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Fig. 3 in Biology, chemical ecology, and sexual dimorphism of the weevil Myllocerus undecimpustulatus undatus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

Fig. 3. Chromatographic detection of volatiles present in headspace of peach flush, mature peach leaves, and Valencia (sweet orange) leaves.

Fig. 4 in Biology, chemical ecology, and sexual dimorphism of the weevil Myllocerus undecimpustulatus undatus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

Fig. 4. (A) Antennae of Sri Lankan weevil; (B) scanning electron microscopy of olfactory and mechanoreceptor hairs on the club of Sri Lankan weevil antennae; (C) arrangement of antennal preparation for electroantennogram recordings.

Fig 2 in Biology, chemical ecology, and sexual dimorphism of the weevil Myllocerus undecimpustulatus undatus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

Fig 2. Sri Lankan weevil larval distribution in top (black columns) and bottom (gray columns) 5 inches of soil in pots containing peach seedlings. No significant differences were observed in the distribution of larval stages.

Fig. 1 in Biology, chemical ecology, and sexual dimorphism of the weevil Myllocerus undecimpustulatus undatus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

Fig. 1. (A) Lateral view showing the difference in size of female and male Sri Lankan weevils. Dimorphism appears as black-gray markings on the ventral mesosternum of female (B) and male weevils (C).

opencc-zeroJan 2021View details →

Variation of chemical compounds in wild Heliconiini reveals ecological and historical contributions to the evolution of chemical defences in mimetic butterflies

Evolutionary convergence of colour pattern in mimetic species is tightly linked with the evolution of chemical defences. Yet, the evolutionary forces involved in natural variations of chemical defences in aposematic species are still understudied. Herein, we focus on the evolution chemical defences in the butterfly tribe Heliconiini. These neo-tropical butterflies contain large concentrations of cyanogenic glucosides, cyanide-releasing compounds acting as predator deterrent. These compounds are either de novo synthesized or sequestered from their Passiflora host-plant, so that their concentrations may depend on host-plant specialization and host-plant availability. We sampled 375 wild Heliconiini butterflies across Central and South America, covering 43% species of this clade, and quantify individual variations in the different cyanogenic glucosides using liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. We detected new compounds and important variations in chemical defences both within and among species. Based on the most recent and well-studied phylogeny of Heliconiini, we show that ecological factors such as mimetic interactions and host-plant specialization have a significant association with chemical profiles, but these effects are largely explained by phylogenetic relationships. Our results therefore suggest that shared ancestries largely contribute to chemical defence variation, pointing out at the interaction between historical and ecological factors in the evolution of Müllerian mimicry.

opencc-zeroMar 2020View details →

Chemical variations in Quercus pollen as a tool for taxonomic identification: implications for long-term ecological and biogeographical research

Aim Fossil pollen is an important tool for understanding biogeographic patterns in the past, but the taxonomic resolution of the fossil-pollen record may be limited to genus or even family level. Chemical analysis of pollen grains has the potential to increase the taxonomic resolution of pollen, but present-day chemical variability is poorly understood. This study aims to investigate whether a phylogenetic signal is present in the chemical variations of Quercus L. pollen and to assess the prospects of chemical techniques for identification in biogeographic research. Location Portugal Taxon Six taxa (five species, one subspecies) of Quercus L., Q. faginea, Q. robur, Q. robur ssp. estremadurensis, Q. coccifera, Q. rotundifolia and Q. suber belonging to three sections: Cerris, Ilex, and Quercus (<a href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/761148v2#ref-13">Denk, Grimm, Manos, Deng, & Hipp, 2017</a>) Methods We collected pollen samples from 297 individual Quercus trees across a 4° (∼450 km) latitudinal gradient and determined chemical differences using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). We used canonical powered partial least-squares regression (CPPLS) and discriminant analysis to describe within- and between-species chemical variability. Results We find clear differences in the FTIR spectra from Quercus pollen at the section level (Cerris: ∼98%; Ilex: ∼100%; Quercus: ∼97%). Successful discrimination is based on spectral signals related to lipids and sporopollenins. However, discrimination of species within individual Quercus sections is more difficult: overall, species recall is ∼76% and species misidentifications within sections lie between 18% and 31% of the test-set. Main Conclusions Our results demonstrate that subgenus level differentiation of Quercus pollen is possible using FTIR methods, with successful classification at the section level. This indicates that operator-independent FTIR approaches can surpass traditional morphological techniques using the light microscope. Our results have implications both for providing new insights into past colonisation pathways of Quercus, and likewise for forecasting future responses to climate change. However, before FTIR techniques can be applied more broadly across palaeoecology and biogeography, our results also highlight a number of research challenges that still need to be addressed, including developing sporopollenin-specific taxonomic discriminators and determining a more complete understanding of the effects of environmental variation on pollen-chemical signatures in Quercus.

opencc-zeroJun 2022View details →

Data from: Ecological factors influence balancing selection on leaf chemical profiles of a wildflower

<div> <div> <div> <div> Balancing selection is frequently invoked as a mechanism to maintain variation within and across populations. However, rigorous tests demonstrating balancing selection operating in nature are scarce, particularly on complex traits, which frequently display high levels of variation. Leveraging a focal polymorphism, leaf chemical profile in a perennial wildflower (Boechera stricta, Brassicaceae), we investigated the ecological and genetic mechanisms that may influence the maintenance of variation in this trait. A suite of common garden and greenhouse experiments showed that the alleles underlying variation in chemical profile have contrasting fitness effects across environments, implicating two ecological drivers of selection on chemical profile: herbivory and drought. Phenotype-environment associations and molecular genetic analyses revealed additional evidence of past selection by these drivers. Together, these data are consistent with balancing selection on chemical profile, likely caused by pleiotropic effects of genes that influence secondary chemical biosynthesis on herbivore defense and drought response. </div> </div> </div> </div>

zenodo36/100

Evaluation of the impact of chemical control on the ecology of Rattus norvegicus of an urban community in Salvador, Brazil

dataset of rodent trapping in a pre/post-intervention scheme. Check publication of the same name for details on the study design. File contains complete comprehensive codebook.

opencc-by-4.0Jun 2022View details →

opencc-zeroMay 2024View details →

Interactions between phenanthrene exposure and historical chemical stress: Implications for fitness and ecological resilience of the sentinel species Daphnia magna

<div> Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) arise from incomplete combustion of oil, coal, and gasoline, with lipophilic properties facilitating their widespread distribution and persistence. Due to their biochemical attributes, PAHs can accumulate in animal tissues, potentially causing mutagenic and carcinogenic effects. Since the industrial revolution, PAH concentrations in the environment have risen, with some areas showing levels from 0.159 to 33,090 µg/kg sediment. Despite acute toxicity studies showing adverse effects on freshwater organisms, the long-term impacts and synergistic interactions with other pollutants remain largely unexplored. </div> <div> This study investigates the impact of phenanthrene (PHE), a prominent PAH found in aquatic environments, on Daphnia magna, a species of significant ecological importance in freshwater ecosystems globally, being both a sentinel species for chemical pollution and a keystone organism in freshwater aquatic ecosystems. Leveraging the dormancy of D. magna, which spans decades or even centuries, we exposed strains with diverse histories of chemical contaminant exposure to environmentally relevant concentrations of PHE. Initially, acute exposure experiments were conducted in accordance with OECD guidelines across 16 Daphnia strains, revealing substantial variation in acute toxic responses, with strains naïve to chemical pollutants showing the lowest toxicity. Utilizing the median effect concentration EC10 derived from acute exposures, we assessed the impacts of chronic PHE exposure on the life history traits and ecological endpoints of the 16 strains. To elucidate how historical exposure to other environmental stressors may modulate the toxicity of PHE, temporal populations of D. magna resurrected from a lake with a well-documented century-spanning history of environmental impact were utilized. Our findings demonstrate that PHE exposure induces developmental failure, delays sexual maturation, and reduces adult size in Daphnia. Populations of Daphnia historically exposed to chemical stress exhibited significantly greater fitness impacts compared to naïve populations. This study provides crucial insights into the augmented effects of PAHs interacting with other environmental stressors. </div>

zenodo36/100

SI_IV_3_Reverse chemical ecology to study the defense of the plant host Sextonia rubra and the chemical mediators of its endophyte Fusarium falciforme against phytopathogen Trametes versicolor

Ces travaux présentant les données supplémentaires générés lors de l'étude de la confrontation d'isolat identifiés comme des Fusarium falciforme contre Trametes versicolor.

opencc-by-4.0Sep 2023View details →