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27 results for “Classification schemes”
The Category-Modifier system: a hierarchical classification scheme for vertebrate tooth marks - supplementary tables
<p>Preserved records of tooth-bone interactions, known as tooth marks, can yield a wealth of information regarding organismal behavior and ecology. For this reason, workers in a wide range of disciplines, but particularly paleontology, have inspected and interpreted these features for decades. Although previous studies have gleaned invaluable insights, they have also described tooth marks using terminological frameworks that have been incompletely defined, have incorporated behavioral hypotheses in definitions, and/or have been inconsistently applied. To address these problems, we introduce the Category-Modifier (CM) system, the first system to both sort tooth marks into clearly defined main categories and use descriptive modifiers to characterize their appearance more precisely. The CM system is designed to apply to a wide range of vertebrates, to enable comparisons across disciplines and studies, and to help researchers keep their investigations into behavioral hypotheses free of circular reasoning.</p>
SPH modelling of companion-perturbed AGB outflows including a new morphology classification scheme
<p><strong>ABSTRACT</strong></p> <p><em>Context.</em> Asymptotic giant branch (AGB) stars are known to lose a significant amount of mass by a stellar wind, which controls the remainder of their stellar lifetime. High angular-resolution observations show that the winds of these cool stars typically exhibit mid- to small-scale density perturbations such as spirals and arcs, believed to be caused by the gravitational interaction with a (sub-)stellar companion.<br> <em>Aims.</em> We aim to explore the effects of the wind-companion interaction on the 3D density and velocity distribution of the wind, as a function of three key parameters: wind velocity, binary separation and companion mass. For the first time, we compare the impact on the outflow of a planetary companion to that of a stellar companion. We intend to devise a morphology classification scheme based on a singular parameter.<br> <em>Methods.</em> We ran a small grid of high-resolution polytropic models with the smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) numerical code Phantom to examine the 3D density structure of the AGB outflow in the orbital and meridional plane and around the poles. By constructing a basic toy model of the gravitational acceleration due to the companion, we analysed the terminal velocity reached by the outflow in the simulations.<br> <em>Results.</em> We find that models with a stellar companion, large binary separation and high wind speed obtain a wind morphology in the orbital plane consisting of a single spiral structure, of which the two edges diverge due to a velocity dispersion caused by the gravitational slingshot mechanism. In the meridional plane the spiral manifests itself as concentric arcs, reaching all latitudes. When lowering the wind velocity and/or the binary separation, the morphology becomes more complex: in the orbital plane a double spiral arises, which is irregular for the closest systems, and the wind material gets focussed towards the orbital plane, with the formation of an equatorial density enhancement (EDE) as a consequence. Lowering the companion mass from a stellar to a planetary mass, reduces<br> the formation of density perturbations significantly.<br> <em>Conclusions.</em> With this grid of models we cover the prominent morphology changes in a companion-perturbed AGB outflow: slow winds with a close, massive binary companion show a more complex morphology. Additionally, we prove that massive planets are able to significantly impact the density structure of an AGB wind. We find that the interaction with a companion affects the terminal velocity of the wind, which can be explained by the gravitational slingshot mechanism. We distinguish between two types of wind focussing to the orbital plane resulting from distinct mechanisms: global flattening of the outflow as a result of the AGB star’s orbital motion and the formation of an EDE as a consequence of the companion’s gravitational pull. We investigate different morphology classification schemes and uncover that the ratio of the gravitational potential energy density of the companion to the kinetic energy density of the AGB outflow yields a robust classification parameter for the models presented in this paper.</p>
Computer-assisted abridgment of a classification scheme
<p>Work is under way to define and test a model for semi-automatic abridgment of the Dewey Decimal Classification (DDC) system. This abridgment is guided by data in the current full and abridged editions and by principles and practices that inform development and maintenance of the classification. The model is immediately applicable to the development of the next abridged edition of the DDC; other applications include derivation of different views of the DDC and management of multilingual content at various levels of development.</p>
Supplemental data from: A conceptual classification scheme of invasion science
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The Category-Modifier system: a hierarchical classification scheme for vertebrate tooth marks - supplementary tables
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A classification scheme to determine wildfires from the satellite record in the cool grasslands of southern Canada: considerations for fire occurrence modelling and warning criteria
<p>This data set can be used to reproduce the results from the following paper: "A classification scheme to determine wildfires from the satellite record in the cool grasslands of southern Canada: considerations for fire occurrence modelling and warning criteria".</p> <p>The Landsat Images are a series of pngs obtained from <a href="https://landbrowser.airc.aist.go.jp/hotarea/">https://landbrowser.airc.aist.go.jp/hotarea/</a> representing agricultural fires in our study area (Kato et al., 2018).</p> <p><a href="https://zenodo.org/api/files/b1449276-d0e7-4ede-aa97-6c976e27215f/Model_Input_MODIS_Hotspot_Clusters_Revised.csv">Model_Input_MODIS_Hotspot_Clusters_Revised.csv</a> contains a list of clusters of MODIS hotspots and associated attributes classified as either agricultural or grassland wildfires and is used to create a GAM to explore the conditions of these fires.</p> <p><a href="https://zenodo.org/api/files/b1449276-d0e7-4ede-aa97-6c976e27215f/Model_Predicted_MODIS_Hotspot_Clusters_Revised.csv">Model_Predicted_MODIS_Hotspot_Clusters_Revised.csv</a> contains the complete list of MODIS hotspot clusters and associated attributes for our study area from 2002-2018. These clusters have been classified as either agricultural or grassland wildfires using the GAM mentioned above.</p>
North American winter season (Nov-Mar) 500 mb geopotential height classification scheme, 1979-2018
<p>This dataset comes from a study that investigated the link between atmospheric circulation patterns and deep persistent slab avalanches for three study sites in the western United States: Bridger Bowl, MT; Jackson Hole, WY; and Mammoth Mountain, CA. We used Self-organizing maps to generate 20 synoptic types that summarize the primary modes of atmospheric variability for 5,899 daily 500 mb geopotential height charts on record for the North American winter season (Nov. 1 - Mar. 31) from 1979-2017. We summarize median daily precipitation totals, daily maximum, and daily minimum temperatures observed for each synoptic type, and identify circulation patterns that occur frequently during Nov.-Dec of seasons that recorded unusually high deep persistent slab avalanche activity. We also find specific synoptic types that occur more frequently in the days immediately prior to deep slab events. This work provides practitioners with a better understanding of the processes leading to deep persistent slab avalanches, thus improving our ability to anticipate these difficult to predict events. Furthermore, we provide a conceptual model to apply this study at any site faced with similar hazard, and equipped with long-term meteorological and avalanche records.</p>
FIGURE 7 in To name or not to name: Criteria to promote economy of change in Linnaean classification schemes
FIGURE 7. Example of how a strict application of the hybrid viability criterion to define genera threatens stability. The trees are a simplification of the phylogeny of the family Bufonidae (Van Bocxlaer et al. 2009, 2010). "Generalized" large toads are arranged paraphyletically along a main branch of Eurasian and African taxa, together with several genera of distinct morphological, ecological and life history adaptations that have traditionally been considered as distinct genera (symbolized by blue and green color). Following a phylogenetic classification, also all other separate clades are to be considered as genera. As soon as hybridization among members of two of these phenotypic groups is detected (such as the real case, Bufo bufo and Pseudepidalea viridis) these two genera (as well as all genera in their respective sister clades) should be included in a single genus, including those morphologically highly divergent taxa that have typically been considered separate genera in bufonids (e.g., Ansonia and Pedostibes). However, as soon as hybridization is later on demonstrated between one member of this newly defined genus and a more basal one, generic allocation of all included taxa again needs to be revisited. Note that many of these genera are species-rich, and evidence for (captive or natural) hybridization will only occasionally be found, leading to a longterm instability of the generic arrangement.
FIGURE 1 in To name or not to name: Criteria to promote economy of change in Linnaean classification schemes
FIGURE 1. Changes of genus-level taxonomy summarized for European amphibians and reptiles. The graph shows the percentage of species that changed genus from one monographic work to the other, standardized per year. After a rather continuous rate of change from 1834–1978, almost no genus-level changes occured between 1978 and 1997, whereas in the 1997–2010 period the increase was higher than ever before. Black bars indicate values for all pairwise comparisons between the taxon lists of the respective monographs, gray bars show the same trend only for those taxa that already were included in the very first works by Duméril and Bibron and/or Boulenger (with an overall lower rate of change since these early described species comprise several type species of well established genera). Species lists were extracted from the following publications: Duméril and Bibron (1834–1854); Boulenger (1882a,b, 1885a,b, 1887, 1889, 1896a,b); Schreiber (1912); Hellmich (1962); Arnold and Burton (1978); Gasc (1997); Speybroeck et al. (2010).
FIGURE 4 in To name or not to name: Criteria to promote economy of change in Linnaean classification schemes
FIGURE 4. Non-exhaustive series of examples of the outcome of tests of monophyly of a certain taxon. The upper row indicates the main analyses that indicate paraphyly of genus 2 (G2), based on the Maximum Parsimony optimality criterion and non-parametric bootstrapping. Clade stability for a reclassified genus 2 (marked with a black circle, including species 2, 3, and 4), rises with increasing clade support in the main analysis (upper series of trees). Clade stability for this reclassified taxon furthermore depends on the congruence with a second analysis method (here as example, Bayesian inference, middle series of trees) and with a second, largely independent set of characters (lower series of trees). Note that the trees do not represent different reanalyses of the same data; each set of trees (I–VI) is just an example of which kind of evidence a researcher could face when deciding on reclassifying genera 1 and 2.
FIGURE 6 in To name or not to name: Criteria to promote economy of change in Linnaean classification schemes
FIGURE 6. Pros and cons of the time banding criterion as exemplified in two related reptile genera with radically different patterns of temporal diversification. Both the African Bradypodion and the Malagasy Brookesia are well diagnosable and clearly monophyletic units. While Bradypodion diversified in the Miocene-Pliocene, Brookesia dates back to the Cretaceous. Several morphologically extremely similar sister species of miniaturized Brookesia, such as B. tuberculata and B. tristis have an age almost doubling that of the entire genus Bradypodion. Attempts of adapting classification on the basis of age would mean an extreme oversplitting of Brookesia with numerous non-diagnosable genera, or merging Bradypodion into a larger unit of unstable monophyly and low diagnosability. Within Brookesia, arguments might in the future be brought forward that the B. nasus group (light blue) should be recognized as a distinct genus and the two sister clades would obtain the rank of genus (light and dark blue dots). This decision would bring an even more stable monopyhly and better diagnosability. However, such a splitting would still leave units of much older age than Bradypodion. Abbreviations: Cret = Cretaceous; Pal = Paleocene; Eo = Eocene; Oli = Oligocene; Mio = Miocene; Pl = Piocene + Pleistocene + Quaternary. Timetrees redrawn after Tolley et al. (2006) and Townsend et al. (2009, 2011).
FIGURE 2 in To name or not to name: Criteria to promote economy of change in Linnaean classification schemes
FIGURE 2. Schematic graph showing the Linnaean rank and phylogenetic hierarchy for three categories (species, genus, and family). All components of the genus category have the same rank in the Linnaean system, although the respective clades (nodes) are not equivalent in the hierarchy delimited by the asymmetric phylogenetic tree. For instance, the genus Pan is in the genus category, but has hierarchical level 4 in the phylogeny, whereas Pongo is also in the genus category, but has hierarchical level 2. This same hierarchical level 2 also applies to its sister group, i.e., the clade containing the genera Gorilla, Homo, and Pan. In the terminology used herein, assuming that the tree correctly reconstructs the evolutionary relationships among the organisms included, all clades can be considered as taxa, but we mostly use the term taxon to refer to Linnaean taxa, i.e., those clades that actually correspond to a Linnaean category and are named accordingly. Note that historically, a taxon was just any group of organisms that received a name in a taxonomy, without necessarily being monophyletic, but herein we use the term explicitly in its definition as corresponding to a clade in the phylogeny of life.
FIGURE 5 in To name or not to name: Criteria to promote economy of change in Linnaean classification schemes
FIGURE 5. Examples for various kinds of diagnosability of a taxon. G stands for genus, symbols and colors for particular character states in one or several characters used for diagnosis.
FIGURE 9 in To name or not to name: Criteria to promote economy of change in Linnaean classification schemes
FIGURE 9. Suggested workflow for taxonomists working on supraspecific classification of organisms. We suggest that any revision starts with an explicit phylogenetic hypothesis (a tree), and if polyphyletic or paraphyletic groupings are suggested by the tree, a stepwise procedure should be followed to devise alternative classification schemes reflecting evolutionary history, and choosing among the alternative schemes on the basis of first priority Taxon Naming Criteria, and then the secondary and accessory TNCs.
North American winter season (Nov-Mar) 500 mb geopotential height classification scheme, 1979-2018
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Data from: Lexicon-enhanced sentiment analysis framework using rule-based classification scheme
With the rapid increase in social networks and blogs, the social media services are increasingly being used by online communities to share their views and experiences about a particular product, policy and event. Due to economic importance of these reviews, there is growing trend of writing user reviews to promote a product. Nowadays, users prefer online blogs and review sites to purchase products. Therefore, user reviews are considered as an important source of information in Sentiment Analysis (SA) applications for decision making. In this work, we exploit the wealth of user reviews, available through the online forums, to analyze the semantic orientation of words by categorizing them into +ive and -ive classes to identify and classify emoticons, modifiers, general-purpose and domain-specific words expressed in the public's feedback about the products. However, the un-supervised learning approach employed in previous studies is becoming less efficient due to data sparseness, low accuracy due to non-consideration of emoticons, modifiers, and presence of domain specific words, as they may result in inaccurate classification of users' reviews. Lexicon-enhanced sentiment analysis based on Rule-based classification scheme is an alternative approach for improving sentiment classification of users' reviews in online communities. In addition to the sentiment terms used in general purpose sentiment analysis, we integrate emoticons, modifiers and domain specific terms to analyze the reviews posted in online communities. To test the effectiveness of the proposed method, we considered users reviews in three domains. The results obtained from different experiments demonstrate that the proposed method overcomes limitations of previous methods and the performance of the sentiment analysis is improved after considering emoticons, modifiers, negations, and domain specific terms when compared to baseline methods.
Classifications of Active Galactic Nuclei According to the Traditional Unification Scheme
<p>The figure illustrates the unification scheme of active galactic nuclei (AGN). The physical appearance of galactic nuclei is sketched in the parameter space spanned by the black-hole spin (x-axis) and the accretion rate in units of the Eddington rate (y-axis). Non-jetted (radio-quiet) objects populate mainly the low-black-hole-spin regime, whereas galactic nuclei in the high-spin domain are thought to exhibit a relativistic jet and are thus called jetted AGN (or radio-loud AGN).</p> <p>If non-jetted AGN accrete matter at a low rate, the galactic nucleus is inactive, like in the case of our Milky Way's central supermassive black hole, Sagittarius A*. If they have at least a moderate accretion rate, they are active and observable as a Seyfert galaxy. Seyfert galaxies of type 1 are those objects seen at small viewing angles (more face-on) with well-known examples being Messier 77 or NGC 3147, while type 2 Seyfert galaxies, like for example NGC 1097, are those that are observed at higher viewing angle (more edge-on), such that the dusty, equatorial torus obscures the central engine for this line of sight. At very high accretion rate or very low viewing angle, low-spin AGN are sometimes called quasi-stellar objects.</p> <p>Jetted AGN with high accretion rate appear as flat-spectrum radio quasars if they are seen face-on. An archetypical example is the long-known object 3C 279. If jetted AGN with high accretion rate are not seen face-on, they are called Fanaroff-Riley type II radio galaxies, like for example the famous Cygnus A radio galaxy. These can, again depending on the viewing angle, appear as broad-line radio galaxies (type 1 objects) or as narrow-line radio galaxies (type 2 objects). At low accretion rate, jetted AGN are appearing as BL Lacertae objects if seen face-on. Famous examples for BL Lacertae objects are the eponymous BL Lacertae itself or the prominent TeV emitter Markarian 501. Jetted AGN with low accretion rate are classified as Fanaroff-Riley I radio galaxies if seen more edge-on. A typical example for this AGN subclass is Messier 84.</p> <p>Jetted AGN that are seen at small viewing angles are comprisingly called blazars.</p> <p>Remark however that it is still unclear whether the physical parameter corresponding to the x-axis is really the angular momentum of the central supermassive black hole, or perhaps another quantity like its mass or even a combination of several parameters. Notice also that in AGN classification there are far more classes and subclasses, depending on more refined observational properties, and ambiguities as well as overlaps. This figure was motivated by the sketch by Prof. Dr. Charles Dermer appearing in DOI 10.1016/j.crhy.2016.04.004.</p>
Data from: Lexicon-enhanced sentiment analysis framework using rule-based classification scheme
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A Transcriptome-based Molecular Classification Scheme for Thyroid Eye Disease
GEO Series GSE285190. Homo sapiens. 195 samples. Type: Expression profiling by high throughput sequencing.
Scheme 4 from: Bruneau A, Queiroz LP, Ringelberg JJ, Borges LM, Bortoluzzi RLC, Brown GK, Cardoso DBOS, Clark RP, Conceição AS, Cota MMT, Demeulenaere E, Duno de Stefano R, Ebinger JE, Ferm J, Fonseca-Cortés A, Gagnon E, Grether R, Guerra E, Haston E, Herendeen PS, Hernández HM, Hopkins HCF, Huamantupa-Chuquimaco I, Hughes CE, Ickert-Bond SM, Iganci J, Koenen EJM, Lewis GP, Lima HC, Lima AG, Luckow M, Marazzi B, Maslin BR, Morales M, Morim MP, Murphy DJ, O'Donnell SA, Oliveira FG, Oliveira ACS, Rando JG, Ribeiro PG, Ribeiro CL, Santos FS, Seigler DS, Silva GS, Simon MF, Soares MVB, Terra V (2024) Advances in Legume Systematics 14. Classification of Caesalpinioideae. Part 2: Higher-level classification. PhytoKeys 240: 1-552. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.240.101716
Scheme 4
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.