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289 results for “Cell Wall”
Mechanical characterisation of the developing cell wall layers of tension wood fibres by Atomic Force Microscopy
<p>This dataset corresponds to the Arnould et al. (2022) paper (available at https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.23.461481v1.full) on the mechanical characterization of developing cell wall layers of tension wood fibers by Atomic Force Microscopy. It contains all raw AFM files (Bruker format .spm, readable by the free software Gwyddion for example) corresponding to mechanical measurements of poplar reaction wood cells (clone 717-1B4) along 3 radial lines/rows, starting from the cambium. Each cell is identified by its "macroscopic" distance from the cambium (value in µm in the name of each file corresponding to the displacement of the sample in the AFM) which was corrected after using the AFM optical image captures. Some files, with a -z extension after the distance value, correspond to a zoom into the cell wall. The data also contain measurements made for mechanical calibration on epoxy embedded Kevlar fibers, controlled measurements in the embedding resin between each radial line and measurements in normal wood cells. Two csv files containing final data extracted from AFM measurements that give the value of the indentation modulus and the relative thickness to cell diameter ratio (by AFM and by phase contrast optical microscopy) in each cell wall layer as a function of cambium distance are also provided.</p>
Supplementary Tables for Expression of cell-wall related genes is highly variable and correlates with sepal morphology
<p>Supplementary Information and script for "Expression of cell-wall related genes is highly variable and correlates with sepal morphology"</p> <p>R scripts for analysis</p> <p>Data necessary to run analyses</p> <p>Generated data</p> <p>Supplementary Tables</p> <p> </p>
leaf anatomy, vascular traits and nanomechanical cell-wall properties in European beech provenances
<p>The file contains leaf anatomical data (thickness of individual leaf parenchyma layers), vascular traits of leaf midrib (vessel area and density and derived parameters), and nanomechanical properties of xylem cell walls (modulus of elasticity, adhesion, energy dissipation and deformation), which were studied in 15 provenances of European beech, originating from sites distributed across the whole range of the species. The trial plot (locality Tale in central Slovakia) was established in 1998 with 2-years-old seedling within the international provenance experiment with beech coordinated by the Institute of Forest Genetics of Thuenen Institute Grosshansdorf. Leaf anatomy was studied using light microscopy, while fluorescent microscopy was used to acquire vascular traits and atomic-force microscopy for nanomechanical cell-wall traits. Sun leaves were collected from 4 trees per provenances, 1 leaf per tree was analyzed. AFM was done in a subset of 8 provenances. The aim of the study was assessing geographical trends of the studied traits and their association with climate at the sites of origin to reveal potential adaptive variation patterns.</p>
Text-fig. 7. Scanning electron micrographs (a, b, d, e, g–k), X-ray microtomographic orthoslices (c) and synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy orthoslices (f) of fruits and endocarps of uncertain affinity from Zliv-Řídká Blana locality. a–c: Trebecenia sarcocalis, a – tricarpellate fruit, no. NM-F 3637, b – fruits supported by pentamerous and persistent calyx, no. NMF 3637, c – fruit almost circular in transverse section, no. NM-F 3637; d: Taxon 17, small fruit with slightly sunken stylar region, no. NM-F 3201; e: Taxon 19, spherical fruit, the fruit wall composed of large isodiametric, thick walled cells, no. NM-F 3181; f: Taxon 19, single-seeded fruit, no. NM-F 3621; g: Taxon 20, syncarpous, multicarpellate fruit of ten carpels, no. NM-F 3200; h: Taxon 22, syncarpous, multicarpellate fruit of seven carpels, no. NM-F 3159; i: cf. Sabia menispermoides, endocarp of drupaceous fruits, no. NM-F 4624; j: Taxon 25, endocarp triangular in cross-section, no. NM-F 3218; k: Taxon 24, endocarp spherical in cross-section with a distinctly ribbed and foveolate surface, no. NM-F 3217. in Plant Mesofossils From The Late Cretaceous Klikov Formation, The Czech Republic
Text-fig. 7. Scanning electron micrographs (a, b, d, e, g–k), X-ray microtomographic orthoslices (c) and synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy orthoslices (f) of fruits and endocarps of uncertain affinity from Zliv-Řídká Blana locality. a–c: Trebecenia sarcocalis, a – tricarpellate fruit, no. NM-F 3637, b – fruits supported by pentamerous and persistent calyx, no. NMF 3637, c – fruit almost circular in transverse section, no. NM-F 3637; d: Taxon 17, small fruit with slightly sunken stylar region, no. NM-F 3201; e: Taxon 19, spherical fruit, the fruit wall composed of large isodiametric, thick walled cells, no. NM-F 3181; f: Taxon 19, single-seeded fruit, no. NM-F 3621; g: Taxon 20, syncarpous, multicarpellate fruit of ten carpels, no. NM-F 3200; h: Taxon 22, syncarpous, multicarpellate fruit of seven carpels, no. NM-F 3159; i: cf. Sabia menispermoides, endocarp of drupaceous fruits, no. NM-F 4624; j: Taxon 25, endocarp triangular in cross-section, no. NM-F 3218; k: Taxon 24, endocarp spherical in cross-section with a distinctly ribbed and foveolate surface, no. NM-F 3217.
Text-fig. 2. Scanning electron micrographs of non-angiosperm remains (a–d) and insect remains (e–f) from Zliv-Řídká Blana locality. a: Eopolytrichium sp. small leafy shoot, no. NM-F 3631; b: Taxon 1, single tip of a young fern frond with circinate vernation, no. NM-F 4130; c: Taxon 2, fern with simple leaves and circinate vernation, no. NM-F 3459; d: Pagiophyllum sp., small needle-like leaf, no. NM-F 4132; e: Microcarpolithes hexagonalis, a faecal pellet/coprolite with subcylindrical shape, no. NMF 4520; f: Palaeoaldrovanda splendens, pieces of compact walls formed by rectangular cells, no. NM-F 3237. in Plant Mesofossils From The Late Cretaceous Klikov Formation, The Czech Republic
Text-fig. 2. Scanning electron micrographs of non-angiosperm remains (a–d) and insect remains (e–f) from Zliv-Řídká Blana locality. a: Eopolytrichium sp. small leafy shoot, no. NM-F 3631; b: Taxon 1, single tip of a young fern frond with circinate vernation, no. NM-F 4130; c: Taxon 2, fern with simple leaves and circinate vernation, no. NM-F 3459; d: Pagiophyllum sp., small needle-like leaf, no. NM-F 4132; e: Microcarpolithes hexagonalis, a faecal pellet/coprolite with subcylindrical shape, no. NMF 4520; f: Palaeoaldrovanda splendens, pieces of compact walls formed by rectangular cells, no. NM-F 3237.
Text-fig. 9. Wataria kvacekii sp. nov., UF 279-24556. a: Wood ring-porous, earlywood with 2–3 rows of wide pores, vessels solitary and in radial multiples of 2, axial parenchyma scanty vasicentric and some apotracheal diffuse-in-aggregates, TS. b: Series of vessel elements with simple perforations, axial parenchyma strands adjacent to vessels, RLS. c: Alternate intervessel pitting, vessel element end walls horizontal, RLS. d: Vessel-axial parenchyma pitting similar to intervessel pitting, RLS. e, f: Rays with tile cells, storied axial parenchyma, some strands chambered crystalliferous, TLS. g: Detail of ray, TLS. h: Storied imperforate elements. Scale bars: 200 µm in a; 100 µm in b, e; 50 µm in c, d, f, h; 20 µm in g. in A Diverse Assemblage Of Late Eocene Woods From Oregon, Western Usa
Text-fig. 9. Wataria kvacekii sp. nov., UF 279-24556. a: Wood ring-porous, earlywood with 2–3 rows of wide pores, vessels solitary and in radial multiples of 2, axial parenchyma scanty vasicentric and some apotracheal diffuse-in-aggregates, TS. b: Series of vessel elements with simple perforations, axial parenchyma strands adjacent to vessels, RLS. c: Alternate intervessel pitting, vessel element end walls horizontal, RLS. d: Vessel-axial parenchyma pitting similar to intervessel pitting, RLS. e, f: Rays with tile cells, storied axial parenchyma, some strands chambered crystalliferous, TLS. g: Detail of ray, TLS. h: Storied imperforate elements. Scale bars: 200 µm in a; 100 µm in b, e; 50 µm in c, d, f, h; 20 µm in g.
Text-fig. 7. Hamamelidoxylon crystalliferum sp. nov., UF 279-34464. a: Diffuse porous wood with exclusively solitary vessels, tending to be angular in outline, TS. b: Growth ring boundary, marked by radially narrowed fibers, latewood vessels narrower than earlywood vessels of the next ring, fibers thick-walled, no axial parenchyma visible, TS. c: Scalariform intervessel pits in narrow vessel (left), fibers with distinctly bordered pits, TLS. d: Scalariform perforation plate, tyloses (T) formation from marginal ray cell, TLS. e: Scalariform perforation plates with fewer than 15 bars (PP), RLS. f: Vessel-ray parenchyma pits with in A Diverse Assemblage Of Late Eocene Woods From Oregon, Western Usa
Text-fig. 7. Hamamelidoxylon crystalliferum sp. nov., UF 279-34464. a: Diffuse porous wood with exclusively solitary vessels, tending to be angular in outline, TS. b: Growth ring boundary, marked by radially narrowed fibers, latewood vessels narrower than earlywood vessels of the next ring, fibers thick-walled, no axial parenchyma visible, TS. c: Scalariform intervessel pits in narrow vessel (left), fibers with distinctly bordered pits, TLS. d: Scalariform perforation plate, tyloses (T) formation from marginal ray cell, TLS. e: Scalariform perforation plates with fewer than 15 bars (PP), RLS. f: Vessel-ray parenchyma pits with
Text-fig. 5. Lithocarpoxylon ashwillii sp. nov., UF 279-24544. a, b: Semi-ring porous wood, exclusively solitary vessels in a radial/ diagonal arrangement, diffuse axial parenchyma, TS. c: Homocellular rays composed of procumbent cells; vasicentric tracheids; vessel elements with simple perforation plates (PP), TLS. d: Vessel-ray parenchyma pits (VRP) with reduced borders, vertical, RLS. e: Crystalliferous axial parenchyma strand (C) with a single crystal per chamber; ray with procumbent cells, RLS. f: Aggregate ray (right) composed of loosely associated 1–2-seriate rays, TLS. g: Uniseriate rays, thin-walled tyloses in vessels, vasicentric tracheids (VT). Lithocarpoxylon sp., UF 279-84864. h, i: Semi-ring porous wood, exclusively solitary vessels in radial arrangement. j: Aggregate ray and uniseriate rays. k: Scalariform perforation plate with fewer than 10 bars. l: Vessel-ray parenchyma pits with reduced borders to simple, vertical. Scale bars: 200 µm in a, b, f, h, j; 100 µm in c, i; 50 µm in d. e; 20 µm in k, l. in A Diverse Assemblage Of Late Eocene Woods From Oregon, Western Usa
Text-fig. 5. Lithocarpoxylon ashwillii sp. nov., UF 279-24544. a, b: Semi-ring porous wood, exclusively solitary vessels in a radial/ diagonal arrangement, diffuse axial parenchyma, TS. c: Homocellular rays composed of procumbent cells; vasicentric tracheids; vessel elements with simple perforation plates (PP), TLS. d: Vessel-ray parenchyma pits (VRP) with reduced borders, vertical, RLS. e: Crystalliferous axial parenchyma strand (C) with a single crystal per chamber; ray with procumbent cells, RLS. f: Aggregate ray (right) composed of loosely associated 1–2-seriate rays, TLS. g: Uniseriate rays, thin-walled tyloses in vessels, vasicentric tracheids (VT). Lithocarpoxylon sp., UF 279-84864. h, i: Semi-ring porous wood, exclusively solitary vessels in radial arrangement. j: Aggregate ray and uniseriate rays. k: Scalariform perforation plate with fewer than 10 bars. l: Vessel-ray parenchyma pits with reduced borders to simple, vertical. Scale bars: 200 µm in a, b, f, h, j; 100 µm in c, i; 50 µm in d. e; 20 µm in k, l.
Text-fig. 1. Pistacia terrazasae sp. nov., a: UF 279-85025; b–i: UF 279-24545. a: Ring-porous wood with widely spaced solitary earlywood vessels; latewood vessels in radial multiples of 4 or more and in clusters, TS. b: Growth ring boundary, fiber walls thin to thick, TS. c: Simple perforation plates, alternate intervessel pits, helical thickenings in vessels, TLS. d: Multiseriate rays to 4-seriate, tyloses in vessels, helical thickenings throughout body of vessel element, and alternate intervessel pitting, TLS. e: Vessel-ray parenchyma pitting with reduced borders, oval in outline, RLS. f: Marginal row of upright cells, one inflated and crystalliferous, procumbent body cells, RLS. g: Multiseriate rays mostly 3-seriate, occasionally 4-seriate, uniseriate rays usually <10 cells tall, TLS. h: Ray with enlarged crystalliferous marginal cell, to left of C, TLS. i: Ray with canal, TLS. Scale bars: 200 µm in a, g; 100 µm in b, d, h; 50 µm in c, i; 20 µm in e, f. in A Diverse Assemblage Of Late Eocene Woods From Oregon, Western Usa
Text-fig. 1. Pistacia terrazasae sp. nov., a: UF 279-85025; b–i: UF 279-24545. a: Ring-porous wood with widely spaced solitary earlywood vessels; latewood vessels in radial multiples of 4 or more and in clusters, TS. b: Growth ring boundary, fiber walls thin to thick, TS. c: Simple perforation plates, alternate intervessel pits, helical thickenings in vessels, TLS. d: Multiseriate rays to 4-seriate, tyloses in vessels, helical thickenings throughout body of vessel element, and alternate intervessel pitting, TLS. e: Vessel-ray parenchyma pitting with reduced borders, oval in outline, RLS. f: Marginal row of upright cells, one inflated and crystalliferous, procumbent body cells, RLS. g: Multiseriate rays mostly 3-seriate, occasionally 4-seriate, uniseriate rays usually <10 cells tall, TLS. h: Ray with enlarged crystalliferous marginal cell, to left of C, TLS. i: Ray with canal, TLS. Scale bars: 200 µm in a, g; 100 µm in b, d, h; 50 µm in c, i; 20 µm in e, f.
Text-fig. 2. Celtis popsii sp. nov., UF 279-34460. a: Growth ring with earlywood of multiple rows of vessels solitary and in radial multiples; latewood vessels in wavy tangential bands, TS. b: Growth ring boundary, latewood vessels in multiples with axial parenchyma confluent, TS. c: Simple perforation plates, alternate intervessel pits, polygonal in outline, TLS. d: Vessel-ray parenchyma pits to right of VRP, oval in outline, with slightly reduced borders, RLS. e: Rays tending to two sizes, some multiseriate rays with distinct sheath cells, multiseriate rays usually with 1 marginal row of square to upright cells, occasionally with 4 or more; uniseriate rays less than 10 cells high, TLS. f: Detail of multiseriate ray with distinct sheath cells, vessel element end walls, TLS. Scale bars: 200 µm in a, e; 100 µm in b; 50 µm in c, f; 20 µm in d. in A Diverse Assemblage Of Late Eocene Woods From Oregon, Western Usa
Text-fig. 2. Celtis popsii sp. nov., UF 279-34460. a: Growth ring with earlywood of multiple rows of vessels solitary and in radial multiples; latewood vessels in wavy tangential bands, TS. b: Growth ring boundary, latewood vessels in multiples with axial parenchyma confluent, TS. c: Simple perforation plates, alternate intervessel pits, polygonal in outline, TLS. d: Vessel-ray parenchyma pits to right of VRP, oval in outline, with slightly reduced borders, RLS. e: Rays tending to two sizes, some multiseriate rays with distinct sheath cells, multiseriate rays usually with 1 marginal row of square to upright cells, occasionally with 4 or more; uniseriate rays less than 10 cells high, TLS. f: Detail of multiseriate ray with distinct sheath cells, vessel element end walls, TLS. Scale bars: 200 µm in a, e; 100 µm in b; 50 µm in c, f; 20 µm in d.
Text-fig. 3. Cercidiphyllum cf. alalongum R.A.SCOTT et E.A.WHEELER, UF 279-24543. a, b: Diffuse-porous wood, exclusively solitary vessels, axial parenchyma rare, thick-walled fibers, TS. c: Scalariform perforation plate with more than 30 bars, RLS. d: Helical thickenings (HT) in vessel element tip, RLS. e: Opposite to scalariform intervessel pits, RLS. f, g: Heterocellular rays 1–2 cells wide, occasionally uniseriate and biseriate portions of similar width, TLS. h: Ray with alternating rows of procumbent and upright (-square) cells, RLS. Scale bars: 200 µm in a; 100 µm in b, f; 50 µm in c, g, h; 20 µm in d, e. in A Diverse Assemblage Of Late Eocene Woods From Oregon, Western Usa
Text-fig. 3. Cercidiphyllum cf. alalongum R.A.SCOTT et E.A.WHEELER, UF 279-24543. a, b: Diffuse-porous wood, exclusively solitary vessels, axial parenchyma rare, thick-walled fibers, TS. c: Scalariform perforation plate with more than 30 bars, RLS. d: Helical thickenings (HT) in vessel element tip, RLS. e: Opposite to scalariform intervessel pits, RLS. f, g: Heterocellular rays 1–2 cells wide, occasionally uniseriate and biseriate portions of similar width, TLS. h: Ray with alternating rows of procumbent and upright (-square) cells, RLS. Scale bars: 200 µm in a; 100 µm in b, f; 50 µm in c, g, h; 20 µm in d, e.
Text-fig. 5. SRXTM images of Miranthus elegans gen. et sp. nov.; Mira locality, Portugal. a, b: Transverse sections of flower (a, orthoslice xy0665 close to the apex of placenta; b, orthoslice xy0800 in middle part of placenta) showing remains of calyx with distinct bundles (arrows), ovary wall (ow) and numerous ovules (ov) on the central mushroom-shaped globose placenta (pl) with central column (cc). c: Transverse section of flower (orthoslice xy0620) through perianth and ovary (ow) at a level above the placenta showing ovules (ov) and cellular preservation of the sepal bundles (arrows shown for one sepal); note abaxial surface of sepals with thick-walled epidermal cells, thick cuticle, and fine pointed verrucae. d: Longitudinal section of flower (orthoslice xz0500) showing perigynous position of calyx and semi-inferior ovary (ow, ovary wall) with a central placenta (pl), central column (cc) and numerous ovules (ov); note spiny verrucae on abaxial surface of calyx lobes. Specimens, Mira 100-S153145 (a, b), Mira 100-S170155 (c, d, holotype). Scale bars = 600 µm (a–d). in Early Flowers Of Primuloid Ericales From The Late Cretaceous Of Portugal And Their Ecological And Phytogeographic Implications
Text-fig. 5. SRXTM images of Miranthus elegans gen. et sp. nov.; Mira locality, Portugal. a, b: Transverse sections of flower (a, orthoslice xy0665 close to the apex of placenta; b, orthoslice xy0800 in middle part of placenta) showing remains of calyx with distinct bundles (arrows), ovary wall (ow) and numerous ovules (ov) on the central mushroom-shaped globose placenta (pl) with central column (cc). c: Transverse section of flower (orthoslice xy0620) through perianth and ovary (ow) at a level above the placenta showing ovules (ov) and cellular preservation of the sepal bundles (arrows shown for one sepal); note abaxial surface of sepals with thick-walled epidermal cells, thick cuticle, and fine pointed verrucae. d: Longitudinal section of flower (orthoslice xz0500) showing perigynous position of calyx and semi-inferior ovary (ow, ovary wall) with a central placenta (pl), central column (cc) and numerous ovules (ov); note spiny verrucae on abaxial surface of calyx lobes. Specimens, Mira 100-S153145 (a, b), Mira 100-S170155 (c, d, holotype). Scale bars = 600 µm (a–d).
Text-fig. 7. SEM (a) and SRXTM (b–e) images of Miranthus kvacekii sp. nov.; Mira locality, Portugal. a: Lateral view of flower bud showing corolla lobes extending beyond calyx; note surface of pedicel, calyx and corolla with small equiaxial epidermal cells and indumentum of densely spaced, short stiff trichomes. b, c: Longitudinal sections through floral bud in two directions perpendicular to each other (a, orthoslice yz1024; b, orthoslice xz0950) showing corolla (co), calyx (ca), stamens (st) and semi-inferior ovary with thin ovary wall (ow) and central mushroom-shaped globose placenta (pl) bearing numerous ovules (ov). d, e: Transverse sections through floral bud above placenta (d, orthoslice xy0915; e, orthoslice xy1095) showing calyx (ca), corolla (co), ovary wall (ow) and ovules (ov); yellow outlines indicate the positions of anthers (d) and filaments (e); orange outlines indicate the position of three of the possible staminodes. Specimen, Mira 100-S170157 (a–e, holotype). Scale bars = 600 µm (a–c), 300 µm (d, e). in Early Flowers Of Primuloid Ericales From The Late Cretaceous Of Portugal And Their Ecological And Phytogeographic Implications
Text-fig. 7. SEM (a) and SRXTM (b–e) images of Miranthus kvacekii sp. nov.; Mira locality, Portugal. a: Lateral view of flower bud showing corolla lobes extending beyond calyx; note surface of pedicel, calyx and corolla with small equiaxial epidermal cells and indumentum of densely spaced, short stiff trichomes. b, c: Longitudinal sections through floral bud in two directions perpendicular to each other (a, orthoslice yz1024; b, orthoslice xz0950) showing corolla (co), calyx (ca), stamens (st) and semi-inferior ovary with thin ovary wall (ow) and central mushroom-shaped globose placenta (pl) bearing numerous ovules (ov). d, e: Transverse sections through floral bud above placenta (d, orthoslice xy0915; e, orthoslice xy1095) showing calyx (ca), corolla (co), ovary wall (ow) and ovules (ov); yellow outlines indicate the positions of anthers (d) and filaments (e); orange outlines indicate the position of three of the possible staminodes. Specimen, Mira 100-S170157 (a–e, holotype). Scale bars = 600 µm (a–c), 300 µm (d, e).
Text-fig. 16. Photomicrographs of thin sections of specimen BP/16/1734, Terminalioxylon mozambicense sp. nov. from Mhengere Hill, Gorongosa, Mozambique. a: TS with round vessels, scanty paratracheal to vasicentric parenchyma, diffuse and narrow terminal or initial bands; b: TS at higher magnification, note the very narrow rays; c: TLS, vessels with small alternate pits, and partly tylosed; d–g: TLS with crystals (small white arrows) in the parenchyma cells, medium to thick-walled fibres and uniseriate, low rays; h: TLS, rays up to 20 cells high; i: RLS rays with procumbent body cells and 1–2 rows of marginal upright cells. in Stratigraphy, Chronology And Palaeontology Of The Tertiary Rocks Of The Cheringoma Plateau, Mozambique
Text-fig. 16. Photomicrographs of thin sections of specimen BP/16/1734, Terminalioxylon mozambicense sp. nov. from Mhengere Hill, Gorongosa, Mozambique. a: TS with round vessels, scanty paratracheal to vasicentric parenchyma, diffuse and narrow terminal or initial bands; b: TS at higher magnification, note the very narrow rays; c: TLS, vessels with small alternate pits, and partly tylosed; d–g: TLS with crystals (small white arrows) in the parenchyma cells, medium to thick-walled fibres and uniseriate, low rays; h: TLS, rays up to 20 cells high; i: RLS rays with procumbent body cells and 1–2 rows of marginal upright cells.
Text-fig. 14. Photomicrographs of thin sections of specimen BP/16/1732 Palmoxylon dutoitii from Mhengere Hill, Gorongosa, Mozambique. a: transverse section (TS) with four fibre vascular bundles (fvb) and poorly preserved parenchyma between; b: diagram of one of the fvbs in (a) of the reniform type (f – fibres, mx – metaxylum, p – phloem, px – protoxylum); c: close up of the vascular part of a fvb with 2 metaxylem elements and the collapsed cells to the lower left represents the phloem; d: fvb with 2 metaxylem elements, fibrous part to the left and parencymarous ground tissue to the right; e: lower magnification of fvb in (c); f: fvb with three metaxylem elements and phloem patch below; g: longitudinal section (LS) showing the vascular sections alternating with the fibrous sections; h: LS showing the horizontal thickening on the walls of the metaxylem vessels and a patch of parenchyma to the right (darker cells); i: spheroid echinate phytoliths that are typical of Hyphaene and Borassus. in Stratigraphy, Chronology And Palaeontology Of The Tertiary Rocks Of The Cheringoma Plateau, Mozambique
Text-fig. 14. Photomicrographs of thin sections of specimen BP/16/1732 Palmoxylon dutoitii from Mhengere Hill, Gorongosa, Mozambique. a: transverse section (TS) with four fibre vascular bundles (fvb) and poorly preserved parenchyma between; b: diagram of one of the fvbs in (a) of the reniform type (f – fibres, mx – metaxylum, p – phloem, px – protoxylum); c: close up of the vascular part of a fvb with 2 metaxylem elements and the collapsed cells to the lower left represents the phloem; d: fvb with 2 metaxylem elements, fibrous part to the left and parencymarous ground tissue to the right; e: lower magnification of fvb in (c); f: fvb with three metaxylem elements and phloem patch below; g: longitudinal section (LS) showing the vascular sections alternating with the fibrous sections; h: LS showing the horizontal thickening on the walls of the metaxylem vessels and a patch of parenchyma to the right (darker cells); i: spheroid echinate phytoliths that are typical of Hyphaene and Borassus.
Text-fig. 6. Transmitted light microphotographs of permineralized wood from Govone. a, b: cf. Cupressinoxylon sp., radial section, MGPT-PU141105, a – nodular end of ray parenchyma (arrow), b – thick and pitted horizontal walls of ray parenchyma (arrow). c–f: Pinaceae gen. et sp. indet., MGPT-PU141107, c – abnormal discoloration due to ecological disruptions (radial section), d – rays up to 10 cells high, uniseriate, partly biseriate (black arrow), intercellular spaces observed (white arrows) (tangential section), e – large, thick-walled axial resin canal with more than 9 epithelial cells observed, axial resin canal diameter>60 Μm (transverse section), f – spiral thickenings due to compression (white arrow) (radial section). in Remains Of A Subtropical Humid Forest In A Messinian Evaporitebearing Succession At Govone, Northwestern Italy - Preliminary Results
Text-fig. 6. Transmitted light microphotographs of permineralized wood from Govone. a, b: cf. Cupressinoxylon sp., radial section, MGPT-PU141105, a – nodular end of ray parenchyma (arrow), b – thick and pitted horizontal walls of ray parenchyma (arrow). c–f: Pinaceae gen. et sp. indet., MGPT-PU141107, c – abnormal discoloration due to ecological disruptions (radial section), d – rays up to 10 cells high, uniseriate, partly biseriate (black arrow), intercellular spaces observed (white arrows) (tangential section), e – large, thick-walled axial resin canal with more than 9 epithelial cells observed, axial resin canal diameter>60 Μm (transverse section), f – spiral thickenings due to compression (white arrow) (radial section).
Figure 3: The microscopy images fo neuronal cells generated by SWCNT (a) and MWCNT (b)-COMPARATIVE STUDY OF SINGLE- AND MULTI-WALL CARBON NANOTUBES WITH APPLICATION IN CEREBRAL ANEURYSM
<p>Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are nanometer-scale cylindrical graphitic struc-<br> tures that exhibit extraordinary physical properties as determined by their<br> structure [6]. Developing neural implants and the process of neuron regener-<br> ation are extremely di±cult. Nerve cells require the right environment and<br> the right growth factors at the right time to grow and proliferate. The elec-<br> trical conductive properties of these nanotubes o®er the possibility of using<br> it as a replacement to transmit and receive signals. The resulting 'hair like'<br> conductive wires that incorporate the properties of electrodes, permeable mi-<br> cro°uidic conduits and the porosity of the CNTs was found to promote cell<br> growth, migration and proliferation. The bridging consists either of an axon<br> or bundles of axons and dendrites. In some cases the bridge is covered with<br> clusters of cells [7]. These bridges form very e±ciently over quartz surfaces<br> which are apparently very poor surfaces for cell attachment. Fig. 2 shows the<br> evolution of a network generated by SWCNT and MWCNT. The data show<br> that cells ¯rst aggregate at the NT islands. As they complete this step axons<br> and dendrites begin to form and to build connections.<br> Also, has been observed for MWCNT higher connections than for SWCNT,<br> Figure 3.</p>
Figure 2: The microscopy images fo neuronal cells control (a) generated by MWCNT (b) and SWCNT (c)-COMPARATIVE STUDY OF SINGLE- AND MULTI-WALL CARBON NANOTUBES WITH APPLICATION IN CEREBRAL ANEURYSM
<p>Fig. 2 shows the evolution of a network generated by SWCNT and MWCNT. The data show<br> that cells ¯rst aggregate at the NT islands. As they complete this step axons and dendrites begin to form and to build connections.</p>
Profiling phage-host interactions between Skunavirus receptor binding proteins and lactococcal cell wall polysaccharide structures
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Text-fig. 50. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy (SRXTM) images of a flower and mature carpels of Reyanthus lusitanicus gen. et sp. nov.; Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a) Holotype; multicarpellate flower showing numerous carpels surrounded by remains of the androecium and perianth; note the bract subtending the flower (arrowhead); b, c) Longitudinal sections perpendicular to section in (f) (b, SRXTM orthoslice xz0461) and (c, SRXTM cut voltex xz0540-0580) showing receptacle, carpels and remains of the androecium and perianth; note prominent cavities formed by the oil cells, subtending bract (arrow) and bract subtending fragmentary bud (arrowhead); d, e) Apical (d) and lateral (e) views of gynoecium showing laterally flattened carpels and dorsi-ventrally flattened stamen or staminode (* in e); f) Longitudinal section (SRXTM orthoslice yz0405) of gynoecium showing conical receptacle and carpels with densely spaced oil cells; g, h) Mature carpel of Reyanthus lusitanicus gen. et sp. nov. showing slightly curved form, rounded apex and base that tapers toward the attachment to the receptacle; i) Surface of carpel showing embedded oil cells; j) Transverse section through three carpels showing attachment of developing ovules near the ventral sutures and oil cells in the wall just below the surface (SRXTM cut voltex xy0770-0845). Specimens TV299-S136716 (holotype; a–f), TV299-S136717 (g–j). Scale bars 300 Μm (a–d, f–h), 150 Μm (e, j), 30 Μm (i). in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Torres Vedras (Ne Of Forte Da Forca), Portugal: A Palaeofloristic Analysis Of An Early Angiosperm Community
Text-fig. 50. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy (SRXTM) images of a flower and mature carpels of Reyanthus lusitanicus gen. et sp. nov.; Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a) Holotype; multicarpellate flower showing numerous carpels surrounded by remains of the androecium and perianth; note the bract subtending the flower (arrowhead); b, c) Longitudinal sections perpendicular to section in (f) (b, SRXTM orthoslice xz0461) and (c, SRXTM cut voltex xz0540-0580) showing receptacle, carpels and remains of the androecium and perianth; note prominent cavities formed by the oil cells, subtending bract (arrow) and bract subtending fragmentary bud (arrowhead); d, e) Apical (d) and lateral (e) views of gynoecium showing laterally flattened carpels and dorsi-ventrally flattened stamen or staminode (* in e); f) Longitudinal section (SRXTM orthoslice yz0405) of gynoecium showing conical receptacle and carpels with densely spaced oil cells; g, h) Mature carpel of Reyanthus lusitanicus gen. et sp. nov. showing slightly curved form, rounded apex and base that tapers toward the attachment to the receptacle; i) Surface of carpel showing embedded oil cells; j) Transverse section through three carpels showing attachment of developing ovules near the ventral sutures and oil cells in the wall just below the surface (SRXTM cut voltex xy0770-0845). Specimens TV299-S136716 (holotype; a–f), TV299-S136717 (g–j). Scale bars 300 Μm (a–d, f–h), 150 Μm (e, j), 30 Μm (i).
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