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Fig. 1. a-b in Sarcoptic mange in wild quichua porcupines (Coendou quichua Thomas, 1899) in Colombia

Fig. 1. a-b. Macroscopic lesions of severe sarcoptic mange in two Quichua porcupines (Coendou quichua) from central Colombia with a microphotograph of Sarcoptes scabiei (inset). a) Mature male with extensive alopecia affecting ventral, inguinal region, and limbs. b) Mature female with severe hyperkeratosis and alopecia covering 80% of the body.

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Fig. 2. a-c in Sarcoptic mange in wild quichua porcupines (Coendou quichua Thomas, 1899) in Colombia

Fig. 2. a-c. Microphotograph of skin section of a mature female Coendou quichua with severe sarcoptic mange. a) Intralesional cocci observed surrounding parasitic tunnels, with mite (arrow head 20X). b) Intralesional mite (black arrow head) and pustule (grey arrow head 10X), and c) several tunnels with (black arrow heads) and without (white triangle) mites in the stratum corneum (4X). All bars = 100 μm. Haematoxylin and Eosin stain.

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Fig. 1 in Infestation, histology, and molecular confirmation of Sarcoptes scabiei in an Andean porcupine (Coendou quichua) from the Central Andes of Colombia

Fig. 1. Coendou quichua with macroscopic lesions corresponding to hyperkeratosis and alopecia, which extend ventrally from the chest to the inguinal region and base of the tail, hyperkeratosis is also observed in the mandible and the fore and hind limbs up to the carpal and tarsal joints (A, B). Histopathological microphotographs of mangy skin of C. quichua, with the presence of tunnels with (black arrow heads) and without (white arrow heads) mites (Sarcoptes scabiei) in the stratum corneum (C) and skin with predominance of hyperkeratosis (hyp) and acanthosis (ac) (D). Light micrographs of: S. scabiei eggs (E). Dorsal view of a female with the presence of robust dorsal setae (ds), numerous and conspicuous triangular cuticular spines (cs) on its dorsal surface (F). Ventral view of a female with the presence of the legs short, with legs I and II bear a stalked empodium (e) that terminate in a broad pad, and the two hind pairs of legs (III and IV) terminate in long setae or bristles (s) (G). Ventral view of a male with the legs I, II and III bear a stalked empodium (e) that terminate in a broad pad and the last pair (IV) of legs terminate in long setae (s) (H). ch (chelicerae), p (pedipalps).

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Fig. 2 in Infestation, histology, and molecular confirmation of Sarcoptes scabiei in an Andean porcupine (Coendou quichua) from the Central Andes of Colombia

Fig. 2. Histological microphotographs of the development of the mite S. scabiei in the skin of the porcupine C. quichua. Permanent burrows dug by fertilized adult females, with the presence of a developing egg and the shell of another hatched egg (A, B). Burrows with the presence of three eggshells (sh) and feces (fe), where between two and three eggs are laid daily (C). Developing eggs within burrows in the stratum corneum of the skin, which hatch approximately 3–4 days after oviposition (D–F). Developing larvae in the superficial layer of the skin (G, H). Nymph burrowing just below the skin surface to moult into an adult in 3–4 days (I). Side-axial view of an adult female specimen of S. scabiei in a tunnel in the superficial epidermis. The mites have a short and broad gnathosoma (gn), globose idiosoma, short and conical legs I and II, with a delicate chitinous coating (le). Structures associated with the female reproductive system, spermatheca (sp), ovarian nutrient cell (ONC) located inside the ovary (ov), vitellogenic oocyte (oc) in the oviduct (ovd), as well as chorional gland (chg) close to oviporus (op) are visible (J).

Fig. 6 in Revisionary Notes on Neotropical Porcupines (Rodentia: Erethizontidae). 2. A Review of the Coendou vestitus Group with Descriptions of Two New Species from Amazonia

Fig. 6. Ventrolateral cranial views of Coendou vestitus (A, AMNH 71360) and C. pruinosus (B, MCZ 18738) showing species differences in alisphenoid morphology. In Coendou vestitus, the alisphenoid is incompletely ossified, resulting in an open sphenopterygoid canal and a buccinatormasticatory foramen (bmf) that is confluent with the foramen ovale (fo). By contrast, the alisphenoid is fully ossified in C. pruinosus, whose sphenopterygoid canal (arrow) is laterally enclosed and whose buccinatormasticatory and oval foramina are separate.

Fig. 10 in Revisionary Notes on Neotropical Porcupines (Rodentia: Erethizontidae). 2. A Review of the Coendou vestitus Group with Descriptions of Two New Species from Amazonia

Fig. 10. Dorsal, ventral, and lateral cranial views of Coendou ichillus (AMNH 126171, holotype). All views approximately ×1.5.

Fig. 5 in Revisionary Notes on Neotropical Porcupines (Rodentia: Erethizontidae). 2. A Review of the Coendou vestitus Group with Descriptions of Two New Species from Amazonia

Fig. 5. Ventral cranial views of Coendou vestitus (A, MNHN 1929–632) and C. pruinosus (B, MCZ 18738) showing species differences in palatal morphology. In Coendou vestitus, the bony palate between the toothrows is marked by a high median keel that is flanked by deep lateral grooves or gutters (lg); in addition, the mesopterygoid fossa (mpf) extends anteriorly between the second molars, and the roof of the fossa is perforated by large sphenopalatine vacuities (spv). In C. pruinosus, the palate is sometimes weakly keeled but never has deep lateral gutters; also, the mesopterygoid fossa extends anteriorly only between the third molars, and the roof of the fossa is not perforated by distinct sphenopalatine vacuities.

Fig. 1 in Revisionary Notes on Neotropical Porcupines (Rodentia: Erethizontidae). 2. A Review of the Coendou vestitus Group with Descriptions of Two New Species from Amazonia

Fig. 1. Three structural types found in the dorsal pelage of members of the Coendou vestitus species group: a, soft wool hairs; b, quills; c, bristlequills. Approximately life size (drawn from pelage of AMNH 126171, holotype of C. ichillus).

Fig. 4 in Revisionary Notes on Neotropical Porcupines (Rodentia: Erethizontidae). 2. A Review of the Coendou vestitus Group with Descriptions of Two New Species from Amazonia

Fig. 4. Dorsal, ventral, and lateral cranial views of Coendou vestitus (MNHN 1929–632). All views approximately ×1.5.

Fig. 8 in Revisionary Notes on Neotropical Porcupines (Rodentia: Erethizontidae). 2. A Review of the Coendou vestitus Group with Descriptions of Two New Species from Amazonia

Fig. 8. Dorsal, ventral, and lateral cranial views of Coendou pruinosus (MCZ 18738). All views approximately ×1.5.

Fig. 13 in Revisionary Notes on Neotropical Porcupines (Rodentia: Erethizontidae). 2. A Review of the Coendou vestitus Group with Descriptions of Two New Species from Amazonia

Fig. 13. Holotype of Coendou roosmalenorum (INPA 2586) in life. Photos courtesy of M.G.M. van Roosmalen.

Fig. 12 in Revisionary Notes on Neotropical Porcupines (Rodentia: Erethizontidae). 2. A Review of the Coendou vestitus Group with Descriptions of Two New Species from Amazonia

Fig. 12. An adult female Coendou ichillus eating bananas suspended from the rafters of a building at La Selva Jungle Lodge, Provincia Sucumbíos, Ecuador, on 9 July 1996 (photo courtesy of P. J. DeVries).

Fig. 14 in Revisionary Notes on Neotropical Porcupines (Rodentia: Erethizontidae). 2. A Review of the Coendou vestitus Group with Descriptions of Two New Species from Amazonia

Fig. 14. Dorsal, ventral and cranial views of Coendou roosmalenorum (INPA 2586 [original number CCM 58], holotype). All views approximately ×1.5.

Fig. 15 in Revisionary Notes on Neotropical Porcupines (Rodentia: Erethizontidae). 2. A Review of the Coendou vestitus Group with Descriptions of Two New Species from Amazonia

Fig. 15. Collection localities and sight records for members of the Coendou vestitus species group. Numbered symbols for C. vestitus (N), C. pruinosus (c), C. ichillus (Δ), and C. roosmalenorum (.) are keyed to entries in the accompanying gazetteer (appendix). The geographic configuration of localities 9–11 is approximate because specimen labels provide only river names. Western Amazonia (as defined by Voss and Emmons, 1996: 8) is that part of the basin west of the Rio Negro and the Rio Madeira. The Cashinahua Indian village of Balta is the source of an unvouchered record of small porcupines discussed in the text.

Fig. 11 in Revisionary Notes on Neotropical Porcupines (Rodentia: Erethizontidae). 2. A Review of the Coendou vestitus Group with Descriptions of Two New Species from Amazonia

Fig. 11. Dorsal, ventral, and lateral cranial views of Coendou ichillus (FMNH 43289, paratype). All views approximately ×1.5.

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Fig. 3 in Infestation, histology, and molecular confirmation of Sarcoptes scabiei in an Andean porcupine (Coendou quichua) from the Central Andes of Colombia

Fig. 3. Wild mammals with sarcoptic mange (S. scabiei) in South America.

Fig. 2 in Revisionary Notes on Neotropical Porcupines (Rodentia: Erethizontidae). 2. A Review of the Coendou vestitus Group with Descriptions of Two New Species from Amazonia

Fig. 2. Anatomical limits of 18 craniodental measurements defined in the text.

Fig. 3 in Revisionary Notes on Neotropical Porcupines (Rodentia: Erethizontidae). 2. A Review of the Coendou vestitus Group with Descriptions of Two New Species from Amazonia

Fig. 3. Dorsal view of the skin of Coendou vestitus (BMNH 24.2.21.2). Approximately ×0.4.

Fig. 7 in Revisionary Notes on Neotropical Porcupines (Rodentia: Erethizontidae). 2. A Review of the Coendou vestitus Group with Descriptions of Two New Species from Amazonia

Fig. 7. Dorsal view of the skin of Coendou pruinosus (BMNH 10.12.3.5). Approximately ×0.4.