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Fig. 4. Chloeia parva chaetae. A–L in Pampus candidus

Fig. 4. Chloeia parva chaetae. A–L: specimen SWIMS-ANN-19-003. (A) bifurcate notochaetae, chaetiger 2, left side; (B) bifurcate notochaetae, chaetiger 4, left side; (C) bifurcate notochaetae, chaetiger 5, right side; (D) harpoon notochaetae, chaetiger 6, left side; (E) harpoon notochaetae, chaetiger 10, left side; (F) harpoon notochaetae, chaetiger 17, left side; (G) harpoon notochaetae, chaetiger 30, left side; (H) spinose notochaetae, chaetiger 5, 17 and 30, respectively; (I) bifurcate neurochaetae, chaetiger 2, left side; (J) bifurcate neurochaetae, chaetiger 10, left side; (K) bifurcate neurochaetae, chaetiger 17, left side; (L) bifurcate neurochaetae, chaetiger 30, left side. Scale bars: A–C, I–L = 50 μm; D–H = 100 μm.

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Fig. 3. Chloeia parva. A, J in Pampus candidus

Fig. 3. Chloeia parva. A, J, specimen SWIMS-ANN-19-005; B–I, K, specimen SWIMS-ANN-19-003. (A) living specimen, dorsal view; (B) anterior part, dorsal view; (C) anterior part, ventral view; (D) chaetiger 7–9, ventral view, right side; (E) pygidium, ventral view, showing two finger-shaped pygidial cirri; (F) pygidium, dorsal view, showing anus (black arrow); (G) parapodium of chaetiger 2, right side, posterior view; (H) parapodium of chaetiger 10, right side, posterior view; (I) chaetiger 15–16, dorsal view, showing the pattern of dorsal pigmentation; (J) caruncle, dorsal view; (K) chaetiger 15–16, dorsal view, showing branchiae and the pattern of dorsal pigmentation. Abbreviations: an, anus; apl, anterior pigmented line; bc, branchial cirrus; br, branchia; car, carucle; gl, guard line; ipl, inner-posterior pigmented line; lAn, lateral antenna; lg, longitudinal groove; mAn, median antenna; mdm, mid-dorsal mark; nec, neuropodial cirrus; noc, notopodial cirrus; opl, outer-posterior pigmented line; pa, palp; pAn, palpal antenna; pc, pygidial cirrus. Scale bars: A = 10 mm; I = 5 mm; H = 2 mm; B–G, J, K = 1 mm.

Fig. 11 in Fig. 1. Norileca indica and its protandrous hermaphroditic reproductive system. A in Chloeia incerta de Quatrefages 1866

Fig. 11. Male pleon of three new species of Parasesarma from southern Taiwan. (A) P. aurifrons n. sp., holotype male (10.4 × 8.5 mm) (NCHUZOOL 15602); (B) P. sanguimanus n. sp., paratype male (14.1 × 12.1 mm, NCHUZOOL 15625); (C) P. gemmatum n. sp., holotype male (15.7 × 13.1 mm, NCHUZOOL 15639). Scale bars = 1.0 mm.

Fig. 12 in Fig. 1. Norileca indica and its protandrous hermaphroditic reproductive system. A in Chloeia incerta de Quatrefages 1866

Fig. 12. Coloration in life. (A, B) Parasesarma lenzii (De Man, 1895), male (CW about 15 mm, not collected) from Tanzih Fishing Port, Hengchun, Pingtung, Taiwan; (C, D) P. dumacense (Rathbun, 1914), male (23.9 × 19.1 mm, NCHUZOOL 16088) from Dongsha Island, Taiwan.

Fig. 7 in Fig. 1. Norileca indica and its protandrous hermaphroditic reproductive system. A in Chloeia incerta de Quatrefages 1866

Fig. 7. (A, B, E, F) Parasesarma sanguimanus n. sp., holotype male (15.2 × 13.0 mm, NCHUZOOL 15623), southern Taiwan; (I, J) P. sanguimanus n. sp., paratype male (18.4 × 15.0 mm, ZRC 2019.1080), southern Taiwan; (K) P. sanguimanus n. sp., paratype female (13.8 × 11.6 mm, NCHUZOOL 15627), southern Taiwan; (C, D, G, H) P. cricotus (Rahayu and Davie, 2002) (male, 19.2 × 15.0 mm, MZB), Papua, Indonesia. A, C, dorsal views; B, D, frontal views; E, F, left chela; G, H, right chela; I, J, left G1; K, vulvae. E, G, outer views; E, F, dorsal (sternal) views; I, ventral (pleonal) view; J, dorsal (sternal) view.

Fig. 3. Parasesarma aurifrons n in Fig. 1. Norileca indica and its protandrous hermaphroditic reproductive system. A in Chloeia incerta de Quatrefages 1866

Fig. 3. Parasesarma aurifrons n. sp., southern Taiwan. (A–D) holotype male (10.4 × 8.5 mm, NCHUZOOL 15602); (E–F) paratype male (14.2 × 10.9 mm, ZRC 2019.1075); (G) paratype female (13.8 × 11.2 mm, NCHUZOOL 15609). A, dorsal view; B, frontal view; C, D, right chela; E, F, left G1; G, vulvae. C, outer view; D, inner view; E, ventral (pleonal) view; F, dorsal (sternal) view.

Fig. 4 in Fig. 3 in Fig. 1. Norileca indica and its protandrous hermaphroditic reproductive system. A in Chloeia incerta de Quatrefages 1866

Fig. 4. Occurrence of N. indica in pairs with different life cycle stage combinations. M/F: male-female (89.17%; 717/804), male-transitional (7.46%; 60/804), female-juvenile (0.37%; 3/804), juvenile-male (0.62%; 5/804), male-male (0.12%; 1/804), female-transitional (0.49%; 4/804), juvenile-juvenile (0.12%; 1/804), and female-female (1.61%; 13/804).

Fig. 2 in Fig. 3 in Fig. 1. Norileca indica and its protandrous hermaphroditic reproductive system. A in Chloeia incerta de Quatrefages 1866

Fig. 2. Infection by N. indica – site of attachment, tissue damage, and adaptations for clinging to the host fish. A, Male-Female (ñ -ò) pair in the gill chamber (branchial cavity) of R. kanagurta; B, juvenile-ò pair; C, Manca-II (first infective stage); D and E. damaged gill chamber (arrow) and gills due to the infection of N. indica; F, gill of uninfected fish j- Juvenile, m-manca-I. G, male pereopods; H, female pereopods; I, mouthpart complex.

Fig. 7 in Fig. 3 in Fig. 1. Norileca indica and its protandrous hermaphroditic reproductive system. A in Chloeia incerta de Quatrefages 1866

Fig. 7. Seasonal variation in the prevalence of N. indica along the Malabar Coast of Kerala. Overall variations among the three seasons was statistically shown using one-way ANOVA (** p = 0.0011). Paired t-test of prevalence between monsoon/post-monsoon and winter seasons (ns-no significance; p = 0.0983) and paired t-test of prevalence at pre-summer/summer vs monsoon/post-monsoon were significantly different (p = 0.0293).

Fig. 6 in Fig. 1. Norileca indica and its protandrous hermaphroditic reproductive system. A in Chloeia incerta de Quatrefages 1866

Fig. 6. Parasesarma obliquefrons (Rathbun, 1924), holotype male (12.8 × 11.3 mm) (USNM 45913a), Samoa. (A) left G1 (dorsal view); (B) distal part of left G1 (dorsal view); (C) left G1 (ventral view); (D) distal part of left G1 (ventral view); (E) left G2. Scale bars: A, C, E = 1.0 mm; B, D = 0.5 mm.

Fig. 10. Parasesarma gemmatum n in Fig. 1. Norileca indica and its protandrous hermaphroditic reproductive system. A in Chloeia incerta de Quatrefages 1866

Fig. 10. Parasesarma gemmatum n. sp., southern Taiwan. (A, C–F, H) paratype male (14.8 × 12.4 mm) (NCHUZOOL 15532); (B, G) holotype male (15.7 × 13.1 mm) (NCHUZOOL 15639); (F) paratype female (14.2 × 11.7 mm, NCHUZOOL 15640). A, carapace; B, C, right dactylar finger; D, E, left G1; F, left vulvae; G, H, pleon. A–C, dorsal views; D, F, G, H, dorsal (sternal) view; E, ventral (pleonal) view. Scale bars: A–C, F–H = 1.0 mm; D, E = 0.5 mm.

Fig. 9. Parasesarma gemmatum n in Fig. 1. Norileca indica and its protandrous hermaphroditic reproductive system. A in Chloeia incerta de Quatrefages 1866

Fig. 9. Parasesarma gemmatum n. sp., southern Taiwan. (A, B, E, F) paratype male (14.8 × 12.4 mm, NCHUZOOL 15532); (C, D) paratype female (14.4 × 10.4 mm, NCHUZOOL 15531); (G, H,) paratype male (15.0 × 12.4 mm, NCHUZOOL 15707); (I) paratype female (12.8 × 10.4 mm, NCHUZOOL 15641). A, C, dorsal views; B, D, ventral views; E, F, right chelipeds; G, H, left G1; I, vulvae. E, outer view; F, inner view; G, ventral (pleonal) view; H, dorsal (sternal) view.

Fig. 13. A in Fig. 1. Norileca indica and its protandrous hermaphroditic reproductive system. A in Chloeia incerta de Quatrefages 1866

Fig. 13. A Bayesian inference (BI) tree for species of Parasesarma, based on the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene. Probability values at the nodes represent support values for BI and maximum likelihood (ML). For haplotype names, see table 1.

Fig. 1 in Fig. 3 in Fig. 1. Norileca indica and its protandrous hermaphroditic reproductive system. A in Chloeia incerta de Quatrefages 1866

Fig. 1. Life cycle stages of N. indica recovered from R. kanagurta. ES-1, ES-II, and ES-III: Eggs undergoing embryonic development; Manca-I and Manca-II: larval stages; male, transitional, and female: adult stages.

Fig. 8 in Fig. 1. Norileca indica and its protandrous hermaphroditic reproductive system. A in Chloeia incerta de Quatrefages 1866

Fig. 8. (A–C) Parasesarma sanguimanus n. sp., holotype male (15.2 × 13.0 mm, NCHUZOOL 15623), southern Taiwan; (D) P. sanguimanus n. sp., paratype female (12.0 × 9.8 mm, NCHUZOOL 15631), southern Taiwan; (E, F) P. cricotus (Rahayu & Davie, 2002), male (19.2 × 15.0 mm, MZB), Papua, Indonesia; (G) P. cricotus (Rahayu & Davie, 2002), female (16.9 × 3.5 mm, MZB), Papua, Indonesia. A, B, E, left dactylar finger; C, F, left G1s ventral (pleonal) views; D, G, left vulvae. A, outer view; B, E, dorsal views. Scale bars = 1.0 mm.

Fig. 2 in Fig. 1. Norileca indica and its protandrous hermaphroditic reproductive system. A in Chloeia incerta de Quatrefages 1866

Fig. 2. Colour in life of three new species of Parasesarma from southern Taiwan in the field. (A–D) P. aurifrons n. sp. (specimens not collected); (E) P. sanguimanus n. sp. (specimen not collected); (F) P. gemmatum n. sp. (paratype male, 14.8 × 12.4 mm, NCHUZOOL 15532). A, B, E, on riverbed from Gangkou R. estuary; C, D, climbing on vegetations (Gangkou R. estuary, Pingtung, Taiwan); F, climbing on an eroded coral reef under a coastal forest (east coast to Tanzih Fishing Port, Pingtung, Taiwan).

Fig. 5 in Fig. 1. Norileca indica and its protandrous hermaphroditic reproductive system. A in Chloeia incerta de Quatrefages 1866

Fig. 5. Parasesarma obliquefrons (Rathbun, 1924), holotype male (12.8 × 11.3 mm) (USNM 45913a), Samoa. (A) dorsal view; (B) frontal view; (C) ventral view; (D) left chela; (E) dorsal view of right chela; (F) dorsal view of left dactylar finger.

Fig. 4. Parasesarma aurifrons n in Fig. 1. Norileca indica and its protandrous hermaphroditic reproductive system. A in Chloeia incerta de Quatrefages 1866

Fig. 4. Parasesarma aurifrons n. sp., southern Taiwan. (A–E) holotype male (10.4 × 8.5 mm, NCHUZOOL 15602); (F) paratype female (13.8 × 11.2 mm, NCHUZOOL 15609). A, carapace dorsal view; B–D, right chela; E, left G1 dorsal (sternal) view; F, left vulva. B, outer view; C, dorsal view of palm and dactylar finger; D, lateral view of pectinated cristae on palm. Scale bars: A–C, E, F = 1.0 mm; D = 0.5 mm.

Fig. 1 in Fig. 1. Norileca indica and its protandrous hermaphroditic reproductive system. A in Chloeia incerta de Quatrefages 1866

Fig. 1. Colour in life of three new species of Parasesarma from southern Taiwan. (A, B) P. aurifrons n. sp., paratype male (12.4 × 10.2 mm, NCHUZOOL 15610); (C, D) P. sanguimanus n. sp., paratype male (17.6 × 15.1 mm, NCHUZOOL 15626); (E, G) P. gemmatum n. sp., holotype male (15.7 × 13.1 mm, NCHUZOOL 15639); (F) P. gemmatum n. sp., paratype female (14.8 × 12.4 mm, NCHUZOOL 15532). A, C, E, F, dorsal views; B, D, G, ventral views.