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FIGURE 13 in On the Albian occurrence of Armigatus (Teleostei, Clupeomorpha) in America, a new species from the Tlayúa Lagerstätte, Mexico

FIGURE 13. Paleobiographical distribution and diversity of predorsal scutes of Armigatus. Abbreviations in the predorsal scute formula: C, complete predorsal scute series; I, incomplete predorsal scute series; the number of predorsal scutes in each species is shown in front of the draws; draws show the change in the shape of the scutes along the predorsal observed in species; light arrows point to posterior scutes; dark arrows show the hypothetic intraspecific change of the predorsal scutes.

FIGURE 12 in On the Albian occurrence of Armigatus (Teleostei, Clupeomorpha) in America, a new species from the Tlayúa Lagerstätte, Mexico

FIGURE 12. Dorsal region of Armigatus brevissimus. A, closeup of the specimen IGM 11532 from the Cenomanian shallow marine deposits of Hekel, Lebanon, under white light. B, idealized and simplified drawing of predorsal scutes and near bones based on A. Abbreviations: afr, anal fin ray; pd, predorsal bone; pds, predorsal scutes; dppt, dorsal proximal pterygiophore; upds, unmodified predorsal scales.

FIGURE 9 in On the Albian occurrence of Armigatus (Teleostei, Clupeomorpha) in America, a new species from the Tlayúa Lagerstätte, Mexico

FIGURE 9. The caudal skeleton of Armigatus carrenoae sp. nov. from the Tlayúa Lagerstätte, near Tepexi de Rodríguez, Puebla, Mexico. A, closeup of the caudal skeleton of IGM 11538 coated with magnesium smoke. B, idealized and simplified drawing of A. Abbreviations: afr, anal fin ray; cs, caudal scute; ep, epural; epl, epipleural; epn, epineural; hapu, hemal arch of preural centrum; hy, hypural; napu, neural arch of preural centrum; nau, neural arch of ural centrum; php, parhypural; prl, branched and segmented caudal fin ray of the lower lobe; prlI, unbranched caudal principal fin ray of the lower lobe; pru, branched and segmented caudal fin ray of the upper lobe; pruI, unbranched caudal principal fin ray of the upper lobe; pu, preural centrum; u, ural centrum; un, uroneural.

FIGURE 10 in On the Albian occurrence of Armigatus (Teleostei, Clupeomorpha) in America, a new species from the Tlayúa Lagerstätte, Mexico

FIGURE 10. Predorsal scutes series of A. carrenoae sp. nov. from Tlayúa. A, closeup of the predorsal region of IGM 11536 (inverted for comparative purposes). B, closeup of predorsal region of IGM 11537. C, idealized drawing of B. Abbreviations: afr, anal fin ray; pd, predorsal bone; pds, predorsal scutes; dppt, dorsal proximal pterygiophore; upds, unmodified predorsal scales.

FIGURE 8 in On the Albian occurrence of Armigatus (Teleostei, Clupeomorpha) in America, a new species from the Tlayúa Lagerstätte, Mexico

FIGURE 8. Idealized and simplified drawing of the trunk and pelvic, anal, and dorsal fins of IGM 11536, holotype Armigatus carrenoae sp, nov. from the Albian deposits of Tlayúa lagerstätte, near Tepexi de Rodríguez, Puebla, Mexico (based on Figure 3). Abbreviations: afr, anal fin ray; afs, anal fin stay; appt, anal proximal pterygiophore; dfr, dorsal fin ray; dfs, dorsal fin stay; dppt, proximal pterygiophores of dorsal fin; epl, epipleural; epn, epineural; hapu, hemal arch and spine of preural centrum; naac, neural arch of abdominal centrum; napu, neural arch and spine of preural centrum; napu4, preural centrum 4 with double neural spine; pd, predorsal bone; php, parhypural; prvas, prepelvic abdominal scute; ptvas, postpelvic abdominal scute; pvfr, pelvic fin ray; r, rib; u, ural centrum; numbers under centra indicate their position along the vertebral column.

FIGURE 2 in On the Albian occurrence of Armigatus (Teleostei, Clupeomorpha) in America, a new species from the Tlayúa Lagerstätte, Mexico

FIGURE 2. Map of the Tlayúa quarry near Tepexi de Rodríguez, Puebla, central Mexico, and the stratigraphical column of the upper part of this site, including the magnetostratigraphy correspondence with the middle-late Albian age, and the distribution of fossils studied in this work (modified from Kashiyama et al., 2004, figure 3; Alvarado-Ortega 2005, figure 2.4; Benammi et al., 2006, figure 5).

FIGURE 6 in On the Albian occurrence of Armigatus (Teleostei, Clupeomorpha) in America, a new species from the Tlayúa Lagerstätte, Mexico

FIGURE 6. Part of the pectoral girdle, lower jaw, branchial arch, and branchiostegal rays of Armigatus carrenoae sp. nov. from the Albian deposits of the Tlayúa lagerstätte, near Tepexi de Rodríguez, Puebla, Mexico. A, closeup of the head of the paratype IGM 11537 under UV light. B, idealized and simplified drawing based on A. Abbreviations: aa, anguloarticular; ac, anterior ceratohyal; bh, basihyal; br, branchiostegal ray; cl, cleithrum; cor, coracoid; ddml depression for the dento-maxillar ligament; den, dentary; dh, dorsal hypohyal; iop, interopercle; pc, posterior ceratohyal; pcl, postcleithrum; pfr, pectoral fin ray; prvas, prepelvic abdominal scutes; q, quadrate; rar, retroarticular; rad, radial; sca, scapula; sop, subopercle; sy, symplectic; uh, urohyal; vh, ventral hypohyal.

FIGURE 7 in On the Albian occurrence of Armigatus (Teleostei, Clupeomorpha) in America, a new species from the Tlayúa Lagerstätte, Mexico

FIGURE 7. Closeup of the postorbital region of IGM 11539 showing the osteoglossid-like tooth patch on the parasphenoid bone (black arrows). Abbreviations: hm, hyomandibular; mtp, metapterygoid; pop, preopercle; psp, parasphenoid.

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Data from: Taxic and morphological diversification during the early radiation of Clupeomorpha (Actinopterygii, Teleostei)

<p>Evolutionary radiation is a problematic concept whose definition and classification have recently changed. Radiations can be defined as the pattern of abrupt increase in diversity of a lineage. It is relevant to evaluate the presence and interaction of different types of radiation in extant and fossil organisms to adequately delimitate the radiation types and to know the diversity in the context of Earth´s history. Here, we employed superorder Clupeomorpha in the Early-Late Cretaceous boundary as a study case to recognize the radiation types and their interactions, using both taxic and morphologic approaches. Clupeomorpha is a diverse and ancient teleostean superorder with a wide geographic and ecological distribution, that has been extensively studied. We proposed a model to calculate rates of origination to analyze the taxic diversification and employed geometric morphometrics to analyze the morphological diversification that occurred at the time boundary. The results suggest the absence of taxic radiation due to the constant increase in the taxa origination. However, the expansion of the phylomorphospace occupation and the disparity increase suggest the presence of a climatic-geographical-disparification and broad diversification-like, according to the current classifications. This exhibits the incompatibility of the current radiation classifications with the case study. </p>

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Data from: Taxic and morphological diversification during the early radiation of Clupeomorpha (Actinopterygii, Teleostei)

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Fig. 6 in Postcranial skeletal development of the Atlantic herring (Clupeomorpha: Clupeidae: Clupea harengus)

Fig. 6. Development of abdominal and caudal vertebrae in Clupea harengus. A)-C): abdominal vertebrae, D)-E): caudal vertebrae. A) 24.4 mm SL (IE/6832), B) 26.7 mm SL (IE/16957), C) 29.7 mm SL (IE/16958), D) 24.4 mm SL (IE/6832), E) 26.7 mm SL (IE/16957), F) 29.7 mm SL (IE/16958). C – centrum, Ha – haemal arch, Hs – haemal spine, Na – neural arch, Ns – neural spine. Scale bar = 500 μm.

Fig. 7 in Postcranial skeletal development of the Atlantic herring (Clupeomorpha: Clupeidae: Clupea harengus)

Fig. 7. Intramuscular bones of C. harengus specimen of 6.5 mm SL. Ec – epicentralia, En – epineuralia, Ep – epipleuralia, My – myorhabdoi. Scale bar = 2.5 mm.

Fig. 3 in Postcranial skeletal development of the Atlantic herring (Clupeomorpha: Clupeidae: Clupea harengus)

Fig. 3. Development of the supraneurals in Clupea harengus. A) 26.7 mm SL (IE/16957), B) 29.7 mm SL (IE/16958). Scale bar = 1 mm.

Fig. 2 in Postcranial skeletal development of the Atlantic herring (Clupeomorpha: Clupeidae: Clupea harengus)

Fig. 2. Development of the fin supports and fin rays in dorsal and anal fin in Clupea harengus. A) 14.5 mm NL (IE/16973), B) 13.0 mm NL (IE/16989), C) 16.9 mm, SL (IE/16967), D) 24.3 mm SL (IE/16961), E) 29.7 mm SL (IE/16958). Blue – cartilage, red – bone. Dr - distal radial, P-mr – proximal-middle radial, R - ray, Sy - stay. Scale bar = 1 mm. (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)

Fig. 5 in Postcranial skeletal development of the Atlantic herring (Clupeomorpha: Clupeidae: Clupea harengus)

Fig. 5. Development of pectoral fin and shoulder girdle in Clupea harengus. A) 8.9 mm NL (IE/16988), B) 17.7 mm SL (IE/16968), C) 26.2 mm SL (IE/ 16964), D) 26.7 mm SL (IE/16957), E) 29.7 mm SL (IE/16958). Blue – cartilage, red – bone. Cl – cleithrum, Co – Coracoid, Co Ap - coracoscapular cartilage anterior process, Co Pp - coracoscapular cartilage posterior process, Co-Sca - coracoscapular cartilage, Dr - distal radial, Pcl – postcleithrum, Pot – posttemporal, Pp – propterygium, P-mr – proximal-middle radials, R – rays, Sc – scapula, Suc - supracleithrum. Scale bar = 500 μm. In D) & E) only the first fin ray is portrayed. E) is also portrayed without distal radials. (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)

Fig. 1 in Postcranial skeletal development of the Atlantic herring (Clupeomorpha: Clupeidae: Clupea harengus)

Fig. 1. Development of the caudal-fin skeleton in Clupea harengus. A) 13.0 mm NL (IE/16989), B) 16.9 mm SL (IE/16967), C) 21.4 mm SL (IE/16979), D) 26.7 mm SL (IE/16957), E) 29.7 mm SL (IE/16958). Blue – cartilage, red - bone, Cop - opisthural cartilage, Cphpu – post-haemal spine cartilage, Cphy - posthypural cartilage, Ep - epural, Ha – haemal arch, Hs - haemal spine, Hy - hypural, Na – neural arch, Ns - neural spine, Ph - parhypural, Pl - pleurostyle, Pu - preural centra, R - ray, U - ural centra, Un – uroneural, unI - unidentified. Scaler bar = 1 mm. Rays are not illustrated in E. (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)

Fig. 4 in Postcranial skeletal development of the Atlantic herring (Clupeomorpha: Clupeidae: Clupea harengus)

Fig. 4. Development of the pelvic fins and the pelvic-fin support in Clupea harengus. A) 23.2 mm SL (IE/16977), B) 23.5 mm SL (IE/16983), C) 26.2 mm SL (IE/ 16964). Blue – cartilage, red – bone. Bp - basipterygium, Ra - radial, R - rays. Scale bar = 200 μm. Only selected rays are shown exemplary in B and C. (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)

Fig. 9 in Postcranial skeletal development of the Atlantic herring (Clupeomorpha: Clupeidae: Clupea harengus)

Fig. 9. Overview of the development of the postcranial skeletal elements of C. harengus with regards to the average size at which the elements developed in cartilage (blue), bone (red) or notochord tissue (black). The complete ossification of an element or of all serial-homologous elements (e.g., radials) is indicated by a black star. (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)

Fig. 8 in Postcranial skeletal development of the Atlantic herring (Clupeomorpha: Clupeidae: Clupea harengus)

Fig. 8. Overview on the development of the axial skeleton and pelvic fin of C. harengus. Bp – basipterygium, C – centrum, Ep – epural, Ha – haemal arch, Ha + S – haemal arch and spine, Hy – hypural, Na – neural arch, Na + S – neural arch and spine, Nc – notochord, Ph – parhypural, Pt -pterygiophores, R – rays, Rb – ribs, Sn – supraneurals, U – ural centrum, Un – uroneural. Fin rays of the caudal fin, shoulder girdle and intramuscular bones are not depicted.

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FIGURE 11 in On the Albian occurrence of Armigatus (Teleostei, Clupeomorpha) in America, a new species from the Tlayúa Lagerstätte, Mexico

FIGURE 11. Phylogenetic hypotheses of Ellimmichthyiformes that show the different positions of Armigatus (dark lines) and members of this order (dark circle) and Clupeiformes (white square).