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Appendix Morphometric parameters of Chaetonotus (Chaetonotus) antrumus Kolicka sp. nov. Abbreviations: N = number of specimens or structures analysed; Range = the smallest and the largest structure measurement found among all specimens measured; SD = standard deviation. All measurements are given in micrometers (μm); all indicators are given as a percentage (%) and italicized. in A new species of freshwater Chaetonotidae (Gastrotricha, Chaetonotida) from Obodska Cave (Montenegro) based on morphological and molecular characters

Appendix Morphometric parameters of Chaetonotus (Chaetonotus) antrumus Kolicka sp. nov. Abbreviations: N = number of specimens or structures analysed; Range = the smallest and the largest structure measurement found among all specimens measured; SD = standard deviation. All measurements are given in micrometers (μm); all indicators are given as a percentage (%) and italicized.

Fig. 10 in A new species of freshwater Chaetonotidae (Gastrotricha, Chaetonotida) from Obodska Cave (Montenegro) based on morphological and molecular characters

Fig. 10. Chaetonotus (Chaetonotus) antrumus Kolicka sp. nov., juvenile specimen, differential interference contrast microphotographs. A. Body, dorsal view. B. Body, internal view. C. Ventral body view. D. Dorsal view of scales. E. Dorsal view of spines.

Fig. 9 in A new species of freshwater Chaetonotidae (Gastrotricha, Chaetonotida) from Obodska Cave (Montenegro) based on morphological and molecular characters

Fig. 9. Chaetonotus (Chaetonotus) antrumus Kolicka sp. nov., bright field microphotographs. A. Lateral view of scales on trunk. B. Lateral view of spines on trunk.

Fig. 8 in A new species of freshwater Chaetonotidae (Gastrotricha, Chaetonotida) from Obodska Cave (Montenegro) based on morphological and molecular characters

Fig. 8. Chaetonotus (Chaetonotus) antrumus Kolicka sp. nov., bright field microphotographs. A. Dorsal view of scales on trunk region. B. Dorsal view of spines on trunk region. C. Ventral view of scales on trunk region. D. Ventral view of spines on trunk region. E. Dorsal view of scales on posterior trunk region. F. Dorsal view of spines on posterior trunk region. G. Dorsal view of scales on furcal base and furcal appendages. H. Ventral view of posterior trunk region with visible interciliary field scales and posteriormost interciliary field scales.

Fig. 7 in A new species of freshwater Chaetonotidae (Gastrotricha, Chaetonotida) from Obodska Cave (Montenegro) based on morphological and molecular characters

Fig. 7. Chaetonotus (Chaetonotus) antrumus Kolicka sp. nov. A. Dorsal view of scales on head and neck. B. Dorsal view of spines on head and neck. C. Internal view of head and neck. D. Head and neck, ventral view. (Bright field microphotographs.)

Fig. 6 in A new species of freshwater Chaetonotidae (Gastrotricha, Chaetonotida) from Obodska Cave (Montenegro) based on morphological and molecular characters

Fig. 6. Chaetonotus (Chaetonotus) antrumus Kolicka sp. nov., schematic drawings of the posterior trunk region, furcal base and furcal appendages.

Fig. 11 in A new species of freshwater Chaetonotidae (Gastrotricha, Chaetonotida) from Obodska Cave (Montenegro) based on morphological and molecular characters

Fig. 11. Phylogenetic relationships of Chaetonotidae inferred from the Bayesian analysis of 18S rRNA, 28S rRNA and COI sequence data (for details on the species names see Table 3).

Fig. 4 in A new species of freshwater Chaetonotidae (Gastrotricha, Chaetonotida) from Obodska Cave (Montenegro) based on morphological and molecular characters

Fig. 4. Chaetonotus (Chaetonotus) antrumus Kolicka sp. nov., schematic drawings. A. Dorsal body view. B. Internal body view. C. Ventral body view.

Fig. 5 in A new species of freshwater Chaetonotidae (Gastrotricha, Chaetonotida) from Obodska Cave (Montenegro) based on morphological and molecular characters

Fig. 5. Chaetonotus (Chaetonotus) antrumus Kolicka sp. nov., schematic drawings of the scales. A. Head region scales. B. Neck region scales. C. Trunk region scales. D. Ventral interciliary field scales. E. Posteriormost ventral field scales. F, H. Furcal appendages dorsolateral one–lobed scales. G. Furcal appendages dorsal three-lobed scales.

Fig. 3 in A new species of freshwater Chaetonotidae (Gastrotricha, Chaetonotida) from Obodska Cave (Montenegro) based on morphological and molecular characters

Fig. 3. Photographs of Obodska Cave. A. Entrance to the Cave. B. Sampling area inside the Cave. (Photographs by Przemysław Śmietana.)

Fig. 38 in A huge undescribed diversity of the subgenus Hystricochaetonotus (Gastrotricha, Chaetonotidae, Chaetonotus) in Central Europe

Fig. 38. Chaetonotus (Hystricochaetonotus) arcanus sp. nov., holotype (CU-FNS-29-09-20/HO), differential interference contrast. A. Dorsal trunk scales and spines. Arrows mark lateral denticles. B. Body overview. C. Head scales. D. Adhesive tubes curved underneath trunk. E. Mouth and boomeranglike hypostomial plate. Scale bars: A, D = 10 µm; B = 30 µm; C, E = 2 µm.

Fig. 33 in A huge undescribed diversity of the subgenus Hystricochaetonotus (Gastrotricha, Chaetonotidae, Chaetonotus) in Central Europe

Fig. 33. Chaetonotus (Hystricochaetonotus) gulosus sp. nov. A. Dorsal overview showing the scale and spine pattern. B. Ventral overview showing the scale and ciliary pattern. Scale bar = 30 µm.

Fig. 36 in A huge undescribed diversity of the subgenus Hystricochaetonotus (Gastrotricha, Chaetonotidae, Chaetonotus) in Central Europe

Fig. 36. Chaetonotus (Hystricochaetonotus) gulosus sp. nov., paratype (CU-FNS-28-10-19/PA), differential interference contrast. A. Scales of the ventral interciliary field. B. Dorsal trunk scales. C. Detail of the posterior body region. D. Posterior ventral keeled and spined scales. Scale bars: A, D = 5 µm; B–C = 10 µm.

Fig. 18 in A huge undescribed diversity of the subgenus Hystricochaetonotus (Gastrotricha, Chaetonotidae, Chaetonotus) in Central Europe

Fig. 18. Chaetonotus (Hystricochaetonotus) optabilis sp. nov. A. Dorsal overview showing the scale and spine pattern. B–C. Details showing the distribution of head and trunk scales. D–E. Head and trunk scales, the schematic drawing of the scale base is shown above that of spined scales. F. Lateral view of a trunk spined scale. G. Dorsal furcal scales. Scale bar = 30 µm.

Fig. 15 in A huge undescribed diversity of the subgenus Hystricochaetonotus (Gastrotricha, Chaetonotidae, Chaetonotus) in Central Europe

Fig. 15. Chaetonotus (Hystricochaetonotus) superbus sp. nov. A, H. Dorsal and lateral overviews showing the scale and spine pattern. B. Head scale. C. Neck scale. D. Trunk scale. E. Ventral scales. F. Upperfurcal dorsal scales. G. Lateral view of a trunk spined scale. I. Lateral view showing the connection of a transversal band to the base of a scale. J. Lateral overview showing the internal morphology. K. Lateral view of the anterior body region. Scale bars = 30 µm.

Fig. 24 in A huge undescribed diversity of the subgenus Hystricochaetonotus (Gastrotricha, Chaetonotidae, Chaetonotus) in Central Europe

Fig. 24. Chaetonotus (Hystricochaetonotus) avarus sp. nov. A. Ventral overview showing the scale and ciliary pattern. B. Mouth region. C. Detail showing the transition region of two scale types in the interciliary field. D–E. Ventrolateral three-lobed scales. F. Ventral furcal three-lobed scales. G. Furcal cordiform scales. H. Detail of the terminal ventral region. Scale bars: A = 30 µm; H = 10 µm.

Fig. 12 in A huge undescribed diversity of the subgenus Hystricochaetonotus (Gastrotricha, Chaetonotidae, Chaetonotus) in Central Europe

Fig. 12. Chaetonotus (Hystricochaetonotus) mirabilis sp. nov., holotype (CU-FNS-11-09-19/HO), differential interference contrast. A‒B. Optical sections showing the general body organization. C. Lateral overview. Arrows in (B) and (C) mark the lateral denticle of spines. Scale bars = 30 µm.

Fig. 10 in A huge undescribed diversity of the subgenus Hystricochaetonotus (Gastrotricha, Chaetonotidae, Chaetonotus) in Central Europe

Fig. 10. Chaetonotus (Hystricochaetonotus) mirabilis sp. nov. A‒B. Dorsal and lateral overviews showing the scale and spine pattern. C. Detail showing the cuticular teeth protruding from the mouth ring. D. Elongated dorsal spines with a membrane. E. Terminal dorsal spines. F. Internal morphology of a strongly squeezed specimen (body shape hence not representative). G. Ventral overview. Scale bars: A = 30 µm; F–G = 20 µm.

Fig. 20 in A huge undescribed diversity of the subgenus Hystricochaetonotus (Gastrotricha, Chaetonotidae, Chaetonotus) in Central Europe

Fig. 20. Chaetonotus (Hystricochaetonotus) optabilis sp. nov., differential interference contrast. A. Paratype (CU-FNS-05-03-20-3/PA-2). B–C. Holotype (CU-FNS-05-03-20-1/HO). A. Overview showing the general body organization. Asterisks mark the beginning of the ventral ciliary bands. B‒C. Surface views, showing the head and trunk scale patterns. Scale bars: A = 30 µm; B = 5 µm; C = 10 µm.

Fig. 8 in A huge undescribed diversity of the subgenus Hystricochaetonotus (Gastrotricha, Chaetonotidae, Chaetonotus) in Central Europe

Fig. 8. Phylogenetic tree based on 18S, 28S, and COI sequences, showing the systematic positions of the Chaetonotus (Hystricochaetonotus) cluster (arrow). This clade is collapsed in the three, highlighted in the inset phylogram, and presented in detail in Fig. 9. ML bootstrap values and posterior probabilities were mapped onto the best ML tree.