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6,040 results for “Cave”
For our world without sound. The opportunistic debitage in the Italian context: a methodological evaluation of the lithic assemblages of Pirro Nord, Cà Belvedere di Montepoggiolo, Ciota Ciara cave and Riparo Tagliente.
<p>Raw data concerning the technological analysis of both the experimentation and archaeological collections.</p>
Processing of 3-D Polygon Mesh Model and Radio Propagation Simulations in a Cave: Surface Reconstruction from Point Cloud, Simplification of the Mesh, and Ray Tracing
<p><strong>ABOUT</strong></p><p>This repository includes mesh data from cave geometry scanning and processing, and radio propagation data from ray tracing simulations.</p><p>The geometry data is obtained with laser scanning in a cave in Slovenija. </p><p>The geometry processing includes (i) 3-D shape reconstruction - surface reconstruction from point cloud data and (ii) simplification - reduction of the geometric complexity of the 3-D mesh model. </p><p>The radio propagation data is obtained using CloudRT [1] ray-tracing simulator. </p><p>The obtained propagation-related quantities include information about the propagation mechanism, interactions with the geometry, received power, delay, azimuth and elevation angles of arrival and departure, and path loss. </p><p> </p><p><strong>AUTHORS</strong></p><p>Teodora Kocevska, Andrej Hrovat, Tomaž Javornik</p><p>Department of Communication Systems</p><p>Jožef Stefan Institute, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia</p><p>teodora.kocevska@ijs.si</p><p> </p><p><strong>GEOMETRY PROCESSING</strong></p><p>The cave segment used for the propagation calculations is selected from a point cloud obtained in a cave in Litia, Slovenia. The point cloud is obtained with 3-D laser scanning of the environment. The selected segment is approx. 58 m long. Several parameter configurations were considered for 3-D shape reconstruction, including Poisson surface reconstruction with octree depths of 8, 10, and 12. Geometries that represent the cave shape and have different levels of complexity were created and studied. In the simplification process, one and two-stage simplification was explored using the Quadric Edge Collapse Decimation approach. </p><p> </p><p><strong>RADIO SETUP</strong></p><p>The transmitter (Tx) is fixed at the entrance of the cave and the receiver (Rx) is moved along the cave in 40 positions with a step of 1 m.</p><p>Omnidirectional antennas at the Tx and Rx sites and vertical polarization are considered. The antenna is mounted 1.5 m above the ground.</p><p>The start frequency is 3.5 GHz, the end frequency is 3.6 GHz and the step is 10 MHz. Direct propagation and first-order reflection are considered. </p><p>The cave geometry is represented by a triangular mesh, and the material of the cave is wet earth. The material electromagnetic properties are selected according to the specifications presented in [2].</p><p> </p><p><strong>FOLDER STRUCTURE</strong></p><p>The folder structure is:</p><p> - Polygon_Mesh_Models</p><p> <i># 3-D environment models with varying </i>levels<i> of geometry complexity</i></p><p> - Reconstruction_Segmen1_Poisson_Surface_Reconstruction</p><p> - Simplification_Segment1_Quadric_Edge_Collapse_Decimation</p><p> - Propagation_Data</p><p> <i># Propagation quantities of all rays between a transmitter and receiver</i></p><p> - AllRay_PropData</p><p> - PathLoss</p><p> - readme.txt</p><p> - RayTracing_EnvironmentModel</p><p> <i> # Final environment model used for ray tracing simulations</i></p><p> - Cave_MeshModel.json</p><p> - Cave_MeshModel.skb</p><p> - Cave_MeshModel.skp</p><p> - RayTracing_MaterialProperties</p><p> <i># Properties of the materials in the environment</i></p><p> - materials.json</p><p> - materials.mtl</p><p> - readme.txt</p><p> - Cave_Length.txt</p><p> <i># Length between selected locations in the environment</i></p><p> - Cave_Segment1_visual.png</p><p> <i> # Visualization of the environment segment used for propagation calculation</i></p><p> - readme.txt</p><p> <i># Overall description </i></p><p><strong>REFERENCES</strong></p><p>[1] D. He, B. Ai, K. Guan, L. Wang, Z. Zhong, and T. Kürner, "The Design and Applications of High-Performance Ray-Tracing Simulation Platform for 5G and Beyond Wireless Communications: A Tutorial," in IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials, vol. 21, no. 1, pp. 10-27, First quarter 2019, doi: 10.1109/COMST.2018.2865724.</p><p>[2] R. sector of International Telecommunication Union (ITU-R), "Effects of building materials and structures on radio wave propagation above about 100 MHz," International Telecommunication Union, ITU-R Recommendation P.2040-2, 2021.</p><p> </p><p><strong>ACKNOWLEDGEMENT</strong></p><p>This work was supported by the Slovenian Research Agency under grant <strong>J2-3048</strong>.</p><p> </p>
Cave Hyena Osteometrical Datasets
<p><strong>Background</strong></p> <p>These datasets provide osteometrical measurements for dental and postcranial remains in cave hyenas from european sites.</p> <p><strong>Method</strong></p> <p>All the specimens have been described and measured (in millimeters) by the author. They are stored and curated in various institutions (<em>i.e., Museum, see below</em>).</p> <p><strong>Data description</strong></p> <p><strong><em>File title:</em></strong></p> <p>Each file is named according to the following pattern:</p> <ul> <li><strong>First part:</strong> abreviation of considered species (<em>i.e., Ccs = Crocuta crocuta spelaea</em>);</li> <li><strong>Second part</strong>: anatomical part codification: <ul> <li><em>U: Upper / L: Lower</em></li> <li><em>C: Canine / P: Premolar / M: Molar</em></li> <li><em>1 to 4: tooth rank</em></li> </ul> </li> </ul> <p><strong><em>File content:</em></strong></p> <ul> <li><strong>chrono:</strong> Chronology (<em>i.e., Middle or Late Pleistocene</em>);</li> <li><strong>MIS: </strong>Marine Isotopic Stage (<em>if applicable</em>);</li> <li><strong>species:</strong> specific (or sub-specific) identification (<em>i.e., Crocuta crocuta spelaea</em>);</li> <li><strong>country</strong>: Site location (<em>i.e., France</em>);</li> <li><strong>site: </strong>Site name;</li> <li><strong>label: </strong>Specimen label such as archaeological number or museum inventory number;</li> <li><strong>side: </strong>Specimen laterality, it could be left (sin) or right (dext);</li> <li><strong>B: </strong>Breadth (<em>in mm</em>);</li> <li><strong>L: </strong>Breadth (<em>in mm</em>);</li> <li><strong>L_para: </strong>Paraconid (for the lower carnassial m1) or Paracone (for the upper carnassial P4) length (<em>in mm</em>);</li> <li><strong>L_proto: </strong>Protoconid length (<em>in mm</em>), applicable only for the lower carnassial m1;</li> <li><strong>L_trig: </strong>Trigonid length (<em>in mm</em>), applicable only for the lower carnassial m1;</li> <li><strong>B_meta: </strong>Metacone breadth (<em>in mm</em>), applicable only for the upper carnassial P4;</li> <li><strong>L_meta: </strong>Metacone length (<em>in mm</em>), applicable only for the upper carnassial P4;</li> <li><strong>location:</strong> Curation place.</li> </ul>
Indicative distribution map for Ecosystem Functional Group S1.1 Aerobic caves
<p>This archive contains indicative distribution maps and profiles for <strong>S1.1 Aerobic caves</strong>, a ecosystem functional group (EFG, level 3) of the <a href="https://global-ecosystems.org/">IUCN Global Ecosystem Typology</a> (v2.0). Please refer to Keith <em>et al.</em> (2020) for details.</p> <p>The descriptive profiles provide brief summaries of key ecological traits and processes, maps are indicative of global distribution patterns, and are not intended to represent fine-scale patterns. The maps show areas of the world containing major (value of 1, coloured red) or minor occurrences (value of 2, coloured yellow) of each ecosystem functional group. Minor occurrences are areas where an ecosystem functional group is scattered in patches within matrices of other ecosystem functional groups or where they occur in substantial areas, but only within a segment of a larger region. Given bounds of resolution and accuracy of source data, the maps should be used to query which EFG are likely to occur within areas, rather than which occur at particular point locations. Detailed methods and references for the maps are included in the profile (xml format).</p>
Indicative distribution map for Ecosystem Functional Group SM1.1 Anchialine caves
<p>This archive contains indicative distribution maps and profiles for <strong>SM1.1 Anchialine caves</strong>, a ecosystem functional group (EFG, level 3) of the <a href="https://global-ecosystems.org/">IUCN Global Ecosystem Typology</a> (v2.0). Please refer to Keith <em>et al.</em> (2020) for details.</p> <p>The descriptive profiles provide brief summaries of key ecological traits and processes, maps are indicative of global distribution patterns, and are not intended to represent fine-scale patterns. The maps show areas of the world containing major (value of 1, coloured red) or minor occurrences (value of 2, coloured yellow) of each ecosystem functional group. Minor occurrences are areas where an ecosystem functional group is scattered in patches within matrices of other ecosystem functional groups or where they occur in substantial areas, but only within a segment of a larger region. Given bounds of resolution and accuracy of source data, the maps should be used to query which EFG are likely to occur within areas, rather than which occur at particular point locations. Detailed methods and references for the maps are included in the profile (xml format).</p>
Indicative distribution map for Ecosystem Functional Group SM1.3 Sea caves
<p>This archive contains indicative distribution maps and profiles for <strong>SM1.3 Sea caves</strong>, a ecosystem functional group (EFG, level 3) of the <a href="https://global-ecosystems.org/">IUCN Global Ecosystem Typology</a> (v2.0). Please refer to Keith <em>et al.</em> (2020) for details.</p> <p>The descriptive profiles provide brief summaries of key ecological traits and processes, maps are indicative of global distribution patterns, and are not intended to represent fine-scale patterns. The maps show areas of the world containing major (value of 1, coloured red) or minor occurrences (value of 2, coloured yellow) of each ecosystem functional group. Minor occurrences are areas where an ecosystem functional group is scattered in patches within matrices of other ecosystem functional groups or where they occur in substantial areas, but only within a segment of a larger region. Given bounds of resolution and accuracy of source data, the maps should be used to query which EFG are likely to occur within areas, rather than which occur at particular point locations. Detailed methods and references for the maps are included in the profile (xml format).</p>
PITS Apparent Depth Profiles for Mars Global Cave Candidate Catalog (MGC3) Features
<p>Apparent depth profiles calculated by the Pit Topography from Shadows (PITS) tool for the majority of the features in the Mars Global Cave Candidate Catalog (MGC<sup>3</sup>). PITS is a Python framework for automatically calculating apparent depth profiles for Martian and Lunar pits from just a single cropped satellite image. These images can also be single- or multi-band, such as in the case of the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) HiRISE camera. You can learn more about PITS by reading its <a href="https://academic.oup.com/rasti/article/2/1/492/7241547">journal article</a> in RAS Techniques and Instruments, going to its <a href="https://github.com/dlecorre387/Pit-Topography-from-Shadows/">GitHub repository</a> or reading the following <a href="https://www.danlecorre.com/post/first-paper-published">post</a>.</p> <p>Since not all catalogued cave candidates on Mars will be pits, PITS has so far been applied to the following MGC<sup>3</sup> subcategories:</p> <ul> <li>Atypical Pit Craters (APCs).</li> </ul> <p>With plans to extend this to:</p> <ul> <li>Lava tube skylights,</li> <li>small rimless pits,</li> <li>generic, amorphous pits,</li> <li>and polar pits.</li> </ul> <p>This totals 123 apparent depth profiles in CSV format, which have been derived automatically by PITS for 88 APCs. Therefore, these profiles can be plotted as the user prefers, and/or used in combination with other data to reveal more about this particular APC on the surface of Mars.</p> <p>Each depth profile's CSV file is named according to the HiRISE Reduced Data Record Version 1.1. (RDRV11) that it was calculated upon (e.g. ESP_011386_2065_RED_profile.csv for the red-band version of the HiRISE image ESP_011386_2065). Where there are multiple MGC3 APCs contained within a single image, the file names are numbered generally from the most northern to southernmost, or most westerly to easterly. ESRI shapefiles for the location of all APCs in each HiRISE image have been provided in polygon (containing the extents used to crop the larger HiRISE product) and point format in order to give context in these intances. </p> <p>As the headers suggest, the first four columns represent the shadow length (<em><span class="math-tex">\(L\)</span></em>), apparent depth (<em><span class="math-tex">\(h\)</span></em>), and the upper/lower bounds of <span class="math-tex">\(\Delta h\)</span>, respectively, before they have been corrected for non-zero emission angles (<span class="math-tex">\(\varepsilon\)</span>) at the time of image acquisition. Whereas the latter four columns represent the same quantities after <span class="math-tex">\(\varepsilon\)</span>-correction. How this correction is derived and applied is explained in the PITS journal article linked above.</p>
Leopard Cave ochres description and geochemical data
<p>The datasets present the macroscopic description and ICP-OES and ICP-MS geochemical data of archaeological ochres recovered at Leopard Cave rock art site (Erongo, Namibia). </p>
Data for: "Climatic drivers of (changes in) bat migration phenology at Bracken Cave (USA)"
<p>This dataset contains the spring and autumn migration phenology dataset used in Haest <em>et al.</em> (2020) to determine the drivers of migration phenology of Brazilian free-tailed bats at Bracken Cave (USA) over the period 1995-2017. The phenology dataset was derived from nightly colony population sizes estimated using weather radar data (Stepanian <em>et al.</em>, 2018). See the Materials and Methods section in Haest <em>et al.</em> (2020) for more details on the dataset. </p> <p>References:</p> <p>Haest, B., Stepanian, P. M., Wainwright, C. E., Liechti, F., & Bauer, S. (2021). Climatic drivers of (changes in) bat migration phenology at Bracken Cave (USA). <em>Global Change Biology</em>, 27(4), 768-780. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.15433">https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.15433</a></p> <p>Stepanian, P. M., & Wainwright, C. E. (2018). Ongoing changes in migration phenology and winter residency at Bracken Bat Cave. <em>Global Change Biology</em>, <em>24</em>(7), 3266–3275. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.14051">https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.14051</a></p> <p> </p>
Susunia (Bankura district), West Bengal. Main cave inscription.
<p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susunia">Susunia </a>(Bankura district), West Bengal. Main cave inscription.</p> <p>The text published in D. C. Sircar, <em><a href="https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3371397">Select Inscriptions Bearing on Indian History and Civilization - Volume 1</a>: From the Sixth Century B.C. to the Sixth Century A.D.</em>, 2nd ed. (Calcutta, 1965), 351-52.</p>
Udayagiri, Madhya Pradesh. Cave 6, general view.
<p>Udayagiri, Madhya Pradesh. Cave 6, general view, showing relief panels with Gaṇeśa, Viṣṇu, door guardians, Durgā and Śiva, probably 5th century. As documented in 2009.</p>
Udayagiri, Madhya Pradesh. Cave 7, damaged figure of Skanda.
<p>Udayagiri, Madhya Pradesh. Cave 7, damaged figure of Skanda, on the east wall of the cave adjacent to mother-goddesses, probably 5th century. As documented in 11/2007.</p>
Udayagiri, Madhya Pradesh. Cave 19, detail of door jamb.
<p>Udayagiri, Madhya Pradesh. Cave 19, detail of door jamb, probably mid-5th century. As documented in 2/2012.</p>
Udayagiri, Madhya Pradesh. Cave 7, subsidiary niches.
<p>Udayagiri, Madhya Pradesh. Cave 7, subsidiary niches, located to the immediate east of the cave, with damaged figures of Durgā and Gaṇeśa, probably 5th century. As documented in 11/2012.</p>
Udayagiri, Madhya Pradesh. Cave 7, detail of Kārttikeya.
<p>Udayagiri, Madhya Pradesh. Cave 7, detail of Kārttikeya, showing the breast of the peacock and damaged figure of the god above; located at the mouth of Cave 7, western side, probably 5th century. As documented in 11/2007.</p>
Udayagiri, Madhya Pradesh. Cave 6, relief sculpture of Mahīṣāsuramardinī.
<p>Udayagiri, Madhya Pradesh. Cave 6, relief sculpture of Mahīṣāsuramardinī, Durgā slaying the buffalo demon, probably early 5th century CE. As documented in 2007.</p>
Udayagiri, Madhya Pradesh. Cave 7, general view from south.
<p>Udayagiri, Madhya Pradesh. Cave 7, general view from south, showing damaged mother-goddesses in the cave niche, flanked externally by Kārttikeya and Gaṇeśa, now much eroded, probably 5th century. As documented in 11/2007.</p>
Udayagiri, Madhya Pradesh. Cave 7, general view.
<p>Udayagiri, Madhya Pradesh. Cave 7, general view, showing damaged mother-goddess figures, flanked by niches with Gaṇeśa and Kārttikeya, probably 5th century. As documented in 11/2007.</p>
Udayagiri, Madhya Pradesh. Cave 6, shrine with mother goddesses and Kārttikeya
<p>Udayagiri, Madhya Pradesh. Cave 6, shrine niche to the north of the main sanctum, with mother goddesses and Kārttikeya, probably early 5th century. As documented in 11/2007.</p>
Udayagiri, Madhya Pradesh. Cave 4 and adjacent shrine.
<p>Udayagiri, Madhya Pradesh. Cave 4 entrance and adjacent shrine dedicated to the mother goddesses, seen from the south. As documented in 11/2007.</p>
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These curated guides explain access requirements, typical timelines, costs, and reuse considerations for widely used research datasets.
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International Brain Laboratory public data
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OpenNeuro
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