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FIG. 4 in Nitella sonderi A.Braun (Charales, Charophyceae) - a new record for South America, and first record from outside Australia

FIG. 4. — ML phylogenetic tree inferred in PAUP with GTR + I + G nucleotide substitution model from 66 rbcL sequences of Nitella C.Agardh. Support (ML/BI, BP ≥ 50% and PP ≥ 0.95) are given above/below the branches. Branches with 100% BP, 1.00 PP and sequences obtained for this study are shown in boldface. The branch leading to the outgroup was reduced by three quarters in length. Clade designation is according to Sakayama (2008).

FIG. 5 in Nitella sonderi A.Braun (Charales, Charophyceae) - a new record for South America, and first record from outside Australia

FIG. 5. – ML phylogenetic tree inferred in PAUP with GTR + I + G nucleotide substitution model from 56 ITS sequences of Nitella C.Agardh. Support (ML/BI, BP ≥ 50% and PP ≥ 0.95) are given above/below the branches. Branches with 100% BP, 1.00 PP and sequences obtained for this study are shown in boldface. The branch leading to the outgroup was reduced by 50% in length. Clade designation is according to Sakayama (2008).

FIG. 2 in Nitella sonderi A.Braun (Charales, Charophyceae) - a new record for South America, and first record from outside Australia

FIG. 2. – Male plants of Nitella sonderi A.Braun from Argentina (LE): A, whorl of sterile branchlets; B, sterile branchlet; C, apex with whorls of fertile branchlets forming lax head; D, lax apical head consisting of fertile branchlets, embedded in mucilage 3-furcate "prolification" looking as a fertile branchlet without a central secondary ray from the lateral tertiary ray at the furcation of the central secondary ray (double arrowhead); E, last furcations of fertile branchlets with long straight dactyls; F, fertile branchlet with antheridia obviously unequal each other; G, mucilage cover of fertile branchlet (double arrowhead), mucilage cover of branchlet primary ray; H, antheridia at last furcations of branchlet surrounded with short dactyls, arcuate at their basal parts. Note: A-C, arrowheads represent central secondary ray; D, F, G, arrowheads represent surface of mucilage cover. Photos taken by R. Vidal-Russell. Scale bars: A, E, F, 2 mm; B-D, 5 mm; G, H, 1 mm.

FIG. 3 in Nitella sonderi A.Braun (Charales, Charophyceae) - a new record for South America, and first record from outside Australia

FIG. 3. – Male plants of Nitella sonderi A.Braun from Argentina (LE): A, B, cells extending from the node at the base of the lowest branchlet cell at different focus (arrowheads at A); C-E, shortly narrowing ends of bicellulate dactyls with discoloured tiny confluent end cells having thickened cell walls at the tip; F, end of dactyl after loss of end cell; G, H, triangular shields of antheridia. All photos taken by R. E. Romanov, but H by R. Vidal-Russell. Scale bars: 100 μm.

FIG. 1 in Nitella sonderi A.Braun (Charales, Charophyceae) - a new record for South America, and first record from outside Australia

FIG. 1. – Apical parts of Nitella sonderi A.Braun from Argentina with sterile and fertile whorls (LE). Note: arrowhead, sterile whorls; double arrowhead, fertile whorls of male plants. Photo taken by R. E. Romanov. Scale bar: 1 cm.

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FIGURES 4–10 in Chara kirghisorum (Charales): lectotypification, first reliable record in Europe and update of species distribution in Russia

FIGURES 4–10. Chara kirghisorum. Specimens from Republic of Bashkortostan, Eastern Europe (NS). 3. General view. 4, 5. Whorls of branchlets, stipulodes and stem cortex. 6, 7. Branchlets of male plants with antheridia (arrowheads). 8. Stem cortex with solitary and geminate spine cells (arrowhead). 9. Nodal bulbil. Scale bars: Fig 4 = 5 mm, Figs 5-8, 10 = 0.4 mm, Fig 9 = 0.2 mm. Photo by R.E. Romanov.

FIGURE 1–4 in Nitella singaporensis (Charophyceae, Charales): new species and implications for the taxonomy of the genus Nitella

FIGURE 1–4. General appearance and whorl and branchlet of Nitella singaporensis: 1—pressed and dried material (holotype: SING); 2—pressed and dried material (isotype: LE); 3—reconstruction of general habit of branchlet whorl (view from above) from the photo of ethanol-fixed specimen (isotype: LE) showing mean of terms used for branchlet description: 1—primary ray, 2—lateral secondary ray, 3—central secondary ray, 4—lateral tertiary ray, 5—central tertiary ray, 6—dactyls, yellow—lateral secondary segments, green—central secondary segment, blue—central tertiary segment, orange—lateral tertiary segment; 4—fertile branchlet of rewetted herbarium specimen showing oogonia arrangement (isotype: LE). Scale: 1 mm. Scale: 2—1 cm, 4—1 mm. Photo 1 by D. Liew, drawing and other photos by R. Romanov.

FIGURES 5–19 in Nitella singaporensis (Charophyceae, Charales): new species and implications for the taxonomy of the genus Nitella

FIGURES 5–19. The whorls and branchlets of Nitella singaporensis (all from isotype: LE): 5—apical part with mucilage recognised because of adhering of fine particles at its surface; 5–7—whorls of branchlets, showing long primary ray; 8–18—branchlets, showing variability in length of central secondary ray, from moderately elongated, i.e. exceeding the length of lateral secondary rays with their dactyls (8 & 9), nearly equal with them (10, 12, 14), to abbreviated, i.e. clearly shorter than lateral second segments (19), mainly spreading (8–16) or adpressed to the central one, resulting in last case in tassel-like general appearance of the branchlet (19); 8, 12, 15, 16—fine particles adhered to the surface of a branchlet, indicating presence of a mucilage at its surface; actually they are outlining the mucilage patches; 9—central secondary ray without furcation, appearing as long robust dactyl (arrowheads); 10 & 11—branchlets with central tertiary ray (arrowheads); 11—branchlet with central secondary ray with furcation (double arrowhead), producing central tertiary ray with 3 dactyls (arrowhead); 12—dactyls at the furcation at the top of central secondary ray (arrowhead); 13—central tertiary ray (arrowhead) at lateral secondary ray; 17—unfurcated lateral secondary rays (arrowheads), central secondary ray at the branchlet below is not clearly visible because of artificial deformation at its base. Scale: 5–11—2 mm, 12–17—1 mm, 18 & 19—0.5 mm. All photos by R. Romanov.

FIGURE 38 in Nitella singaporensis (Charophyceae, Charales): new species and implications for the taxonomy of the genus Nitella

FIGURE 38. ML-phylogenetic tree inferred in PAUP with GTR+I+Г nucleotide substitution model from 89 rbcL sequences of Nitella. ML BP (> 50%) and BI PP (> 0.95) are shown. Thick branches received 100% BP and 1.00 PP support. The branch leading to the outgroup was 50% reduced in length. The newly obtained sequence of Nitella singaporensis is given in bold. Clade designation is according to Sakayama (2008).

FIGURES 32–37 in Nitella singaporensis (Charophyceae, Charales): new species and implications for the taxonomy of the genus Nitella

FIGURES 32–37. Oospores of Nitella singaporensis (isotype: LE): 32—general habit, 33–37—surface ornamentation of fossa and ribs at different magnification. Scale: 32—40 μm, 33, 34—10 μm, 35—8 μm, 36—4 μm, 37—1 μm. All photos by R. Romanov.

FIGURES 20–31 in Nitella singaporensis (Charophyceae, Charales): new species and implications for the taxonomy of the genus Nitella

FIGURES 20–31. Nitella singaporensis from Singapore (isotype: LE), N. gracilis from Sicily (LE): 20 & 21—abbreviated central second segment (arrowhead), looking as an additional branchlet at first furcation; 21—rare case of 8 lateral secondary rays; 22—end parts of a branchlet with clearly visible central secondary ray (arrowhead); 23–25—2-celled dactyls, some of them appearing 1-celled after loss of end cell during storage in living state in the laboratory; 26—gametangia, [arrowhead—shortly stipitate antheridia, double arrowhead— production of antheridium in penultimate not end furcation], 27—oospore surface in LM, appearing as unclear reticulations, 28–30—stem nodes with easily visible nodal cell extruding from the base of branchlets below the whorl, resulting in nodal bulbil formation (30), 31—stem node of N. gracilis with nodal cell extruding from the base of branchlets and situated around it. Scale: 20–22—0.5 mm, 23–26, 28–31—0.2 mm, 27—20 μm. All photos by R. Romanov, except 26 by R.S.W. Yeo.