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Fig. 6 in Diversity in rhynchocephalian Clevosaurus skulls based on CT reconstruction of two Late Triassic species from Great Britain

Fig. 6. Cranial bones of lepidosaur rynchocephalian Clevosaurus cambrica Keeble, Whiteside, and Benton, 2018 (NHMUK PV R37014) from Late Triassic, Pant-y-ffynnon, Wales, UK. A. The right premaxilla in medial (A1) and lateral (A2) views. B. The right maxilla in lateral (B1) and medial (B2) views. C. The right (C1) and left (C2) nasal in dorsal view. D. The right (D1, D4) and left (D2, D3) frontals in dorsal (D1, D2) and ventral (D3, D4) views. E. The right (E1, E4) and left (E2, E3) parietals in dorsal (E1, E2) and ventral (E3, E4) views.

Fig. 2 in Diversity in rhynchocephalian Clevosaurus skulls based on CT reconstruction of two Late Triassic species from Great Britain

Fig. 2. Newly identified cranial bones present in lepidosaur rhynchocephalian Clevosaurus hudsoni Swinton, 1939 (NHMUK PV R36832) from Rhaetian, Cromhall Quarry, England, UK. A. The right postorbital in medial view, identified from amongst unidentified bones from the original surface dataset created by O'Brien et al. (2018). B. The left squamosal in lateral view, re-identified here from its previous suggested identity of a pterygoid flange. C. The right squamosal in lateral view, like A identified here from amongst previously unidentified bones from the original dataset. D. The left quadrate in medial view, partially resegmented from the original dataset to be more complete. E. The right quadrate in medial view, newly segmented and identified here. F. Left palatine in ventral view, partially resegmented from the original data set, note the number of palatine teeth (nine). G. The right pterygoid in medial view, partially resegmented from the original dataset, seen here with a newly segmented pterygoid flange. H. The newly identified pila antotica, and newly segmented para- and basisphenoids in left (H1) and right (H2) lateral; ventral (H3), and dorsal (H4) views. I. The left coronoid in medial view.

Fig. 12 in Diversity in rhynchocephalian Clevosaurus skulls based on CT reconstruction of two Late Triassic species from Great Britain

Fig. 12. Reconstruction of the skulls of lepidosaur rynchocephalians. A. Clevosaurus hudsoni Swinton, 1939 (based on NHMUK PV R36832). B. Clevosaurus cambrica Keeble, Whiteside, and Benton, 2018 (based on NHMUK PV R37014). In dorsal (A1, B1), posterior (A2, B2), ventral (A3, B3), lateral (A4, B4) views. Bones types that are absent in their respective datasets are highlighted in orange. Note that the pterygoids of C. cambrica bear two rows of multiple teeth, but the exact number of teeth at this time is unknown.

Fig. 9 in Diversity in rhynchocephalian Clevosaurus skulls based on CT reconstruction of two Late Triassic species from Great Britain

Fig. 9. The reassembled braincase of lepidosaur rynchocephalian Clevosaurus cambrica Keeble, Whiteside, and Benton, 2018 (NHMUK PV R37014) from Late Triassic, Pant-y-ffynnon, Wales, UK. In dorsal (A1), posterior (A2), ventral (A3), and lateral (A4) views. Abbreviations: l., left; r., right.

Fig. 4 in Diversity in rhynchocephalian Clevosaurus skulls based on CT reconstruction of two Late Triassic species from Great Britain

Fig. 4. The resegmented bones of lepidosaur rynchocephalian Clevosaurus cambrica Keeble, Whiteside, and Benton, 2018 (NHMUK PV R37014) from Late Triassic, Pant-y-ffynnon, Wales, UK; in dorsal (A1) and ventral (A2) views. Abbreviations: l., left; r., right.

Fig. 1 in Diversity in rhynchocephalian Clevosaurus skulls based on CT reconstruction of two Late Triassic species from Great Britain

Fig. 1. The two surface data-sets of lepidosaur rynchocephalians. A. Clevosaurus hudsoni Swinton, 1939 (NHMUK PV R36832) from Rhaetian, Cromhall Quarry, England, UK, the left side of the digitally segmented skull in lateral view, adapted from O'Brien et al. (2018). B. Clevosaurus cambrica Keeble, Whiteside, and Benton, 2018 (NHMUK PV R37014) from Late Triassic, Pant-y-ffynnon, Wales, UK, available prior to this paper, the digitally segmented skull in ventral view, adapted from Keeble et al. (2018).

Fig. 8 in Diversity in rhynchocephalian Clevosaurus skulls based on CT reconstruction of two Late Triassic species from Great Britain

Fig. 8. Cranial bones present in lepidosaur rynchocephalian Clevosaurus cambrica Keeble, Whiteside, and Benton, 2018 (NHMUK PV R37014) from Late Triassic, Pant-y-ffynnon, Wales, UK. A. The right palatine in ventral view. B. The left and right vomers in ventral view. C. The left epipterygoid in lateral (C1) and posterior (C2) views. D. The left pterygoid and ectopterygoid in ventral view. E. The left quadrate in medial (E1) and posterior (E2) views.

Fig. 7 in Diversity in rhynchocephalian Clevosaurus skulls based on CT reconstruction of two Late Triassic species from Great Britain

Fig. 7. Cranial bones of lepidosaur rynchocephalian Clevosaurus cambrica Keeble, Whiteside, and Benton, 2018 (NHMUK PV R37014) from Late Triassic, Pant-y-ffynnon, Wales, UK. A. The reassembled left prefrontal. B. The left postfrontal. C. The reassembled left postorbital. D. The left squamosal. E. The left supratemporal. In lateral (A1–D1, E) and medial (A2–D2) views.

Fig. 11 in Diversity in rhynchocephalian Clevosaurus skulls based on CT reconstruction of two Late Triassic species from Great Britain

Fig. 11. The vertebral column and pectoral girdle elements of lepidosaur rynchocephalian Clevosaurus cambrica Keeble, Whiteside, and Benton, 2018 NHMUK PV R37013 and NHMUK PV R37014) from Late Triassic, Pant-y-ffynnon, Wales, UK. A. The axial-atlas complex in dorsal (A1), lateral (A2), ventral (A3) and anterior (A4) views. B. The third cervical vertebra in right lateral (B1) and anterior (B2) views. C. A dorsal vertebra in right lateral (C1) and anterior (C2) views. D. The five cervical vertebrae present in the scans taken of NHMUK PV R37014, in lateral view, with asterisk indicating the cervical vertebra seen in B; note the posterior-most vertebra terminates prematurely due to the extent of the CT scans. E. The partial vertebral column of NHMUK PV R37013 in lateral view, with asterisk indicating the dorsal vertebra seen in C. F. The left (F1) and right (F2) scapula in lateral view. G. The left (G1) and right (G2) coracoids in lateral view.

Fig. 13 in Diversity in rhynchocephalian Clevosaurus skulls based on CT reconstruction of two Late Triassic species from Great Britain

Fig. 13. The reconstructed braincases of lepidosaur rynchocephalians. A. Clevosaurus cambrica Keeble, Whiteside, and Benton, 2018. B. Clevosaurus hudsoni Swinton, 1939. C. Sphenodon punctatus (from Maisano 2001). In dorsal (A1–C1) and ventral (A2–C2) views. Bones types that are absent in their respective datasets are highlighted in orange.

Fig. 10 in Diversity in rhynchocephalian Clevosaurus skulls based on CT reconstruction of two Late Triassic species from Great Britain

Fig. 10. The reconstructed left mandible of lepidosaur rynchocephalians. A. Clevosaurus cambrica Keeble, Whiteside, and Benton, 2018 (NHMUK PV R37014) from Late Triassic, Pant-y-ffynnon, Wales, UK. B. Clevosaurus hudsoni Swinton, 1939 (NHMUK PV R36832) from Rhaetian, Cromhall Quarry, England, UK. Note: the anterior tip of the dentary is highlighted in blue to indicate where bone is taken from C. cambrica. In lateral (A1, B1), medial (A2, B2), and dorsal (A4, B4) views, simplified reconstruction in medial view (A3, B3).

Fig. 14 in Diversity in rhynchocephalian Clevosaurus skulls based on CT reconstruction of two Late Triassic species from Great Britain

Fig. 14. The reconstructed braincases of lepidosaur rynchocephalians. A. Clevosaurus cambrica Keeble, Whiteside, and Benton, 2018. B. Clevosaurus hudsoni Swinton, 1939. C. Sphenodon punctatus (from Maisano 2001). In posterior (A1–C1) and right lateral (A2–C2) views. Bones types that are absent in their respective datasets are highlighted in orange.

Fig. 15. A in Diversity in rhynchocephalian Clevosaurus skulls based on CT reconstruction of two Late Triassic species from Great Britain

Fig. 15. A size scale comparison of the skulls of lepidosaur rynchocephalians. A. Sphenodon punctatus (from Maisano 2001). B. Clevosaurus cambrica Keeble, Whiteside, and Benton, 2018. C. Clevosaurus hudsoni Swinton, 1939; C3, based on NHMUK PV R36832 (adapted from illustrations by Lavinia Gandolfi). In lateral (A1–C1, C4) and dorsal (A2–C2) views.

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Data from: Biomechanical properties of the jaws of two species of Clevosaurus and a reanalysis of rhynchocephalian dentary morphospace

Rhynchocephalians were a successful, globally distributed group of diapsid reptiles that thrived in the Mesozoic. Multiple species of Clevosaurus existed worldwide in the Upper Triassic and Lower Jurassic, and they are characterised by shearing bladelike teeth perhaps functionally analogous to the carnassial teeth of mammals. Morphometric analysis shows that the dentary morphospace of clevosaurs differs significantly from that of other rhynchocephalians. Five Clevosaurus species occupied islands in the Bristol Channel archipelago of the UK, but generally not those occupied by mammaliaforms, suggesting dietary character displacement. Identifying the diet of such ancient, small tetrapods has been difficult. To identify the nature of their feeding, we apply finite element analysis to two near complete three-dimensional skulls of the species Clevosaurus hudsoni and Clevosaurus cambrica to estimate bite force, resistance to bending and torsion, and the distribution of stresses during biting. Both species had bite forces and tooth pressures sufficient to break apart chitin, indicating that like early Mesozoic mammaliaforms, clevosaurs could feed on tough-shelled beetles and possibly small vertebrates. In addition, the mechanical advantage of the jaws falls within the range of early mammaliaforms, so though we cannot demonstrate niche partitioning between members of both clades, it raises the prospect that they may have been functionally similar.

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Data from: Biomechanical properties of the jaws of two species of Clevosaurus and a reanalysis of rhynchocephalian dentary morphospace

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Data from: Taxonomic reassessment of Clevosaurus latidens Fraser, 1993 (Lepidosauria, Rhynchocephalia) and rhynchocephalian phylogeny based on parsimony and Bayesian inference

The Late Triassic rhynchocephalian Clevosaurus latidens Fraser, 1993 is known from the fissure deposits of Cromhall Quarry, England. Many studies have questioned its referral to the genus Clevosaurus and some phylogenetic analyses suggest a close relationship with herbivorous rhynchocephalians. We reexamine the type specimens and referred material of C. latidens to elucidate its taxonomic identity. Additionally, we provide new phylogenetic analyses of the Rhynchocephalia using both parsimony and Bayesian approaches. Our taxonomic review and both phylogenetic analyses reveal that C. latidens is not referable to Clevosaurus, but represents a new genus. We reassess C. latidens and provide an amended diagnosis for the new genus Fraserosphenodon gen. nov. Both parsimony and Bayesian analyses recover similar topologies and we propose formal names for two higher clades within Rhynchocephalia: Eusphenodontia and Neosphenodontia.

opencc-zeroDec 2016View details →

Figure 13 in Anatomical study of two previously undescribed specimens of Clevosaurus hudsoni (Lepidosauria: Rhynchocephalia) from Cromhall Quarry, UK, aided by computed tomography, yields additional information on the skeleton and hitherto undescribed bones

Figure 13. Photographs of Clevosaurus hudsoni specimen NHMUK PV R36832. A, partial left lateral view of the skull, showing the position of sclerotic ossicles in the orbital area. B, enlarged view of preserved sclerotic ossicles.

Figure 17 in Anatomical study of two previously undescribed specimens of Clevosaurus hudsoni (Lepidosauria: Rhynchocephalia) from Cromhall Quarry, UK, aided by computed tomography, yields additional information on the skeleton and hitherto undescribed bones

Figure 17. Photographs of Clevosaurus hudsoni specimen NHMUK PV R36832. A, gastralia in ventral view. B, enlarged view of apex of medial splint. C, enlarged view of overlap between medial and lateral splints.

Figure 10 in Anatomical study of two previously undescribed specimens of Clevosaurus hudsoni (Lepidosauria: Rhynchocephalia) from Cromhall Quarry, UK, aided by computed tomography, yields additional information on the skeleton and hitherto undescribed bones

Figure 10. Surface models of Clevosaurus hudsoni specimen NHMUK PV R36832. A, anterolateral view of skull showing surfaces of slender bones hidden within the matrix (large cranial elements shown for relative position). B, posteroventral view of (A).

Figure 18 in Anatomical study of two previously undescribed specimens of Clevosaurus hudsoni (Lepidosauria: Rhynchocephalia) from Cromhall Quarry, UK, aided by computed tomography, yields additional information on the skeleton and hitherto undescribed bones

Figure 18. Photograph and surface models of Clevosaurus hudsoni left hind limb specimen NHMUK PV R36846. Specimen in (A, B) dorsal, (C) ventral and (D) posterolateral views.