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Figure 7 in Ultrastructure of the pseudocnidae of the palaeonemerteans Cephalothrix cf. rufifrons and Carinomella lactea and an assessment of their phylogenetic utility

Figure 7. Molecular phylogenies of nemerteans. (A) Phylogeny inferred from 18S rDNA sequences. (B) Phylogeny inferred from a simultaneous analysis of partial 28S rRNA, H3, 16S rRNA and COI gene sequences. Phylogeny ''A'' implies that pseudocnidae were present in the common ancestor of nemerteans and subsequently lost in two lineages Phylogeny ''B'' implies independent evolution of pseudocnidae. Open boxes represent character losses and solid boxes represent character acquisitions.

Figure 3 in Ultrastructure of the pseudocnidae of the palaeonemerteans Cephalothrix cf. rufifrons and Carinomella lactea and an assessment of their phylogenetic utility

Figure 3. Transmission electron micrographs of Cephalothrix cf. rufifrons pseudocnidae and pseudocnida-forming cells. (A) Longitudinal section of a mature pseudocnida. Note the filament core (fc) and the lateral process (lp). (B) Cross-section of a pseudocnida. Note the Golgi complex in the cell cytoplasm and the putative pseudocnida precursor material (arrows). (C) RER (re) containing flocculent material in a pseudocnida-forming cell. Abbreviations: co, cortex; fc, filament core; go, Golgi complex; lp, lateral process; me, medulla; re, rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER).

Figure 6 in Ultrastructure of the pseudocnidae of the palaeonemerteans Cephalothrix cf. rufifrons and Carinomella lactea and an assessment of their phylogenetic utility

Figure 6. Schematic longitudinal TEM sections of nemertean pseudocnidae. (A) Cephalothrix cf. rufifrons. (B) Tubulanus cf. pellucidus. (C) Carinomella lactea. (D) Zygeupolia rubens. (A) and (C) drawn from data presented herein. (B) and (D) drawn from micrographs in Turbeville (1991) and unpublished data. Scale is approximate.

Figure 5 in Ultrastructure of the pseudocnidae of the palaeonemerteans Cephalothrix cf. rufifrons and Carinomella lactea and an assessment of their phylogenetic utility

Figure 5. Transmission electron micrographs of Carinomella lactea pseudocnidae and pseudocnida-forming cells. (A) Longitudinal section of pseudocnidae. Note the medulla (me) cortex (co) and filament core (fc). (B) Cross section of a pseudocnida. Putative pseudocnida precursors are present in the cell cytoplasm (*). (C) Pseudocnidaforming cell revealing Gogli complex (go) and pseudocnida precursor material (*). Abbreviations: co, cortex; fc, filament core; go, Golgi complex; me, medulla; ps, pseudocnida.

Figure 4 in Ultrastructure of the pseudocnidae of the palaeonemerteans Cephalothrix cf. rufifrons and Carinomella lactea and an assessment of their phylogenetic utility

Figure 4. Cross-sections of the proboscis of Carinomella lactea. (A) Survey transmission electron micrograph of the proboscis. Note the pseudocnida-forming cell containing pseudocnidae (arrow). (B) Low-power micrograph revealing two groups of pseudocnidae (arrows) resting on secretions (*) of underlying gland cells. (C) Cross section of a group of pseudocnidae (ps) and a sensory bristle of an adjacent sensory cell. (D) Low-power micrograph of longitudinal sections of pseudocnidae. Note the filament core (fc). Abbreviations: cm, circular muscle; em, extracellular matrix; fc, filament core; gc, gland cell; lm, longitudinal muscle; pc, pseudocnidaforming cell; pe, proboscis peritoneum; pn, proboscis nerve; ps, pseudocnida; sc, sensory cell cilium.

Figure 2 in Ultrastructure of the pseudocnidae of the palaeonemerteans Cephalothrix cf. rufifrons and Carinomella lactea and an assessment of their phylogenetic utility

Figure 2. Transmission electron micrographs of the middle proboscis of Cephalothrix cf. rufifrons. (A) Survey micrograph of a cross section of the middle proboscis. Asterisk (*) indicates a pseudocnida-forming cell. (B) Pseudocnida-forming cell revealing the nucleus, RER and several pseudocnidae. (C) Longitudinal section of pseudocnida. Arrow indicates the filament core. (D) Cross-section of a pseudocnida. Arrow indicates core. (E) Section of an everted proboscis. Apices of the pseudocnidae extend into the lumen. (F) Cross-sections of bases of pseudocnidae. Arrowheads indicate the lateral processes. Also note the sensory cilium of the adjacent sensory cell (sc). Abbreviations: cm, circular muscle; co, cortex; lm, longitudinal muscle; lp, lateral process; me, medulla; pe, proboscis peritoneum; pn, proboscis nerve; rd, fusiform rhabdoid; sc, sensory cell.

Figure 1 in Ultrastructure of the pseudocnidae of the palaeonemerteans Cephalothrix cf. rufifrons and Carinomella lactea and an assessment of their phylogenetic utility

Figure 1. Light micrograph of the everted proboscis of Cephalothrix cf. rufifrons revealing apices of pseudocnidae (arrow). Note also the sensory bristles (sb).

FIGURE 4 in An integrative description of a new Cephalothrix species (Nemertea: Palaeonemertea) from the South China Sea

FIGURE 4. Bayesian inference multi-locus cladogram of nemerteans. Numbers near the branches are the nodal support values (ML bootstrap value/Bayesian posterior probability). Solid circles indicate nodal support of 100/1.0.

FIGURE 3 in An integrative description of a new Cephalothrix species (Nemertea: Palaeonemertea) from the South China Sea

FIGURE 3 Cephalothrix suni sp. nov. (A-H) transverse histological sections of the holotype: precerebral region (arrows indicate four precerebral nerves) (A); cerebral region (arrow indicates rhynchocoel vessel) (B); postcerebral region (arrow indicates median ventral nerve) (C); preoral region (arrows indicate bifurcation of the median ventral nerve) (D); mouth region (arrows indicate two buccal nerves) (E); anterior foregut region (arrows indicate two buccal nerves) (F); anterior foregut region (arrows indicate joining of the buccal nerves) (F); middle foregut region (H). (I) thick transverse section in glycerol. Abbreviations: br, brain; cv, cephalic vessel; fg, foregut; ln, lateral nerve cord; lv, lateral vessel; m, mouth; pr, proboscis; rd, rhynchodaeum. Scale bars: 50 µm.

FIGURE 2 in An integrative description of a new Cephalothrix species (Nemertea: Palaeonemertea) from the South China Sea

FIGURE 2. Cephalothrix suni sp. nov., cLSM micrographs of the body and proboscis labelled with phalloidin: substack of transverse sections through the anterior foregut region (A, B, E), arrows indicate the inner part of the split OCM (B); substack of transverse sections through the posterior foregut region (C); substack of longitudinal sections through the body-wall musculature with crisscrossed DM in the foregut region (D); substack of transverse sections through the anterior foregut region (arrow indicate dorsal muscle cross) (F); substack of longitudinal sections through the proboscis musculature (arrows indicate DM) (G); substack of longitudinal sections through the proboscis epithelium with larger (arrows) and smaller (arrowheads) pseudocnidae (H); substack of longitudinal sections through the proboscis epithelium with long (arrowheads) and shorter (arrows) collars of sensory cells (I). Abbreviations: dm, diagonal musculature; dn, dorsal nerve; fg, foregut; icm, inner circular musculature; lm, longitudinal musculature; ln, lateral nerve cord; lp, longitudinal muscle plate; lv, lateral blood vessel; ocm, outer circular musculature; olm, outer part of LM; pr, proboscis; rh, rhynchocoel; vm, musculature of blood vessel. Scale bars: A, C – 100 µm; B, D–F – 50 µm; G, I – 20 µm; H – 10 µm.

FIGURE 1 in An integrative description of a new Cephalothrix species (Nemertea: Palaeonemertea) from the South China Sea

FIGURE 1. Cephalothrix suni sp. nov. (A) holotype: ventral view. (B) paratype: ventral view of the anterior body. Scale bars: (A), 2 mm; (B), 1 mm.