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.
Causes and effects of ant community structure in Hemlock Forests in 2005
Adjacent to the HWA (Hemlock woolly adelgid) sites, we will establish a 10m x 10m sampling grid, with 2.5 m spacing between each grid point (N=25 grid points per site). At each grid point, we will bury pitfall traps (95-mm diameter cups partially filled with soapy water) so that the upper lip is flush with the soil. Traps will be left in place for 48 hours. After the pitfall traps are collected, we will fill the holes and place a tuna-fish/pecan sandie bait at each grid point for approximately 3 hours and collect ants as they recruit to the baits. Finally, we will collect 4 m^2 of leaf litter to extract leaf litter ants.
The Spring Festival Effect: the change of NO2 column concentration in China caused by the migration of human activities
<p>The Spring Festival is the most important holiday in China, human activity and population mobility may contribute greatly to air quality, especially in the megacities. According to the satellite-based tropospheric nitrogen dioxide (NO<sub>2</sub>) column and ground-based observational concentration of NO<sub>2</sub> in the megacities from 2013 to 2018 around the Spring Festival, we found that NO<sub>2</sub> concentration decreases obviously during the Spring Festival and rebounds after the Spring Festival in China, particularly in the megacities. The tropospheric NO<sub>2</sub> columns density around Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region decreases about 40% than the period before the festival, and it in Beijing decreases by 41.6% and rebounds by 22.3%. While under the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic progresses, the tropospheric NO<sub>2</sub> columns density in Beijing decreases by 56.2% and rebounds only by 6.8% in 2020.</p>
Enhancement of cloud-to-ground lightning activity caused by the urban effect: a case study in the Beijing metropolitan area
<p>The dataset here includes land-surface temperature, wind field, precipitation, UV aerosol index, and lightning information analyzed in the paper "<strong>Enhancement of cloud-to-ground lightning activity </strong><strong>caused by the urban effect: a case study in</strong> <strong>the Beijing metropolitan area</strong>".</p>
Synergistic impacts of co-occurring invasive grasses cause persistent effects in the soil-plant system after selective removal
1. Human influence on the environment is so extensive that virtually all ecosystems on the planet are now affected by biological invasions. And, often, ecosystems are invaded by multiple co-occurring non-native species. Hence, it is important to understand the impacts these invasions are producing on biodiversity and ecosystem processes. 2. Here, we present results of a two-year long field experiment where we tested the effects of co-occurring invasive C4 African grasses in a Cerrado area in central Brazil. We compared plant and arthropod communities, plant biomass, and soil nitrogen dynamics and soil chemical characteristics across five experimental treatments: Urochloa decumbens removal, Melinis minutiflora removal, both U. decumbens, and M. minutiflora removal, U. decumbens and M. minutiflora invaded plots, and uninvaded Cerrado. We hypothesized that selective removal of invasive grasses would have distinct effects on the native ecosystem structure and functioning. We expected that each invasive grass would produce a different type of impact on the native ecosystem and that their impacts would be synergistic when co-occurring. 3. Removal of M. minutiflora doubled native plant diversity and biomass when compared to invaded plots, whereas removal of U. decumbens did not alter these parameters. Cerrado plots had four times more plant species than plots cleared of invasives. Removal of invasive grasses did not affect the species richness or community composition of soil epigeal fauna. Cerrado soils had lower fertility, organic matter content, and pH than invaded soils. The effects were generally higher when both invasive grasses were removed, suggesting impacts were synergistic, but M. minutiflora had greater effects on plants and soils than U. decumbens. Both invasive species produced negative impacts, but a single species was the main driver. We also detected persistent effects of the invasive grass species on the ecosystem after two years of removal. 4. We conclude that invasive species of the same functional group have similar types of effects in native ecosystems, but the magnitude of impact was largely dependent on invasive species biomass and cover. Where multiple invasive species are present, research and management of invaded ecosystems should tackle the interacting effects of co-occurring invaders.
Data from: Body size variation in aquatic consumers causes pervasive community effects, independent of mean body size
Intraspecific phenotypic variation is a significant component of biodiversity. Body size, for example, is variable and critical for structuring communities. We need to understand how homogenous and variably-sized populations differ in their ecological responses or effects if we are to have a robust understanding of communities. We manipulated body size variation in consumer (tadpole) populations in mesocosms (both with and without predators), keeping mean size and density of these consumers constant. Size-variable consumer populations exhibited stronger antipredator responses (reduced activity), which had a cascading effect of increasing the biomass of the consumer's resources. Predators foraged less when consumers were variable in size, and this may have mediated the differential effects of predators on the community composition of alternative prey (zooplankton). All trophic levels responded to differences in consumer size variation, demonstrating that intrapopulation phenotypic variability can significantly alter interspecific ecological interactions. Furthermore, we identify a key mechanism (size thresholds for predation risk) that may mediate impacts of size variation in natural communities. Together, our results suggest that phenotypic variability plays a significant role in structuring ecological communities.
Dataset for Dichotomic core solidification caused by nonideally-mixing effects in rocky planets
<p>All data involved in the manuscript.</p>
Co-formulant in a commercial fungicide product causes lethal and sub-lethal effects in bumble bees
<p>The dataset and code behind an experimental paper in Scientific Reports. </p> <p>Paper DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-00919-x</p> <p>Pollinators, particularly wild bees, are suffering declines across the globe, and pesticides are thought to be drivers of these declines. Research into, and regulation of pesticides has focused on the active ingredients, and their impact on bee health. In contrast, the additional components in pesticide formulations have been overlooked as potential threats. By testing an acute oral dose of the fungicide product Amistar, and equivalent doses of each individual co-formulant, we were able to measure the toxicity of the formulation and identify the ingredient responsible. We found that a co-formulant, alcohol ethoxylates, caused a range of damage to bumble bee health. Exposure to alcohol ethoxylates caused 30% mortality and a range of sublethal effects. Alcohol ethoxylates treated bees consumed half as much sucrose as negative control bees over the course of the experiment and lost weight. Alcohol ethoxylates treated bees had significant melanisation of their midguts, evidence of gut damage. We suggest that this gut damage explains the reduction in appetite, weight loss and mortality, with bees dying from energy depletion. Our results demonstrate that sublethal impacts of pesticide formulations need to be considered during regulatory consideration, and that co-formulants can be more toxic than active ingredients.</p>
Unified Understanding of Biological Effects Caused by Radiation: Overcoming LQM Difficulties
<p>We propose the Sea Saw (SS) model, which provides a unified description of the biological effect caused by radiation. This can be directly applied to clinic plans in radiotherapy and the basic formula for radioprotection. This can be replaced by the so-called LNT or LQM bases to describe the effects caused by radiation exposure and we can estimate exactly the effects of fractionation cases or we can directly take account of dose rate effect without any additional DDREF. This can be done by introducing the cell exclusion effect. The model is very simple and intuitively acceptable by expressing the dose-rate effect and can be easily extended to the radiation clinic cases and overcomes the difficulties of the standard method using LQM based BED. The calculated result of our model reproduces the existing data of the time dependence of the cancer volume during the cancer treatment measurement. We demonstrate that different initial volumes, namely for the cases where irradiation starts with a smaller initial volume is more effective than a larger volume. Especially if the cancer volume is almost full in the tissue, the radiation effect of the cancer treatment is very small. On the other hand, for the smaller initial volume, the cancer treatment is found to work more effectively to reduce the cancer volume. Using this model we can predict the time dependence of the cancer volume, and clarify how the effect of radiation therapy depends on the cancer stage on the starting time of the radiation treatment.</p> <p>After explaining the essential difference between our SS model and traditional LQ treatment with BED index, we would like to report the results of SS model by displaying the comparison of our prediction of the estimated results with the relevant new data from the radiation therapy sectional group of Osaka International and will report the comparison those with our prediction. We can also consider continuous but time-dependent irradiation cases and got interesting outcomes on the time dependence of the tumor volume for various clinic plans. Especially by choosing the value of the dose rate to be balanced with the total growth rate, the tumor volume is kept constant.</p> <p>Finally, I would like to emphasize that our SS model leads us not only with a unified description of radiation therapy but also indicates the misleading principle based on LNT or LQM hypothesis which is still adopted in the society of radiation protection.</p>
Data set from "Absolute Treatment Effects for the Primary Outcome and All-cause Mortality in the Cardiovascular Outcome Trials of New Antidiabetic Drugs – A Meta-Analysis of Digitalized Individual Patient Data"
<p>This data set contains the complete digitalized individual patient data that are used in the manuscript "Absolute Treatment Effects for the Primary Outcome and All-cause Mortality in the Cardiovascular Outcome Trials of New Antidiabetic Drugs – A Meta-Analysis of Digitalized Individual Patient Data", which is accepted from "Acta Diabetologica".<br> The data file is in CSV format and contains the five variables "OutcomeType" (with values "AllcauseMortality" or "PrimaryOutcome"), "Study" (denoting the respective cardiovascular outcome trial), "Treatment" (denoting the respective study treatment or placebo), "Event" (denoting if the respective has been observed (Event=1) or not (Event=0)), and "SurvivalTimeMonths" (denoting the respective time to the event or censoring in months).</p>
The preservation of cause and effect in the rock record
Evolutionary events may impact the geological carbon cycle via transient imbalances in silicate weathering, and such events have been implicated as causes of glaciations, mass extinctions, and oceanic anoxia. However, suggested evolutionary causes often substantially predate the environmental effects to which they are linked—problematic when carbon cycle perturbations must be resolved in less than a million years. What is more, the geochemical signatures of such perturbations are recorded as they occur in widely distributed marine sedimentary rocks that have been densely sampled for important intervals in Earth history, whereas the fossil record—particularly on land—is governed by the availability of sedimentary basins that are patchy in both space and time, necessitating lags between the origination of an evolutionary lineage and its earliest occurrence in the fossil record. Here, we present a simple model of the impact of preservational filtering on sampling to show that an evolutionary event that causes an environmental perturbation via weathering imbalance should not appear earlier in the rock record than the perturbation itself and, if anything, should appear later rather than simultaneously. The Devonian Hangenberg glaciation provides an example of how evolutionary events might be more fruitfully considered as potential causes of environmental perturbations. Just as the last samplings of species lost in mass extinction are expected to come before the true environmental event, first appearance should be expected to post-date the geological expression of a lineage's environmental impact with important implications for our reading of Earth history.
Fish carcass deposition to suppress invasive lake trout through hypoxia causes limited, non-target effects on benthic invertebrates in Yellowstone Lake
<p class="MsoNormal">Invasive species can have negative effects on native biodiversity and ecosystem function, and suppression is often required to minimize the effects. However, management actions to suppress invasive species may cause negative, unintended effects on non-target taxa. Across the USA, lake trout (<em>Salvelinus namaycush</em>) are invasive in many freshwater ecosystems, reducing native fish abundance and diversity through predation and competition. In an integrated pest management approach, lake trout embryos in Yellowstone Lake, Wyoming are suppressed by depositing lake trout carcasses onto spawning sites; the carcasses reduce dissolved oxygen concentrations as they decay, causing embryo mortality. We conducted a field experiment during one ice-free season at four sites in Yellowstone Lake to investigate the non-target effects of carcass treatment on benthic invertebrates, which could have consequences for native fish diets. While overall invertebrate density and biomass did not respond to carcass treatment, Chironomidae midges and Sphaeriidae fingernail clams decreased in abundance. Carcass treatment altered invertebrate community structure based on density, but not biomass. Carcass treatment to suppress invasive fish embryos has spatially localized, non-target effects on some benthic invertebrate taxa. Given the small spatial extent of carcass treatment within the lake, we conclude it is unlikely that carcass treatment will alter food availability for native fishes.</p>
The necessity to choose causes the effects of reward on saccade preparation
<p>Dataset from the following publication:</p> <p>Wolf, C., Heuer, A., Schubö, A., & Schütz, A.C. (2017). The necessity to choose causes the effects of reward on saccade preparation. <em>Scientific Reports</em>.</p> <p><br> Each folder contains the data belonging to the corresponding experiment in the publication. Data sheets are csv files.</p> <p>Each data folder contains a description of the columns. In the data, every row corresponds to one trial. If a value is missing not applicable for a given trial, it is labelled as NaN ("not a number").</p> <p><br> For further questions, please contact:<br> chr.wolf[at]uni-marburg.de or a.schuetz[at]uni.marburg.de</p> <p><br> -- Feb 28th 2017 --</p>
Consumption of pollen contaminated with field-realistic concentrations of fungicide cause sub-lethal effects in common eastern bumble bee (Bombus impatiens [Hymenoptera]: [Apidae]) microcolonies
<p>Bumble bees are declining across the globe. Causes of this decline have been attributed to a variety of stressors, including pesticides. Fungicides are a type of pesticide that have been understudied in the context of bumble bee health. As a result, fungicides are often applied to flowering plants without consideration of pollinator exposure. Recent work demonstrates that fungicides have sublethal effects in bumble bees, but little is known about how much fungicide it takes to cause these sublethal effects. To address this gap in the literature, we fed microcolonies of the common eastern bumble bee (<em>Bombus impatiens</em>) pollen contaminated with a range of fungicide concentrations. We chose these concentrations based on the range of fungicide concentrations in pollen and nectar that were reported in the literature. Results revealed that later-stage pupae and newly emerged males are potentially sensitive to fungicide exposure, showing smaller size and reduced fat reserves at intermediate levels of contamination. Compared to the control, intermediated levels of fungicide-contaminated pollen led to increased pupal mortality and delayed male emergence. Contrary to expectations, higher fungicide levels did not exhibit a linear relationship with negative impacts, suggesting nuanced effects. Because body size and emergence timing are important aspects of bumble bee reproductive behavior, results have implications for mating success, potentially disrupting colony development.</p>
Data for: Effects of treated wastewater on the ecotoxicity of small streams – unravelling the contribution of chemicals causing effects
<p>Wastewater treatment plant effluents are important point sources of micropollutants. To assess how the discharge of treated wastewater affects the ecotoxicity of small to medium-sized streams we collected water samples up- and downstream of 24 wastewater treatment plants across the Swiss Plateau and the Jura regions of Switzerland. We investigated estrogenicity, inhibition of algal photosynthetic activity (photosystem II, PSII) and growth, and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibition. At four sites, we measured feeding activity of amphipods (<em>Gammarus fossarum</em>) <em>in situ</em> as well as water flea (<em>Ceriodaphnia dubia</em>) reproduction in water samples. Ecotoxicological endpoints were compared with results from analyses of general water quality parameters as well as a target screening of a wide range of organic micropollutants with a focus on pesticides and pharmaceuticals using liquid chromatography high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry.</p> <p>Measured ecotoxicological effects in stream water varied substantially among sites: 17β-estradiol equivalent concentrations (EEQ<sub>bio</sub>, indicating the degree of estrogenicity) were relatively low and ranged from 0.04 to 0.85 ng/L, never exceeding a proposed effect-based trigger (EBT) value of 0.88 ng/L. Diuron equivalent (DEQ<sub>bio</sub>) concentrations (indicating the degree of photosystem II inhibition in algae) ranged from 2.4 to 1576 ng/L and exceeded the EBT value (70 ng/L) in one third of the rivers studied, sometimes even upstream of the WWTP. Parathion equivalent (PtEQ<sub>bio</sub>) concentrations (indicating the degree of AChE inhibition) reached relatively high values (37 to 1278 ng/L) mostly exceeding the corresponding EBT (196 ng/L PtEQ<sub>bio</sub>). Decreased feeding activity by amphipods or waterflea reproduction compared to the upstream site was observed at one of four investigated sites only. Results of the combined algae assay (PSII inhibition) correlated best with results of chemical analysis for PSII inhibiting herbicides. Estrogenicity was partly and AChE inhibition strongly underestimated based on measured steroidal estrogens respectively organophosphate and carbamate insecticides. An impact of dissolved organic carbon on results of the AChE inhibition assay was obvious. For this assay more work is required to further explore the missing correlation of bioassay data with chemical analytical data. Overall, the discharge of WWTP effluent led to increased estrogenicity, PSII and AChE inhibition downstream, irrespective of upstream land use.</p>
Experiment and analysis data of Study on the Effect of Pore-Clogging Caused by Fenton's Reagent on the Hydraulic Conductivity Using Time-lapsed Hydraulic Tomography
<p>The Microsoft Office Excel data file ('HT data.xlsx') contains two sheets: the first sheet includes the raw data from the first and second HT experiments, labeled as '1st' and '2nd' respectively; the second sheet contains their processed data.</p> <p>The compressed file ('Models.rar') includes all the models, such as the forward and inverse models. Each model contains its own input files and an executable file.</p>
ScienceDex guides
Understand access before you commit
These curated guides explain access requirements, typical timelines, costs, and reuse considerations for widely used research datasets.
Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.