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Fig. 16 in Untangling the trees: Revision of the Calumma nasutum complex (Squamata: Chamaeleonidae)

Fig. 16. Calumma ratnasariae sp. nov. from Ampotsidy mountains. (A, B) Adult male holotype (ZSM 35/2016), slightly displaying, and (C) adult female (MSZC 0130, UADBA uncatalogued) in relaxed state.

Fig. 12 in Untangling the trees: Revision of the Calumma nasutum complex (Squamata: Chamaeleonidae)

Fig. 12. Calumma emelinae sp. nov. in life. (A) adult male (not collected) from the type locality in Makira in stress colouration; (B) subadult male (not collected) from Mahasoa, in relaxed state; (C) adult female (not collected) from Makira, slightly stressed; (D) adult female (FGZC 5273, UADBA uncatalogued) from east of Moramanga ('Julia Forest') in relaxed state; (E) adult female (uncollected) from same location as (D), relaxed.

Fig. 7 in Untangling the trees: Revision of the Calumma nasutum complex (Squamata: Chamaeleonidae)

Fig. 7. Calumma nasutum (clade K) in life from Andasibe region. (A, B) adult male (not collected) from Mitsinjo/Andasibe in relaxed state, photo: T. Negro/A. Laube; (C) adult male (not collected) from Andasibe in stressed colouration, photo: P-S. Gehring; (D) juvenile male from Maromizaha Reserve (ZSM 256/2016), slightly stressed; (E) juvenile female (not collected) from Maromizaha, in stressed colouration.

Fig. 1 in Untangling the trees: Revision of the Calumma nasutum complex (Squamata: Chamaeleonidae)

Fig. 1. Micro-computed tomography scans of the skulls of Calumma nasutum and C. radamanus in dorsal and lateral view. (A) Calumma nasutum (MNHN 6643C), male lectotype (with scanning artefact on the jaw bones below the orbit); (B) C. nasutum (MNHN 6643), female paralectotype; (C) C. nasutum (ZSM 924/2003), male of genetic clade K, assigned to C. nasutum; (D) C. radamanus (SMF 22132), male holotype; (E) C. radamanus (SMF 26394), female paratype; (F) C. radamanus (ZSM 475/2010), male of genetic clade GII, assigned to C. radamanus. Diagnostic characters are encircled in red. Abbreviations are given in the Material and Methods. Scale bar = 2.0 mm.

Fig. 6 in Untangling the trees: Revision of the Calumma nasutum complex (Squamata: Chamaeleonidae)

Fig. 6. Principal Component Analysis of morphology within the Calumma nasutum species complex. Females (A and C) were analysed separately from males (B and D). C and D show loadings for the respective first and second principal components. Specimen numbers are shown for holotypes and lectotypes of the respective species as described or re-defined herein. Colours correspond to those used in Fig. 2.

Fig. 14 in Untangling the trees: Revision of the Calumma nasutum complex (Squamata: Chamaeleonidae)

Fig. 14. Micro-computed tomography scans of the skulls of species with a frontoparietal fenestra in dorsal and lateral view. (A) Calumma fallax (MNHN 1899.317), male lectotype; (B) C. fallax (MNHN 1840.430), male; (C) C. fallax (ZSM 286/2016), male of genetic clade H, assigned to C. fallax; (D) C. ratnasariae sp. nov. (ZSM 35/2014), male holotype. Diagnostic characters are encircled in red. Scale bars: 2.0 mm.

Fig. 5 in Untangling the trees: Revision of the Calumma nasutum complex (Squamata: Chamaeleonidae)

Fig. 5. Micro-CT scans of hemipenes of representative males of the different new or redescribed Calumma species (as far as available), each in sulcal (left) and asulcal or lateral view (right). (A) C. fallax (ZSM 694/2003); (B) C. radamanus (ZSM 443/2005); (C) C. emelinae sp. nov. (ZSM 618/2009); (D) C. nasutum (ZSM 924/2003); (E) C. ratnasariae sp. nov. (ZSM 1724/2010). Scale bar = 1 mm.

Fig. 15 in Untangling the trees: Revision of the Calumma nasutum complex (Squamata: Chamaeleonidae)

Fig. 15. Calumma fallax from different locations. (A) Adult male (not collected) from Tsinjoarivo in relaxed state; (B, C) adult male (not collected) from Ranomafana NP, relaxed, photos: A. Laube/T. Negro; (D, E) both adult females (ZSM 149/2016 and ZSM 258/2016) from Mandraka, relaxed.

Fig. 4 in Untangling the trees: Revision of the Calumma nasutum complex (Squamata: Chamaeleonidae)

Fig. 4. Preserved type specimens of (A) Calumma nasutum (lectotype, MNHN 6643C), adult male; (B) C. radamanus (holotype, SMF 22132), adult male; (C) C. emelinae sp. nov. (holotype, ZSM 618/2009), adult male; (D) C. tjiasmantoi sp. nov. (holotype, ZSM 735/2003), adult female; (E) C. fallax (lectotype, MNHN 1899.317), adult male; (F) C. ratnasariae sp. nov. (ZSM 35/2016), adult male.

Fig. 2 in Untangling the trees: Revision of the Calumma nasutum complex (Squamata: Chamaeleonidae)

Fig. 2. Maximum likelihood tree based on DNA sequences of the mitochondrial ND2 gene (582 bp) of species of the Calumma nasutum group. Numbers at nodes are bootstrap proportions expressed as a percentage (500 replicates). Tip labels are field numbers followed by collection locality. Note: Calumma lefona was listed with a wrong field number (DRV 6284) in Fig. 1 of Prötzel et al. (2018b) and in Fig. 2 of Prötzel et al. (2018a).

Fig. 3 in Untangling the trees: Revision of the Calumma nasutum complex (Squamata: Chamaeleonidae)

Fig. 3. Haplotype network estimated from sequences of the nuclear c-mos gene (360 bp). Black dots represent additional mutational steps. The size of a coloured circle correlates with the sample number, see scale.

Fig. 11 in Untangling the trees: Revision of the Calumma nasutum complex (Squamata: Chamaeleonidae)

Fig. 11. Micro-computed tomography scans of the skulls of holotypes of species with a closed skull roof in dorsal and lateral view. (A) C. emelinae sp. nov. (ZSM 618/2009), male holotype; (B) C. tjiasmantoi sp. nov. (ZSM 735/2003), female holotype. Diagnostic characters are encircled in red. Scale bars: 2.0 mm.

Fig. 13 in Untangling the trees: Revision of the Calumma nasutum complex (Squamata: Chamaeleonidae)

Fig. 13. Calumma tjiasmantoi sp. nov. in life. (A, B) adult male (not collected) from Ranomafana NP in relaxed state, photos: M. Knauf; (C) adult male (probably in UADBA) from Andohahela (Camp 2 low elevation) in slightly stressed colouration; (D) adult male and (E) adult female, both from Andreoky, referring to tissue samples PSG_2766, 2768, 2786 in GEHRING et al. (2012) in relaxed state, photos: P-S. Gehring.

Fig. 9 in Untangling the trees: Revision of the Calumma nasutum complex (Squamata: Chamaeleonidae)

Fig. 9. Distribution map of six species of the Calumma nasutum group in Madagascar. Localities based on collected specimens and/or DNA sequences of GEHRING et al. (2012) and new sequences shown in Fig. 2. Black stars within the symbols indicate type localities. Colours correspond to those used in Fig. 2.

Fig. 10 in Untangling the trees: Revision of the Calumma nasutum complex (Squamata: Chamaeleonidae)

Fig. 10. Calumma radamanus in life. (A) adult male (not collected) from Tampolo, eastern Madagascar, in relaxed state, photo: P.-S. Gehring; (B, C) juvenile male (ZSM 260/2016) from Masoala, relaxed; (D) adult female from Masoala (not collected), relaxed.

Fig. 8 in Untangling the trees: Revision of the Calumma nasutum complex (Squamata: Chamaeleonidae)

Fig. 8. Calumma nasutum (clade K) from Sorata, northern Madagascar. (A) juvenile male (FGCZ 3636, UADBA), slightly displaying; (B) adult female (not collected), relaxed; (C) adult female (ZSM 1699/2012) in stressed colouration.

Fig. 4 in New distribution records, observations on natural history, and notes on reproduction of the poorly known Sudanese Unicorn Chameleon (Chamaeleonidae: Trioceros conirostratus) from Uganda, Africa

Fig. 4. Examples of Sudanese Unicorn Chameleons (Trioceros conirostratus) displaying a threatened posture with the mouth open. (A) Threatened male from Morongole Central Forest Reserve (CFR) displaying a temporal pouch filled with brown odiferous material (in-detail); (B) Another threatened male from Morongole CFR demonstrating an empty temporal pouch depleted after being handled (in-detail).

Fig. 5. A in New distribution records, observations on natural history, and notes on reproduction of the poorly known Sudanese Unicorn Chameleon (Chamaeleonidae: Trioceros conirostratus) from Uganda, Africa

Fig. 5. A developing embryo of the Sudanese Unicorn Chameleon (Trioceros conirostratus), removed from a female oviduct. Scale bar = 1 mm.

Fig. 3 in New distribution records, observations on natural history, and notes on reproduction of the poorly known Sudanese Unicorn Chameleon (Chamaeleonidae: Trioceros conirostratus) from Uganda, Africa

Fig. 3. Representatives of the Sudanese Unicorn Chameleon (Trioceros conirostratus) and local habitats from the three "northern" Central Forest Reserves (CFR) surveyed in Northern Region, Uganda, Africa. Sub-adult male and female from Orom CFR (top row), male and female from Morongole CFR (middle row), and juvenile male and juvenile female from Agoro-Agu CFR (bottom row).

Fig. 2 in New distribution records, observations on natural history, and notes on reproduction of the poorly known Sudanese Unicorn Chameleon (Chamaeleonidae: Trioceros conirostratus) from Uganda, Africa

Fig. 2. Representatives of the Sudanese Unicorn Chameleon (Trioceros conirostratus) and local habitats from the three "southern" Central Forest Reserves (CFR) surveyed in Northern Region, Uganda, Africa. Male and female from Kadam CFR (top row), male and female from Moroto CFR (middle row), and male and female from Napak CFR (bottom row).