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Figure 14-15. Coelioxys species. 14 in The bees of Greater Puerto Rico (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Anthophila)

Figure 14-15. Coelioxys species. 14) C. abdominalis Guérin-Méneville. 15) C. spinosa Dewitz holotype, and sixth metasomal tergum (magnified): A) male; B) female. Photo by Stephanie Krause.

Figs. 57–58 in Biology and Morphology of the Immature Stages of the Cleptoparasitic Bee Coelioxys chichimeca (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Megachilidae)

Figs. 57–58. SEM micrographs of fifth instar of Coelioxys chichimeca. 57. Head, near frontal view. 58. Head, lateral view. 59. Spiracle, now with rim.

Figs. 41–50 in Biology and Morphology of the Immature Stages of the Cleptoparasitic Bee Coelioxys chichimeca (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Megachilidae)

Figs. 41–50. SEM micrographs of third instar of Coelioxys chichimeca. 41. Entire larva, lateral view. 42. Head, near frontal view. 43. Head, lateral view. 44. Close-up of hypostomal tubercle of another specimen, showing setalike sensilla compared with those of second instar, 45. Left mandible, dorsal view showing reduced basal tubercles, absence of outer spine on apical part of mandible, and elongate, fanglike apex. 46. Antenna, lateral view. 47–50. Spiracles of abdominal segment 5–8, respectively, all to same scale, showing size increases of atrial opening; nature of material in 8th spiracle not understood but occurs in another specimen as well.

Figs. 38–40 in Biology and Morphology of the Immature Stages of the Cleptoparasitic Bee Coelioxys chichimeca (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Megachilidae)

Figs. 38–40. Microphotographs of third instar of Coelioxys chichimeca. 38. Entire larva, lateral view, showing elongate shape, constriction behind head, reduced size of abdominal segments 9 and 10. 39. Head of cast skin, ventral view, showing sclerites of labiomaxillary region, hypopharyngeal lobes, and postoccipital bridge. 40. Same, lateral view, showing posterior extension of parietal, cardo, and labium to form ventral postoccipital bridge. PTP 5 posterior tentorial pit.

Fig. 32 in Biology and Morphology of the Immature Stages of the Cleptoparasitic Bee Coelioxys chichimeca (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Megachilidae)

Fig. 32. Microphotograph of cast exuviae of first instar of Coelioxys chichimeca appressed to inner surface of chorion, showing mandibular apices and small tubercle at outer base of each. Figs. 33–37. SEM micrographs of second instar of Coelioxys chichimeca. 33. Entire larva, lateral view, showing reduced abdominal segments 9 and 10 and enlarged spiracles on abdominal segments 6–8. 34. Head, near frontal view from below, showing armature of base of mandible and spine on outer surface of apical part of mandible. 35. Head, lateral view. PTP 5 posterior tentorial pit. 36. Antenna, lateral view. 37. Close-up of hypostomal tubercle identified by rectangle in figure 35.

Figs. 15–19 in Biology and Morphology of the Immature Stages of the Cleptoparasitic Bee Coelioxys chichimeca (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Megachilidae)

Figs. 15–19. Photomicrographs of Coelioxys chichimeca. 15–17. Three frames of single third instar demonstrating reach of activity while posterior end attached to egg chorion imbedded in cell wall. 18. Closeup of head of another third instar showing spread of mandibles enabling it to seize victim immediately on contact. 19. Second instar immersed in nectar while posterior end attached to chorion inserted in cell wall under pollen layer of provisions.

Figs. 20–23 in Biology and Morphology of the Immature Stages of the Cleptoparasitic Bee Coelioxys chichimeca (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Megachilidae)

Figs. 20–23. SEM micrographs of mature oocytes of Coelioxys chichimeca. 20, 21. Entire oocyte, dorsal and anterodorsal views, respectively. 22. Close-up of micropylar area of 21. 23. Entire oocyte, near ventral view, demonstrating thinness of torn ventral chorion, near ventral view.

Figs. 9–14 in Biology and Morphology of the Immature Stages of the Cleptoparasitic Bee Coelioxys chichimeca (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Megachilidae)

Figs. 9–14. Microphotographs of egg and egg insertions of Coelioxys chichimeca in cells of Centris cornuta. 9. Individual egg extracted from cell wall. 10. Egg in shallow pit. 11. Eclosing second instar with head emerged from chorion. 12. Egg with dark mandibles and parietals of second instar visible. 13. Egg insertion pit where only chorion of cleptoparasite remains. 14. Egg insertion pit lacking evidence of egg.

Figs. 1–7 in Biology and Morphology of the Immature Stages of the Cleptoparasitic Bee Coelioxys chichimeca (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Megachilidae)

Figs. 1–7. Photographs of trap nests and the trap-nesting sites at Hacienda Monteverde, where Centris bicornuta was induced to nest. 1. Approximate position of three sites (A, B, C) in the forest along the northern edge of a large agricultural area. 2, 3. Trap nests hung from nails driven into trees and branches at sites A and C, respectively. 4. Close-up of one trap nest consisting of 10 individual sticks. 5. Female perched outside nest waiting for host female to enter or leave (photo courtesy of Rollin Coville). 6. Individual sticks being held to retrieve emerging adults of host and cleptoparasites. 7. An individual nest stick opened to reveal nest structure and immatures.

Figs. 68–73 in Biology and Morphology of the Immature Stages of the Cleptoparasitic Bee Coelioxys chichimeca (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Megachilidae)

Figs. 68–73. Diagrams of immatures of Coelioxys chichimeca. 68. Entire fifth larval instar, lateral view (scale 5 1 mm). 69. Male pupa, lateral view (scale 5 1 mm). 70. Length of longest seta from pupal mesoscutum (left) compared with that from metasomal T2 (right). 71–73. Enlarged metasomal apex of male pupa, dorsal, ventral, and lateral views, respectively, in maximum profile, all to same scale.

Figs. 24–31 in Biology and Morphology of the Immature Stages of the Cleptoparasitic Bee Coelioxys chichimeca (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Megachilidae)

Figs. 24–31. Microphotographs of cleared exoskeleton of second instar of Coeliooxys chichimeca. 24. Mouthparts, frontal view, showing lobes of hypopharynx. 25. Spiracle and section of lateral tracheal trunks. 26. Close-up of spiracle showing details of atrium, chamber of primarily spiracular opening, and subatrium, side view. Figs. 27–31. SEM micrographs of spiracles of abdominal segments 5–8, respectively, showing size increases. 27. Close-up of atrial wall identified by rectangle in fig. 31. 28–31. Exterior views of spiracles on segments 5–8 respectively, to same scale, showing size increase.

Figs. 51–56 in Biology and Morphology of the Immature Stages of the Cleptoparasitic Bee Coelioxys chichimeca (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Megachilidae)

Figs. 51–56. SEM micrographs of fourth instar of Coelioxys chichimeca. 51. Head, frontal view. 52. Head of another specimen, lateral view. 53. Hypostomal tubercle, frontal view, with sensilla greatly reduced in size. 54. Antenna, approximate frontal view. 55. Right mandible, outer view. 56. Spiracle.

Figs. 60–67 in Biology and Morphology of the Immature Stages of the Cleptoparasitic Bee Coelioxys chichimeca (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Megachilidae)

Figs. 60–67. Right mandible of larval instars 2–5 of Coelioxys chichimeca, respectively, dorsal and outer views; latter with their apices in maximum profile (all to same scale).

Figs. 16, 17 in Hospicidal Behavior of the Cleptoparasitic Bee Coelioxys (Allocoelioxys) coturnix, Including Descriptions of Its Larval Instars (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae)

Figs. 16, 17. SEM micrograph of larval instars of Coelioxys coturnix. 16. Second instar showing skin of first instar attached to venter. 17. Close-up of first-instar mandible (identified by rectangle in fig. 16).

Figs. 11–15 in Hospicidal Behavior of the Cleptoparasitic Bee Coelioxys (Allocoelioxys) coturnix, Including Descriptions of Its Larval Instars (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae)

Figs. 11–15. SEM micrographs of first larval instar of Coelioxys coturnix. 11. Head, covered by chorion, biting egg of Megachile minutissima, frontolateral view. 12. Close-up of front of head, showing micropylar sculpturing of chorion. 13. Head of larva, now removed from host egg, showing mouthparts, near lateral view. 14. Same, approximate ventral view. 15. Mouthparts, with egg chorion and lateral part of parietal now removed, approximate frontal view.

Figs. 4–8 in Hospicidal Behavior of the Cleptoparasitic Bee Coelioxys (Allocoelioxys) coturnix, Including Descriptions of Its Larval Instars (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae)

Figs. 4–8. Macrophotographs of live eggs and early instars of Coelioxys coturnix and eggs of its host, Megachile minutissima. 4. Egg of C. coturnix on host egg. 5. Shrouded first instar of C. coturnix feeding on partly depleted egg of host. 6. Live egg of C. coturnix with its posterior end slightly submerged in provisions and positioned slightly diagonally on host egg; note second egg of C. coturnix removed from host egg and resting in provisions. 7. Egg of C. coturnix attached to host egg, both resting on their sides. 8. Live first instar of C. coturnix feeding on host egg with large egg of Sapyga luteomaculata, ready to eclose, nearby on surface of provisions.

Figs. 23–26 in Hospicidal Behavior of the Cleptoparasitic Bee Coelioxys (Allocoelioxys) coturnix, Including Descriptions of Its Larval Instars (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae)

Figs. 23–26. SEM micrographs of third larval instar of Coelioxys coturnix. 23. Head, mostly frontal view. 24. Close-up of mouthparts, showing dorsal mandibular tooth larger than on previous instar and showing larger palpi than on previous instar. 25. Close-up of left antenna and anterior tentorial pit (as identified by rectangle, fig. 23), showing two sensilla. 26. Spiracle, abdominal segment 3, right side.

Figs. 9, 10 in Hospicidal Behavior of the Cleptoparasitic Bee Coelioxys (Allocoelioxys) coturnix, Including Descriptions of Its Larval Instars (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae)

Figs. 9, 10. SEM micrographs of second instar (identified by its mandible, as in fig. 20) of Coelioxys coturnix. 9. The somewhat flaccid egg of Megachile minutissima to which is attached the chorion and presumably first instar skin of C. coturnix. 10. Close-up of micropyle (identified by rectangle in fig. 9) matched with micropyle of mature oocyte (Rozen and Kamel, 2007: fig. 33).

Figs. 1–3 in Hospicidal Behavior of the Cleptoparasitic Bee Coelioxys (Allocoelioxys) coturnix, Including Descriptions of Its Larval Instars (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae)

Figs. 1–3. Trap-nest panels, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt. 1. Five panels deployed on campus. 2. Close-up of part of one panel showing nesting straws projecting from holes in painted foam plastic and a female of Coelioxys coturnix at one entrance. 3. Nest straw removed from panel and opened to expose leaflined cells of Megachile minutissima.

Figs. 27–29 in Hospicidal Behavior of the Cleptoparasitic Bee Coelioxys (Allocoelioxys) coturnix, Including Descriptions of Its Larval Instars (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae)

Figs. 27–29. SEM micrographs of fourth larval instar of Coelioxys coturnix. 27. Head, frontal view, showing enlarged dorsal mandibular teeth. 28. Same, ventral view, showing longer antennal papillae and palpi compared with earlier instars. 29. Close-up of left antenna with three sensilla and anterior tentorial pit (identified by rectangle in fig. 27).