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FIGURE 31 in Chinlechelys from the Upper Triassic of New Mexico, USA, and the origin of turtles

FIGURE 31. Otic structures of the Pareiasauridae and Chinlechelys: 1, Embrithosaurus schwarzi skull fragment in ventral view (from Van Den Brant et al., 2019), showing the simple otic notch; 2, Anthodon pricei skull in ventral view (image from Mike S.Y. Lee) showing the conical shape in one dimension of the notch in this pareiasaur, previously hypothesized to be close to Testudines; 3, ventral view of the skull fragment of Chinlechelys showing the cone-shaped (in two dimensions) otic conch.

FIGURE 8 in Chinlechelys from the Upper Triassic of New Mexico, USA, and the origin of turtles

FIGURE 8. Part of skull of Chinlechelys tenertesta, NMMNH P-16697-12: 1, stereograph of the left posterior portion of Chinlechelys skull in ventral view; 2, line drawing highlighting major features of the skull fragment; 3, prootic and opistotic viewed from opposite sides, orientation unknown; 4, skull of Anthodon serrarius modified from Lee (1993) with the bones corresponding to those identified in Chinlechelys highlighted. Abbreviations: po, jugal; qj, quadratojugal; sq, squamosal; te, temporal emargination.

FIGURE 10. Chinlechelys tenertesta NMMNH P-16697-15 in Chinlechelys from the Upper Triassic of New Mexico, USA, and the origin of turtles

FIGURE 10. Chinlechelys tenertesta NMMNH P-16697-15, Neural plates and thoracic vertebrae 1-3 in 1, anterior; 2, right lateral; 3, posterior views; and 4, a close up of the anterior process of the right rib 3.

FIGURE 26 in Chinlechelys from the Upper Triassic of New Mexico, USA, and the origin of turtles

FIGURE 26. Phylogeny resulting from our initial analysis with Eunotosaurus and two caseids included. Bremer support values above one are listed above nodes and bootstrap values above 50% are listed below nodes.

FIGURE 21 in Chinlechelys from the Upper Triassic of New Mexico, USA, and the origin of turtles

FIGURE 21. Chinlechelys tenertesta innominates: 1. Holotype innominate (P-16697-11) in distal view. 2. Proximal view. 3. Referred innominate (P-16621) distal view. 4. proximal view. Sutures are marked at the free edges of the innominate with a "s."

FIGURE 6 in Chinlechelys from the Upper Triassic of New Mexico, USA, and the origin of turtles

FIGURE 6. Outline drawing of Proganochelys quenstedti showing as shaded areas the approximate preserved portions of the shell and skull of Chinlechelys tenertesta. Numbers correspond to the suffix added to the specimen numbers in the text to identify specific fragments.

FIGURE 13. Chinlechelys tenertesta costal, NMMNH P-16697-1 in Chinlechelys from the Upper Triassic of New Mexico, USA, and the origin of turtles

FIGURE 13. Chinlechelys tenertesta costal, NMMNH P-16697-1 in 1, Dorsal and 2, ventral views; 3-5, Costals and ribs P-16697-3: 3, Ventral view and 4, line drawing; 5, Close up of dorsal side of rib in F where the costal plate has been broken away; and 6, Lateral view. Abbreviations: r, rib and c, costal.

FIGURE 1 in Chinlechelys from the Upper Triassic of New Mexico, USA, and the origin of turtles

FIGURE 1. Cladograms showing the various proposed placements of turtles (Testudines) relative to other amniotes. 1. Eunotosaurus as the ancestor of turtles (Watson, 1914). 2. Turtles as the sister group to the Dicynodontia Gardiner (1982). 3. Turtles as the sister group to the Captorhinidae (Gauthier et al., 1988). 4. Turtles as the sister group to Owenetta (Reisz and Laurin, 1991). 5. Turtles as the sister group to the Pareiasauridae (Lee, 1997). 6. Turtles as the sister group to the Sauropterygia (Rieppel and Reisz, 1999). 7. Turtles as a sister group to archosaurs (Hugal et al., 2007; Crawford et al., 2012; and Chiari et al., 2012).

FIGURE 7 in Chinlechelys from the Upper Triassic of New Mexico, USA, and the origin of turtles

FIGURE 7. Part of skull of Chinlechelys tenertesta, NMMNH P-16697-12: 1, stereograph of the left posterior portion of Chinlechelys skull in dorsal view; 2, dorsal view of same with labels. Abbreviations: po, jugal; qj, quadratojugal; ri, ridge (a and b indicate the two separate ridges referred to in the text); sq, squamosal; te, temporal emargination.

FIGURE 9. Chinlechelys tenertesta NMMNH P-16697-8,15,16 in Chinlechelys from the Upper Triassic of New Mexico, USA, and the origin of turtles

FIGURE 9. Chinlechelys tenertesta NMMNH P-16697-8,15,16, Neural plates and thoracic vertebrae 1-8 in 1, dorsal; and 2, ventral views.

FIGURE 24 in Chinlechelys from the Upper Triassic of New Mexico, USA, and the origin of turtles

FIGURE 24. Phylogeny resulting from our cladistic analysis, excluding Eunotosaurus, adding in the two autapomorphies of the Pareiasauridae and testing the position of Testudines within the Reptilia. This was based on the modified version of the Szczygielski matrix presented in this paper and run through the program TNT with multistate characters ordered. Bremer support values above one are listed above nodes, and bootstrap values above 50% are listed below nodes.

FIGURE 20. Chinlechelys tenertesta, NMMNH P-16697-14 in Chinlechelys from the Upper Triassic of New Mexico, USA, and the origin of turtles

FIGURE 20. Chinlechelys tenertesta, NMMNH P-16697-14, Hypoplastron in dorsal (1) and ventral (3) views. Line drawings of dorsal view (2) and ventral views (4). Note the suture to the pelvis in the lower right of the dorsal view and the longitudinal sulcus crossing the hypoplastron in the ventral view near the edge of the bone. Abbreviation: in, inguinal scute.

FIGURE 29 in Chinlechelys from the Upper Triassic of New Mexico, USA, and the origin of turtles

FIGURE 29. Plot showing the forelimb proportions of several putative basal turtles and the synapsid Edaphosaurus as a comparison relative to a variety of extant turtles. 1. comparison relative to various turtle taxa; and 2. comparison to different habitats of extant turtles. Figure is based on Joyce and Gauthier (2004).

FIGURE 27 in Chinlechelys from the Upper Triassic of New Mexico, USA, and the origin of turtles

FIGURE 27. Side-by-side comparison of left lateral views of the skulls of: 1. Casea. 2. Eunotosaurus. 3. Milleretta. Not to scale. Casea based on Lee (1993), Eunotosaurus based on Keysler and Gow (1981), and Milleretta based on Romer (1956).

FIGURE 15 in Chinlechelys from the Upper Triassic of New Mexico, USA, and the origin of turtles

FIGURE 15. Carapace fragments of Chinlechelys tenertesta: 1-2, NMMNH P-16697-2 costal bones in dorsal view; 3- 4, NMMNH P-16697-6, costal fragment in dorsal and ventral views; 5, NMMNH P-16697-7, costal fragment in dorsal view; and 6-7, NMMNH P-16697-5 costal fragment in dorsal view. Abbreviations: pr, dorsal process; r, rib; and s, suture.

FIGURE 18. Chinlechelys tenertesta, NMMNH P-16697- 13 in Chinlechelys from the Upper Triassic of New Mexico, USA, and the origin of turtles

FIGURE 18. Chinlechelys tenertesta, NMMNH P-16697- 13, hyoplastron and mesoplastron in 1, external view; 2, external view line drawing; and 3, internal view. 4, left axillary notch in dorsal view. Short dashes indicate sutures and longer dashes sulci and raised surface structures.

FIGURE 14. Chinlechelys tenertesta costal, NMMNH P-16697-3 in Chinlechelys from the Upper Triassic of New Mexico, USA, and the origin of turtles

FIGURE 14. Chinlechelys tenertesta costal, NMMNH P-16697-3: 1, Close up of a cross section across the rib of NMMNH P-16697-1 on the right in Figure 12.6; and 2, cross section of rib on the left in Figure 12.6. 3, color close up of a cross section across the same rib of NMMNH P-16697-1 seen in 14.1; 4, color close up of a cross section across the same rib of NMMNH P-16697-1 seen in 14.2; 5, progressive ct scan slices through the rib in figure 14.1; and 6, progressive ct scan slices through the rib in figure 14.2.

FIGURE 11. A-D, Chinlechelys tenertesta NMMNH P-16697-8 in Chinlechelys from the Upper Triassic of New Mexico, USA, and the origin of turtles

FIGURE 11. A-D, Chinlechelys tenertesta NMMNH P-16697-8: Two neural plates and vertebrae in 1, lateral; 2, dorsal views; 3, anterior; 4, posterior; and 5, dorsal outline drawing. Abbreviation: n1, first anterior neural; and n2 second neural; r, rib; and rid, medial ridge.

FIGURE 30 in Chinlechelys from the Upper Triassic of New Mexico, USA, and the origin of turtles

FIGURE 30. Drawings of proposed origin of turtles from left to right: Scutosaurus, modified from Lee (1997), Anthodon, modified from Lee (1997), Chinlechelys tenertesta, new reconstruction, Proganochelys quenstedti, modified from Joyce et al., (2009), Kayentachelys, modified from Joyce et al., (2009). Drawings by Matt Celeskey.

FIGURE 22. Chinlechelys tenertesta, NMMNH P- 4315 in Chinlechelys from the Upper Triassic of New Mexico, USA, and the origin of turtles

FIGURE 22. Chinlechelys tenertesta, NMMNH P- 4315, referred femoral head: in dorsal (1), posterior (2), anterior (3) and lateral views (4). Abbreviations: hh, head height; hw, head width; i, intertrochanteric fossa; ma, trochanter major; and mi, trochanter minor.