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45 results for “Cheating”
Allopatric divergence of cooperators confers cheating resistance and limits the effects of a defector mutation
<p>Studies of microbial social defectors that 'cheat' on cooperative genotypes generally focus on interactions with their cooperative parents, yet in nature defectors may meet diverse cooperators. Genotype-by-genotype interactions may constrain the ranges of cooperators upon which particular defectors can cheat, limiting the cheaters' spread and potentially the overall equilibrium frequency of cheaters. The bacterium Myxococcus xanthus undergoes cooperative multicellular development upon starvation, but some developmental defectors can cheat on cooperators, outcompeting them within mixed groups. We show that a defector disrupted at the signaling gene csgA has a narrow cheating range among diverse natural cooperators owing to antagonisms not specifically targeted at defectors. More strikingly, lab-evolved cooperators only slightly differentiated from the defector have allopatrically evolved beyond its cheating range by accumulating fewer than 20 mutations when development was not directly under selection. Cooperators might diversify not only with respect to which defectors cheat on them, but also in the potential for a particular mutation to reduce expression of cooperative trait or generate a cheating phenotype. We tested this by constructing a new csgA mutation in several highly diverged cooperators. The mutation generated very different sporulation phenotypes – from a complete defect to no defect – indicating that genetic background effects can limit the set of genomes for which a given mutation creates a defector and potentiates cheating. Our results suggest that natural populations feature geographic mosaics of cooperators diversified in susceptibility to cheating by any given defector and in the social phenotypes generated by any given mutation in a cooperation gene.</p>
Cheating in mutualisms
<p>Mutualisms such as those between flowering plants and their pollinators are common in nature. Yet, understanding their persistence in the face of cheaters and identifying the mechanisms behind their stunning diversity provide formidable challenges for evolutionary biologists. To shed light into these questions, we introduce an individual-based model of two coevolving species in which individuals of one species use a Boolean circuit to discriminate between cooperators and cheaters in the other species. This conveys the idea that interactions are often mediated by complex biological processes rather than simple trait matching, as often assumed in models of coevolution. Our results show that cheating promotes diversification and complex discrimination mechanisms at the cost of a higher risk for mutualism to collapse. This result is mediated by an inverse relationship between mutational robustness and organismal complexity.</p>
Cheating in mutualisms
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Allopatric divergence of cooperators confers cheating resistance and limits the effects of a defector mutation
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Programmatic Animations - Cheat Sheets
<p>Complimentary material for the paper "An empirical study of programming paradigms for animation": Cheat Sheets handed to participants in the study to explain the required APIs. </p>
Experimental evolution of Dictyostelium discoideum cheating under relaxed selection
<p>Many microbes interact with one another, but the difficulty of directly observing these interactions in nature makes interpreting their adaptive value complicated. The social amoeba <em>Dictyostelium discoideum </em>forms aggregates<em> </em>wherein some cells are sacrificed for the benefit of others. Within chimeric aggregates containing multiple unrelated lineages, cheaters can gain an advantage by undercontributing, but the extent to which wild <em>D. discoideum </em>has adapted to cheat is not fully clear. In this study, we experimentally evolved <em>D. discoideum </em>in an environment where there were no selective pressures to cheat or resist cheating in chimeras. <em>D. discoideum </em>lines grown in this environment evolved reduced competitiveness within chimeric aggregates and reduced ability to migrate during the slug stage. By contrast, we did not observe a reduction in cell number, a trait for which selection was not relaxed. The observed loss of traits that our laboratory conditions had made irrelevant suggests that these traits were adaptations driven and maintained by selective pressures <em>D. discoideum </em>faces in its natural environment. Our results suggest that <em>D. discoideum</em> faces social conflict in nature, and illustrate a general approach that could be applied to searching for social or non-social adaptations in other microbes.</p>
Giant babax (Babax Waddelli) helpers cheat at provisioning nestlings in poor conditions
<p><span>In cooperatively breeding species, helpers take higher risks of getting lower return of investment than breeders due to the incongruity between helping and breeding. Helpers can deal with the risk by curtailing their investment or, if possible, claiming immediate rewards in the cooperation. Given breeders may rely largely on the aid of helpers to raise their offspring, it can be hypothesized that helpers are more likely to make adaptive responses to the incongruity-associated risk in adverse habitats than in good ones. This hypothesis was tested in the giant babax (<em>Babax</em> <em>waddelli</em>) by comparing helpers' provisioning behaviors between two breeding populations in adverse high-altitude and good low-altitude environments. These two populations differed significantly in their egg size and nestlings' growth patterns. Helpers in both populations made great contributions to the raising of offspring. During provisioning, helpers in the high-altitude population exhibited significantly higher feeding rates but delivered fewer insects per feeding bout than their counterparts in the low-altitude population. Helpers in both populations displayed a cheating strategy of 'non-feeding' to reduce investment in provisioning. They pursued immediate excess rewards via kleptoparasitism of nestling fecal sacs in the high-altitude population but not in the low-altitude one. Accordingly, breeders made different antagonistic actions toward the cheating helpers between populations. Our findings confirm that helpers are prone to deceiving cooperation under poor breeding conditions and that breeders' tolerance of the cheating behavior of helpers is determined by their dependence on the helpers' aid.</span></p>
Short-range C-signaling restricts cheating behavior during Myxococcus xanthus development
<p>Starving <em>Myxococcus xanthus</em> bacteria use short-range C-signaling to coordinate building of multicellular mounds with differentiation from rods into spores during fruiting body development. A <em>csgA</em> mutant deficient in C-signaling can cheat on wild type (WT) in mixtures and form spores disproportionately, but our understanding of cheating behavior is incomplete. We report that cheating requires excess WT cells in the initial mixture and occurs during the mound-building phase of development. We subjected mixtures of WT and <em>csgA</em> cells at different ratios to co-development, and used confocal microscopy and image analysis to quantify the arrangement and morphology of cells near the bottom of nascent fruiting bodies (NFBs). At a ratio of one WT to four <em>csgA</em> cells (1:4), NFBs failed to form. At 1:2, broad mounds formed with half the normal cell density and very few spores. At 1:1, NFBs formed normally with a similar number of WT and <em>csgA</em> rods early in development and a similar number of spores later, so C-signaling by WT rescued <em>csgA </em>development efficiently, but the mutant<em> </em>did not cheat. In contrast, at 2:1 and 4:1 excess WT starting ratios, <em>csgA</em> rods were more abundant than expected in early NFBs, indicative of cheating during mound formation. As NFBs matured, <em>csgA</em> and WT eventually formed spores with similar efficiency, although <em>csgA</em> began sporulation earlier and closer to the radial center. Our results reveal restrictions on cheating behavior, which may have selected C-signaling evolutionarily, and may explain the prevalence of short-range signaling in bacterial biofilm and multicellular animal development.</p>
Sample Dataset for Automated Detection of Cheating Codes
<p><span>This project includes a resampled dataset and statistical code for analyzing various subcategories of cheating codes. The dataset is derived from an initial collection of SQL queries from HackerRank (</span><span><a href="../record/8199741">https://zenodo.org/record/8199741</a></span><span>). Originally, the dataset contained 5,767,890 correct codes and only 1,992 cheating codes. To address the issue of data imbalance, we implemented a resampling strategy to achieve a more balanced data distribution. Specifically, undersampling techniques were used to reduce the number of correct codes while retaining all cheating codes. From 22 programming problems, we randomly selected 20,000 correct codes from each problem. This approach aimed to balance data representation across different problem types, enhancing the model’s adaptability and generalization. After resampling, the dataset consisted of 440,000 correct codes and 1,992 cheating codes.</span></p>
Invaders break assembly rules to beat the natives: How cheatgrass cheats
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Giant babax (Babax Waddelli) helpers cheat at provisioning nestlings in poor conditions
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Experimental evolution of Dictyostelium discoideum cheating under relaxed selection
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Short-Range C-Signaling Restricts Cheating Behavior during Myxococcus xanthus
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Cheating death: Selection on digestive physiology overcomes expected growth costs of anti-predator defenses
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Dataset: A Comparison of Individual and Group Behavior in a Competition with Cheating Opportunities
<p>This is the dataset and corresponding do-file to reproduce the results from the paper:</p> <p>Dannenberg, Astrid, and Elina Khachatryan. 2020. “A comparison of individual and group behavior in a competition with cheating opportunities.” Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 177: 533–47.</p>
Data from: Genetic signatures of microbial altruism and cheating in social amoebas in the wild
Many microbes engage in social interactions. Some of these have come to play an important role in the study of cooperation and conflict, largely because, unlike most animals, they can be genetically manipulated and experimentally evolved. However, whereas animal social behavior can be observed and assessed in natural environments, microbes usually cannot, so we know little about microbial social adaptations in nature. This has led to some difficult-to-resolve controversies about social adaptation even for well-studied traits such as bacterial quorum sensing, siderophore production, and biofilms. Here we use molecular signatures of population genetics and molecular evolution to address controversies over the existence of altruism and cheating in social amoebas. First, we find signatures of rapid adaptive molecular evolution that are consistent with social conflict being a significant force in nature. Second, we find population-genetic signatures of purifying selection to support the hypothesis that the cells that form the sterile stalk evolve primarily through altruistic kin selection rather than through selfish direct reproduction. Our results show how molecular signatures can provide insight into social adaptations that cannot be observed in their natural context, and they support the hypotheses that social amoebas in the wild are both altruists and cheaters.
Data from: Mridha S and Kümmerli R (2022) Enforced specialization fosters mutual cheating and not division of labour in the bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa
<p><span>A common way for bacteria to cooperate is via the secretion of beneficial public goods (proteases, siderophores, biosurfactants) that can be shared among individuals in a group. Bacteria often simultaneously deploy multiple public goods with complementary functions. This raises the question whether natural selection could favour division of labour where subpopulations or species specialise in the production of a single public good, whilst sharing the complementary goods at the group level. Here we use an experimental system, where we mix engineered specialists of the bacterium <em>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</em> that can each only produce one of the two siderophores, pyochelin or pyoverdine, and explore the conditions under which specialization can lead to division of labour. When growing pyochelin and pyoverdine specialists at different mixing ratios under different levels of iron limitation, we found that specialists could only successfully complement each other in environments with moderate iron limitation and grow as good as the generalist wildtype but not better. Under more stringent iron limitation, the dynamics in specialist communities was characterized by mutual cheating and with higher proportions of pyochelin producers greatly compromising group productivity. Nonetheless, specialist communities remained stable through negative frequency-dependent selection. Our work shows that specialization in a bacterial community can be spurred by cheating and does not necessarily result in beneficial division of labour. We propose that natural selection might favour fine-tuned regulatory mechanisms in generalists over division of labour because the former enables generalists to remain flexible and adequately adjust public good investments in fluctuating environments. </span></p>
Data from: Mridha S and Kümmerli R (2022) Enforced specialization fosters mutual cheating and not division of labour in the bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa
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Data from: Genetic signatures of microbial altruism and cheating in social amoebas in the wild
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Data from: Age, growth and fall diet of channel catfish in Cheat Lake, West Virginia
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