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Behavioral performance and division of labor influence brain mosaicism in the leafcutter ant Atta cephalotes
<p>Brain evolution is hypothesized to be driven by behavioral selection on neuroarchitecture. We developed a novel metric of relative neuroanatomical investments involved in performing tasks varying in sensorimotor and processing demands across polymorphic task-specialized workers of the leafcutter ant <i>Atta cephalotes</i> and quantified brain size and structure to examine their correlation with our computational approximations. Investment in multi-sensory and motor integration for task performance was estimated to be greatest for media workers, whose highly diverse repertoire includes leaf-quality discrimination and leaf-harvesting tasks that likely involve demanding sensory and motor processes. Confocal imaging revealed that absolute brain volume increased with worker size and functionally specialized compartmental scaling differed among workers. The mushroom bodies, centers of sensory integration and learning and memory, and the antennal lobes, olfactory input sites, were larger in medias than in minims (gardeners) and significantly larger than in majors ("soldiers"), both of which had lower scores for involvement of olfactory processing in the performance of their characteristic tasks. Minims had a proportionally larger central complex compared to other workers. These results support the hypothesis that variation in task performance influences selection for mosaic brain structure, the independent evolution of proportions of the brain composed by different neuropils.</p>
Figure 5. Choerodon cephalotes. A in A review of the tuskfishes, genus Choerodon (Labridae, Perciformes), with descriptions of three new species
Figure 5. Choerodon cephalotes. A, Juvenile, CSIRO H 7676-04, 82 mm SL, Great Barrier Reef, Queensland, Australia, photo by D. Gledhill, CSIRO; B, Initial phase adult, CSIRO H 5958-08, 104 mm SL, Cape Flattery, 14° 48.5' S, 145° 15.4' E, photo by T. Carter, CSIRO; C, Terminal phase adult, 209 mm SL, north-west of Port Hedland, Western Australia, photo compliments CSIRO.
Рис. 1. Распространение виΑов Dorcadion (s. str.) Dalman, 1817 в Восточном Казахстане. 1 – южные преΑгорья хр. Тарбагатай, типовое местонахожΑение D. urdzharicum; 2 – северные преΑгорья и скΛоны Тарбагатая и Саура, местонахожΑение D. songaricum; 3 – степи северо-запаΑнее оз. СасыккоΛь, местонахожΑение D. cephalotes; 4 – преΑгорья у югозапаΑного берега оз. АΛакоΛь, типовое местонахожΑение D. alakoliense; 5 – 47 км юго-восточнее Маканчи, типовое местонахожΑение D. natali sp. n. Fig. 1. Localities of species of Dorcadion (s. str.) Dalman, 1817 in East Kazakhstan. 1 – southern foothills of the Tarbagatai Ridge, type locality of D. urdzharicum; 2 – northern foothills and slopes of the Tarbagatai and Saur, locality of D. songaricum; 3 – steppes NW of Sasykkol Lake, locality of D. cephalotes; 4 – foothills at the SW shore of Alakol Lake, type locality of D. alakoliense; 5 – 47 km SE Makanchi, type locality of D. natali sp. n. in A new species of Dorcadion Dalman, 1817 (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) from East Kazakhstan
Рис. 1. Распространение виΑов Dorcadion (s. str.) Dalman, 1817 в Восточном Казахстане. 1 – южные преΑгорья хр. Тарбагатай, типовое местонахожΑение D. urdzharicum; 2 – северные преΑгорья и скΛоны Тарбагатая и Саура, местонахожΑение D. songaricum; 3 – степи северо-запаΑнее оз. СасыккоΛь, местонахожΑение D. cephalotes; 4 – преΑгорья у югозапаΑного берега оз. АΛакоΛь, типовое местонахожΑение D. alakoliense; 5 – 47 км юго-восточнее Маканчи, типовое местонахожΑение D. natali sp. n. Fig. 1. Localities of species of Dorcadion (s. str.) Dalman, 1817 in East Kazakhstan. 1 – southern foothills of the Tarbagatai Ridge, type locality of D. urdzharicum; 2 – northern foothills and slopes of the Tarbagatai and Saur, locality of D. songaricum; 3 – steppes NW of Sasykkol Lake, locality of D. cephalotes; 4 – foothills at the SW shore of Alakol Lake, type locality of D. alakoliense; 5 – 47 km SE Makanchi, type locality of D. natali sp. n.
Behavioral performance and division of labor influence brain mosaicism in the leafcutter ant Atta cephalotes
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Fig. 1 in Geographic distribution of Cephalotes varians (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)
Fig. 1. Geographic distribution of Cephalotes varians records.
Figure 44 Gyne ofCephalotes mariadeandrade. A in A taxonomic study of the Brazilian turtle ants (Formicidae: Myrmicinae: Cephalotes)
Figure 44 Gyne ofCephalotes mariadeandrade. A:frontal view.B: lateral view.C: dorsal view. Brazil: MG, Uberlândia.
Figure 50 in A taxonomic study of the Brazilian turtle ants (Formicidae: Myrmicinae: Cephalotes)
Figure 50 Soldiers of pusillus group. A: C. pusillus. Band H: C. minutus. C: C. duckei. D: C. inaequalis. E: C. spinosus. F and I: C. simillimus. G: C. laminatus.
Figure 47 in A taxonomic study of the Brazilian turtle ants (Formicidae: Myrmicinae: Cephalotes)
Figure 47 Male of Cephalotes nilpiei. A: frontal view. B: lateral view. C: dorsal view. Brazil: MG, Santana do Riacho.
Figure 38 in A taxonomic study of the Brazilian turtle ants (Formicidae: Myrmicinae: Cephalotes)
Figure 38 Soldiers of pallens group. A: C. pallidus. B: C. pallidoides [CASENT0922516]. C and D: C. patellaris. Eand H: C. pellans. F and I: C. pallens. G: C. pallidoides.
Figure 40 in A taxonomic study of the Brazilian turtle ants (Formicidae: Myrmicinae: Cephalotes)
Figure 40 Workers of pinelii group. A: C. maculatus. B and I: C. pinelii. C: C. mariadeandrade. D, F and H: C. nilpiei. E: C. incertus. G: C. liepini.
Figure 35 in A taxonomic study of the Brazilian turtle ants (Formicidae: Myrmicinae: Cephalotes)
Figure 35 Distribution maps of grandinosus group in Brazil. White stars: type locality. Black circles: material examined. Red squares: new records. Blue triangles: records not examined from literature. (Literature source: 13, 19, 21, 27, 32, 40, 43, 45, 49, 59, 67, 70, 71, 76).
Figure 39 in A taxonomic study of the Brazilian turtle ants (Formicidae: Myrmicinae: Cephalotes)
Figure 39 Distribution maps of pallens group in Brazil. White stars type locality. Black circles: material examined. Red squares: new records. Blue triangles: records not examined from literature. (Literature source: 2, 3, 4, 13, 15, 33, 36, 38, 39, 48, 49, 56, 58, 59, 61, 69, 71, 72).
Figure 34 in A taxonomic study of the Brazilian turtle ants (Formicidae: Myrmicinae: Cephalotes)
Figure 34 Soldiers of grandinosus group. A: C. grandinosus [CASENT0173699]. B, C and D: C. persimplex [B, D: CASENT0922543]. Eand F: C. persimilis [E: CASENT0922541].
Figure 29 in A taxonomic study of the Brazilian turtle ants (Formicidae: Myrmicinae: Cephalotes)
Figure 29 Worker of Cephalotes liviaprado. A: frontal view. B: lateral view. C: dorsal view. Brazil: MS, Porto Murtinho.
Figure 27 in A taxonomic study of the Brazilian turtle ants (Formicidae: Myrmicinae: Cephalotes)
Figure 27 Workers of fiebrigi group. A: C. quadratus. B, Gand I: C. specularis. C: C. complanatus (basalis group). Dand J: C. liviaprado. E: C. pilosus [CASENT0904912]. F: C. basalis (basalisgroup). H: C. guayaki [CASENT0173677]. K: C. fiebrigi [CASENT0922539]. L: C. jheringi.
Figure 26 in A taxonomic study of the Brazilian turtle ants (Formicidae: Myrmicinae: Cephalotes)
Figure 26 Distribution maps of depressus group in Brazil. White stars: type locality. Black circles: material examined. Red squares: new records. Blue triangles: records not examined from literature. (Literature source: 4, 9, 11, 12, 13, 15, 16, 17, 18, 21, 23, 25, 28, 35, 40, 41, 44, 45, 46, 49, 56, 60, 61, 63, 66, 70, 71, 76).
Figure 24 in A taxonomic study of the Brazilian turtle ants (Formicidae: Myrmicinae: Cephalotes)
Figure 24 Distribution map of coffeae group in Brazil.Black circle: material examined. Red square: new record.
Figure 23 in A taxonomic study of the Brazilian turtle ants (Formicidae: Myrmicinae: Cephalotes)
Figure 23 Distribution maps of clypeatus group in Brazil. White stars: type locality. Black circles: material examined. Red squares: new records. Blue triangles: records not examined from literature. (Literature source: 4, 12, 13, 15, 20, 34, 37, 45, 49, 61, 62, 63, 68, 71).
Figure 54 in A taxonomic study of the Brazilian turtle ants (Formicidae: Myrmicinae: Cephalotes)
Figure 54 Themaximum cladecredibility treefrom phylogenetic analysesperformed by Priceet al.(2016) basedonmorphologicalandmoleculardata.The tree has beentrimmedtoinclude onlythose species knownfrom Brazil.Thelabelsforthespecies groupsfollowour proposals,including thesynonymies,andtheprevious namesforthesynonymized groupsareshown ingrey.
Figure 22 in A taxonomic study of the Brazilian turtle ants (Formicidae: Myrmicinae: Cephalotes)
Figure 22 Workers and soldiers of clypeatus group. A: C. clypeatus [CASENT0173669]. B: C. membranaceus [FOCOL2117]. C: C. ustus.
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