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Fig. 4 in Sexual dimorphism and morphometrics in two populations of the Neotropical freshwater turtle Mesoclemmys vanderhaegei (Testudines, Chelidae)

Fig. 4. Multidimensional distribution of females (F) and males (M) of Mesoclemmys vanderhaegei (Bour, 1973), using the seven variables selected by the best model. In this ranking we present information about 64 sexed individuals captured in ParQue Nacional da Chapada dos GuimarÃes (PNCG) and in EstaÇÃo Ecológica Serra das Araras (EESA), Brazil.

Fig. 3 in Sexual dimorphism and morphometrics in two populations of the Neotropical freshwater turtle Mesoclemmys vanderhaegei (Testudines, Chelidae)

Fig. 3. Multidimensional distribution of females (F) and males (M) of Mesoclemmys vanderhaegei (Bour, 1973), using eight morphometric variables commonly measured in chelonians in EstaÇÃo Ecológica Serra das Araras (EESA), Brazil.

Fig. 1 in Sexual dimorphism and morphometrics in two populations of the Neotropical freshwater turtle Mesoclemmys vanderhaegei (Testudines, Chelidae)

Fig. 1. Measured morphometric variables of the individuals of Mesoclemmys vanderhaegei (Bour, 1973). Head: Head width (HW); Head length (HL); Interorbital width (IOW); Tympanum-snout length (TSL); Tympanum length (TYL); Tympanum width (TW). Carapace: Nuchal scute length (NL); Carapace length (CL); Maximum carapace width (MCW); Central carapace width (CCW); Length of third central scute (LC3); Width of third central scute (WC3). Shell: Maximum carapace height (MHS). Plastron: Maximum plastron length (MPL); Mid-ventral suture length plastron (MVSL); Maximum plastron width (MPW); Anterior lobe width (ALW); Posterior lobe width (PLW); Width of left and right gular scutes (WGS); Length of left gular scute (LGS); Left gular scute length (GSL); Intergular scute width (IG); Left pectoral scute width (PSW); Left pectoral scute length (PEL); Left abdominal scute length (ASL); Left abdominal scute width (ASW); Maximum bridge length (MBL); Minimum bridge length (MBL2); Left anal scute width (ANSW); Left anal scute length (ANSL); Internal diagonal of anal scute (IDS); Carapace anal plastron terminal distance (CPD). Tail: Precloacal length (PCL); Tail length (TL).

Fig. 2 in Sexual dimorphism and morphometrics in two populations of the Neotropical freshwater turtle Mesoclemmys vanderhaegei (Testudines, Chelidae)

Fig. 2. Multidimensional distribution of females (F) and males (M) of Mesoclemmys vanderhaegei (Bour, 1973), using eight morphometric variables commonly measured in chelonians in ParQue Nacional da Chapada dos GuimarÃes (PNCG), Brazil.

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FIGURE 3 in The identity of Chelodina oblonga Gray 1841 (Testudines: Chelidae) reassessed

FIGURE 3. Dorsal view of the paralectotype of Chelodina oblonga Gray (OUMNH 02584). (Image courtesy of K. Child, OUMNH).

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FIGURE 2 in The identity of Chelodina oblonga Gray 1841 (Testudines: Chelidae) reassessed

FIGURE 2. Illustration of Chelodina oblonga by Gray (1841), based on BMNH 1947.3.5.89. Compare with photographs of the same specimen in Figure 1.

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FIGURE 1 in The identity of Chelodina oblonga Gray 1841 (Testudines: Chelidae) reassessed

FIGURE 1. Ventral, left lateral and dorsal views of the lectotype of Chelodina oblonga Gray (BMNH 1947.3.5.89). The lateral image is slightly dorsally angled, affecting the profile of the carapace. (Image courtesy of P. Campbell, BMNH).

Figure 2 in Phallus eversion sexing in Phrynops geoffroanus (Testudines: Chelidae): a new non-invasive approach

Figure 2. Frequency polygon between success rate and phallus eversion methods in Phrynops geoffroanus.

Figure 1 in Phallus eversion sexing in Phrynops geoffroanus (Testudines: Chelidae): a new non-invasive approach

Figure 1. Phrynops geoffroanus in (A) ventral view of the male; (B) Ventral view of the female; Greater tail prominence in female (B) and absence of plastron concavity in both sexes.

Figure 3 in Phallus eversion sexing in Phrynops geoffroanus (Testudines: Chelidae): a new non-invasive approach

Figure 3. Timing of stimulus time required for phallus eversion in Phrynops geoffroanus, for methods 4 and 5.

Figure 4 in Phallus eversion sexing in Phrynops geoffroanus (Testudines: Chelidae): a new non-invasive approach

Figure 4. Phrynops geoffroanus' phallus eversion in three stages: (A) primary with only the apical portion; (B) partial engorgement; (C) total engorgement; (D) engorgement with apical exposure.

FIGURE 5 in The first fossil skull of Chelus (Pleurodira: Chelidae, Matamata turtle) from the early Miocene of Colombia

FIGURE 5. Comparison between height of the endocranium at the anterior (h1) and posterior (h2) end of the basisphenoid for three extant Chelus fimbriata specimens (black dots) vs the fossil Chelus sp. described here (red dot).

FIGURE 4 in The first fossil skull of Chelus (Pleurodira: Chelidae, Matamata turtle) from the early Miocene of Colombia

FIGURE 4. CT images of Chelus sp. and the extant C. fimbriata in sagittal view. These figures show the difference in the height of the endocranium between the fossil skull described here and juveniles and adults of the extant representative of Chelus; all cuts are located at the midline of the skull. 1, Chelus sp. MUN-STRI-dbid 38473 (adult); 2, C. fimbriata SM 37178 (adult); 3, C. fimbriata UMA R-1376 (hatchling-juvenile?); 4, C. fimbriata SM 57977 (juvenile). The basisphenoid bone is delimited by light blue color.

FIGURE 2 in The first fossil skull of Chelus (Pleurodira: Chelidae, Matamata turtle) from the early Miocene of Colombia

FIGURE 2. Skulls of Chelus fimbriata SM 37178 and Chelus sp. UNT-STRI-dbid 38473. Photographs and interpretative drawings. Chelus fimbriata SM 37178. 1-2, dorsal view; 3-4, ventral view; 5-6, posterior view. Chelus sp. MUNSTRI-dbid 38473 fossil from Castilletes Formation, Colombia. 7-8, dorsal view; 9-10, ventral view; 11-12, right lateral view; 13-14, posterior view. Abbreviations: bo, basioccipital; bs, basisphenoid; ex, exoccipital; fjp, foramen jugulare posterius; fm, foramen magnum; fn, foramen nervi hypoglossi, fp, fenestra postotica; fpcci, foramen posterior canalis caroticus cerebralis; fpp, foramen palatinum posterior; fr, frontal; fst, foramen stapedio temporalis; fts, fossa temporalis superior; ju, jugal; mx, maxilla; op, opisthotic; pa, parietal; pf, prefrontal; pl, palatine; pm, premaxilla; po, postorbital; pr, prootic; pt, pterygoid; qu, quadrate; so, supraoccipital; sq, squamosal; vo, vomer. Dotted line in 2 indicates sulci of skull scutes. Light grey areas in 8 indicate preservation of the dorsalmost surface of the bones. Scale bar applies for all figures.

FIGURE 3 in The first fossil skull of Chelus (Pleurodira: Chelidae, Matamata turtle) from the early Miocene of Colombia

FIGURE 3. CT images of Chelus sp. MUN-STRI-dbid 38473. 1, skull in dorsal view, arrows indicate the position of the cuts shown in 4-7. 2, horizontal cut on the lower portion of the skull, anterior to the foramen magnum. 3, horizontal cut at the level of the widest portion of the skull. 4, sagittal cut on the left portion of the skull. 5, sagittal cut at the midline of the skull. 6, coronal cut very close to the level of the basisphenoid-basioccipital contact. 7, coronal cut on the anterior portion of the skull. Abbreviations are as in Figure 2, plus apb (anterior process of basisphenoid).

FIGURE 1 in The first fossil skull of Chelus (Pleurodira: Chelidae, Matamata turtle) from the early Miocene of Colombia

FIGURE 1. Geographical and stratigraphical occurrence of Chelus sp. MUN-STRIdbid 38473. 1, map of the northernmost portion of South America, showing the location of Castilletes, on the Guajira Peninsula of Colombia. 2, stratigraphic column for the lower segment of the Castilletes Formation, Kaitamana section, including the horizon where Chelus sp. MUN-STRI-dbid 38473 was found, redrawn from Moreno et al. (2015). 3, landscape photograph of the locality where Chelus sp. MUN-STRI-dbid 38473 was found. 4, complete skeleton of Chelus fimbriata NMW 1859, orange shadowed area in the skull, represents the area preserved in the fossil Chelus sp. MUN-STRI-dbid 38473, down is the anterior view of the head of Ch. fimbriata (photo credit, Stuart Hamilton).

Figure 7 in Electrophoretic delineation of species boundaries within the genus Chelodina (Testudines: Chelidae) of Australia, New Guinea and Indonesia

Figure 7. The phylogeny most strongly supported by our electrophoretic data. Note that C. reimanni and C. novaeguineae could not be separated electrophoretically, but we retain them as separate on the basis of morphological evidence (Philippen & Grossman, 1990; Rhodin, 1994a). The symbols + show the progressive development of robusticity in both the skull and triturating surfaces.

Figure 6 in Electrophoretic delineation of species boundaries within the genus Chelodina (Testudines: Chelidae) of Australia, New Guinea and Indonesia

Figure 6. The best-supported phylogeny for the Chelodina prior to the present electrophoretic study (Burbidge et al., 1974; Rhodin & Mittermeier, 1976; Georges & Adams, 1992; Rhodin, 1994a,b). The root was chosen on the basis of evidence presented by Georges & Adams (1992), Seddon et al. (1997) and Georges et al. (1998). This phylogeny serves as the working hypotheses against which to compare our data. Only those taxa we regard to be species are included.

Figure 2 in Electrophoretic delineation of species boundaries within the genus Chelodina (Testudines: Chelidae) of Australia, New Guinea and Indonesia

Figure 2. Principal co-ordinates analysis applied to a matrix of Roger's D genetic distances between all individuals of Chelodina expansa. The plot shows a degree of differentiation between coastal Queensland forms (Albert River in the south to Fitzroy–Dawson River in the north, including Fraser Island) (O) and those of the Murray-Darling system (•), but these differences have not moved to fixation at any locus (45 loci).

Figure 3 in Electrophoretic delineation of species boundaries within the genus Chelodina (Testudines: Chelidae) of Australia, New Guinea and Indonesia

Figure 3. Principal co-ordinates analysis applied to a matrix of Roger's D genetic distances between all individuals of Chelodina rugosa (Queensland form) (O), C. rugosa (Northern Territory form) (Z), C. siebenrocki (•), Chelodina burrungandjii (O) and an undescribed form from the Kimberley plateau of Western Australia (Ɨ). A hybrid between Chelodina burrungandjii and C. rugosa (Northern Territory form) is included (). Three groups are evident. Chelodina burrungandjii and the undescribed form from the Kimberley plateau are undifferentiated and probably represent a single taxon. Chelodina seibenrocki and the Queensland form of C. rugosa are undifferentiated, and also probably represent a single taxon. The Northern Territory form of C. rugosa represents the third group. These three groups differ each by only one fixed difference.