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200 results for “Coevolution”
Data from: Coevolution of longevity and female germline maintenance
<p>An often-overlooked aspect of life-history optimization is the allocation of resources to protect the germline and secure safe transmission of genetic information. While failure to do so renders significant fitness consequences in future generations, germline maintenance comes with substantial costs. Thus, germline allocation should trade-off with other life history decisions and be optimized in accordance with an organism's reproductive schedule. Here we tested this hypothesis by studying germline maintenance in lines of seed beetle, selected for early (E) or late (L) reproduction for 350 and 240 generations, respectively. Female animals provide maintenance and screening of male gametes in their reproductive tract and oocytes. Here, we revealed the ability of young and aged E and L-females to provide this form of germline maintenance by mating them to males with ejaculates with artificially elevated levels of protein and DNA damage. We find that germline maintenance in E-females peaks at young age and then declines, while the opposite is true for L-females, in accordance with the age of reproduction in respective regime. These findings identify the central role of allocation to secure germline integrity in life history evolution and highlight how females can play a crucial role in mitigating effects of male germline decisions on mutation rate and offspring quality.</p>
FIG. 6 in Neotropical Monogenoidea. 47. Phylogeny and coevolution of species of Rhinoxenus (Platyhelminthes, Monogenoidea, Dactylogyridae) and their Characiformes hosts (Teleostei, Ostariophysi) with description of four new species
FIG. 6. — Cladogram showing phylogenetic relationship of Characiformes based on morphologic data, after Buckup (1991). The cladogram represents only the families analyzed in the present work. *, Characoidea (sensu Buckup 1998); **, clade sensu Malabarba 1998.
FIG. 3 in Neotropical Monogenoidea. 47. Phylogeny and coevolution of species of Rhinoxenus (Platyhelminthes, Monogenoidea, Dactylogyridae) and their Characiformes hosts (Teleostei, Ostariophysi) with description of four new species
FIG. 3. — Sclerotized structures in Rhinoxenus; A-F, R. curimbatae n. sp.; A, male copulatory organ (MCO); B, vagina; C, ventral anchor; D, dorsal anchor; E, hook; F, ventral bar; G-M, R. guianensis n. sp.; G, male copulatory organ (MCO); H, vagina; I, hook from pair 2; J, hook from pairs 1, 3-7; K, ventral bar; L, ventral anchor; M, dorsal anchor. Scale bars: A, B, 20 μm; C, D, F, 30 μm; E, I, J, 15 μm; G, H, 10 μm; K-M, 50 μm.
FIG. 1 in Neotropical Monogenoidea. 47. Phylogeny and coevolution of species of Rhinoxenus (Platyhelminthes, Monogenoidea, Dactylogyridae) and their Characiformes hosts (Teleostei, Ostariophysi) with description of four new species
FIG. 1. — Sclerotized structures of selected Rhinoxenus species; A, R. piranhus Kritsky, Boeger & Thatcher, 1988, male copulatory organ (MCO); B, R. piranhus, vagina; C, R. nyttus Kritsky, Boeger & Thatcher, 1988, MCO; D, R. nyttus, detail of the base of the MCO (distal portion of MCO not shown); E, R. nyttus, ventral anchor; F, R. arietinus Kritsky, Boeger & Thatcher, 1988, MCO. Arrow indicates the circular tandem sclerotized brims. Scale bars: A-D, F, 20 μm; E, 50 μm.
FIG. 8 in Neotropical Monogenoidea. 47. Phylogeny and coevolution of species of Rhinoxenus (Platyhelminthes, Monogenoidea, Dactylogyridae) and their Characiformes hosts (Teleostei, Ostariophysi) with description of four new species
FIG. 8. — Summary of the proposed historical relationships of Rhinoxenus species and their hosts. The parasite cladogram (solid lines) is superimposed on that (broad grey lines) of their hosts taxa. Dotted lines indicate postulated extinction or sampling error of parasites; dashed-dotted lines indicate postulated dispersion of parasite clades; circles indicate cospeciation events; triangle indicates duplication event. *, clade sensu Malabarba 1998.
FIG. 4. — Rhinoxenus euryxenus n in Neotropical Monogenoidea. 47. Phylogeny and coevolution of species of Rhinoxenus (Platyhelminthes, Monogenoidea, Dactylogyridae) and their Characiformes hosts (Teleostei, Ostariophysi) with description of four new species
FIG. 4. — Rhinoxenus euryxenus n. sp.; A, holotype (ventral); B, vagina; C, male copulatory organ (MCO); D, hook from pairs 1, 3-7; E, hook from pair 2; F, ventral bar; G, ventral anchor; H, dorsal anchor. Scale bars: A, 100 μm; B-E, 10 μm; F-H, 50 μm.
FIG. 2. — Rhinoxenus anaclaudiae n in Neotropical Monogenoidea. 47. Phylogeny and coevolution of species of Rhinoxenus (Platyhelminthes, Monogenoidea, Dactylogyridae) and their Characiformes hosts (Teleostei, Ostariophysi) with description of four new species
FIG. 2. — Rhinoxenus anaclaudiae n. sp.; A, holotype (ventral); B, male copulatory organ (MCO); C, hook from pair 2; D, hook from pairs 1, 3-7; E, vagina; F, ventral bar; G, dorsal anchor; H, ventral anchor. Scale bars: A, 100 μm; B-E, 10 μm; F-H, 30 μm.
FIG. 7 in Neotropical Monogenoidea. 47. Phylogeny and coevolution of species of Rhinoxenus (Platyhelminthes, Monogenoidea, Dactylogyridae) and their Characiformes hosts (Teleostei, Ostariophysi) with description of four new species
FIG. 7. — Cladogram of hosts groups of Rhinoxenus species constructed from parasitological data and using Characiformes taxa analyzed in the present work. Dashed lines postulate dispersion. Each host group is labeled with its taxonomic epithet followed by the Rhinoxenus species parasitizing its members.
Mutualistic coevolution and community diversity favor persistence in metacommunities under environmental changes
<p>Linking local to regional ecological and evolutionary processes is key to understand the response of Earth's biodiversity to environmental changes. Here we integrate evolution and mutualistic coevolution in a model of metacommunity dynamics to understand how coevolution can shape species distribution and persistence in landscapes varying in space and time. Using simulations, we show that coevolution and species richness can synergistically shape distribution patterns by increasing colonization and reducing extinction of populations in metacommunities. Although conflicting selective pressures emerging from mutualisms may increase mismatches with the local environment and the rate of local extinctions, coevolution increases trait matching among mutualists at the landscape scale, counteracting local maladaptation and favoring colonization and range expansions. Our results show that by facilitating colonization, coevolution can also buffer the effects of environmental changes, preventing species extinctions and the collapse of metacommunities. Our findings reveal the mechanisms whereby coevolution can favor persistence under environmental changes and highlight that these positive effects are greater in more diverse systems that retain landscape connectivity.</p>
The coevolution of effort and replication, recreated, replicated and corrected
<p>We replicated “The natural selection of bad science” by Paul Smaldino and Richard McElreath (2016). The replication was successful with one exception. We find that selection acting on scientist’s propensity for replication frequency caused a brief period of exuberant replication not observed in the original paper due to a coding error. This difference does not, however, change the authors’ original conclusions.</p> <p>The three panels displayed here concern Figure 5 – titled “The coevolution of effort and replication” – of the original study. Panel (a) is based on the original data and is a recreation of the original figure. Panel (b) is the result of a replication based on the same coding error and panel (c) displays the corrected result.</p> <p>While effort, false positive rate (α), and false-discovery rate converge to the originally reported values when the simulated steps are extended beyond the original 1e6 time steps, the replication rate’s progress and convergence are different from the original.</p> <p>The results of this corrected model show the following pattern: Starting with a high effort, low effort replications are more attractive than conducting novel research (that is, employing this strategy received higher payoffs), which results in the replication rate reaching nearly 100% after ~730,000 steps. At this point the decline of effort has made low-effort novel research more attractive than low-effort replications (because publishing a novel positive result is associated with a higher payof than publishing a replication) and consequently the replication rate decreases again. With the decline of effort, alpha rises up to 0.67, comparable with the value reported in the study by Smaldino and McElreath (2016).</p> <p>Smaldino, P. E., & McElreath, R. (2016). The natural selection of bad science. <em>Royal Society Open Science</em>, <em>3</em>(9), 160384. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.160384">https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.160384</a></p>
To disperse or compete? Coevolution of traits leads to a limited number of reproductive strategies
<p><span><span>Reproductive strategies are defined by a combination of behavioural, morphological, and life-history traits. Reproductive investment and offspring propagule size are two key traits defining reproductive strategies. While a substantial amount of work has been devoted to understanding the independent fitness effects of each of these traits, it remains unclear how coevolution between them ultimately affects the evolution of reproductive strategies, and how this might influence the relationship between dispersal and environmental factors. In this study, we explore how the evolution of reproductive strategies defined by these two coevolving traits is influenced by resource availability and spatial structuring of the environment using a simulation model. We find three possible equilibrium strategies across all scenarios: a competitor strategy with high reproductive investment (producing large propagules which disperse short distances), and two coloniser strategies differing in reproductive investment (both producing small propagules which disperse long distances). The possible equilibrium strategies for each scenario depended on starting conditions, spatial structure and resource availability. Evolutionary transitions between these equilibrium strategies were more likely in heterogeneous than homogeneous landscapes and at higher resource levels. Transition from coloniser strategy to competitor strategy was usually a two-step process, with changes in propagule size following initial evolution in investment. This highlights how the interaction between the two trait axes affects the evolution of reproductive strategies, particularly where fitness valleys preclude the simultaneous evolution of traits. Our results highlight the need to incorporate trait coevolution into evolutionary models to help develop a more integrative understanding of the structure of natural populations and how the interaction between traits constrains or hinders evolutionary processes.</span></span></p>
Data from: Coevolution of longevity and female germline maintenance
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To disperse or compete? Coevolution of traits leads to a limited number of reproductive strategies
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Data from: Coevolution promotes the coexistence of Tasmanian devils and a fatal, transmissible cancer
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Data from: Host-parasite coevolution promotes innovation through deformations in fitness landscapes
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Mutualistic coevolution and community diversity favor persistence in metacommunities under environmental changes
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Genomic and phenotypic signatures of bacteriophage coevolution with the phytopathogen Pseudomonas syringae
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Data from: The coevolution of male and female genitalia in a mammal: a quantitative genetic insight
<p>Male genitalia are among the most phenotypically diverse morphological traits, and sexual selection is widely accepted as being responsible for their evolutionary divergence. Studies of house mice suggest that the shape of the baculum (penis bone) affects male reproductive fitness and experimentally imposed postmating sexual selection has been shown to drive divergence in baculum shape across generations. Much less is known of the morphology of female genitalia and its coevolution with male genitalia. In light of this, we used a paternal half-sibling design to explore patterns of additive genetic variation and covariation underlying baculum shape and female vaginal tract size in house mice (Mus musculus domesticus). We applied a landmark-based morphometrics approach to measure baculum size and shape in males and the length of the vaginal tract and width of the cervix in females. Our results reveal significant additive genetic variation in house mouse baculum morphology and cervix width, as well as evidence for genetic covariation between male and female genital measures. Our data thereby provide novel insight into the potential for the coevolutionary divergence of male and female genital traits in a mammal. </p>
Data for: Coevolution fails to maintain genetic variation in a host-parasite model with constant finite population size
<p>Coevolutionary negative frequency-dependent selection has been hypothesized to maintain genetic variation in host and parasites. <br> Despite the extensive literature pertaining to host-parasite coevolution, the dynamics of genetic variation has not been examined in a matching-alleles model (MAM) with a finite population size relative to the expectation under neutral genetic drift alone. The dynamics of the MA coevolution in an infinite population, in fact, suggests that genetic variation in these coevolving populations behaves neutrally. By comparing host heterozygosity to the expectation in a single-species model of neutral genetic drift we find that while this is also largely true in finite populations two additional phenomena arise. First, reciprocal natural selection acting on stochastic perturbations in host and pathogen allele frequencies results in a slight increase or decrease in genetic variation depending on the parameter conditions. Second, following the fixation of an allele in the parasite, selection in the MAM becomes directional, which then rapidly erodes genetic variation in the host. Hence, rather than maintain it, we find that, on average, matching-alleles coevolution depletes genetic variation.</p>
In vivo microbial coevolution favours host protection and plastic downregulation of immunity
<p>Microbiota can protect their hosts from infection. The short timescales in which microbes can evolve presents the possibility that 'protective microbes' can take-over from the immune system of longer-lived hosts in the coevolutionary race against pathogens. Here, we found that coevolution between a protective bacterium (<em>Enterococcus faecalis</em>) and a virulent pathogen (<em>Staphylococcus aureus</em>) within an animal population (<em>Caenorhabditis elegans</em>) resulted in more disease suppression than when the protective bacterium adapted to uninfected hosts. At the same time, more protective <em>E. faecalis </em>populations became costlier to harbour and altered the expression of 134 host genes. Many of these genes appear to be related to the mechanism of protection, reactive oxygen species production. Crucially, more protective <em>E. faecalis</em> populations downregulated a key immune gene, <em>sodh-1</em>, known to be effective against <em>S. aureus</em> infection. These results suggest that a microbial line of defence is favoured by microbial coevolution and may cause hosts to plastically divest of their own immunity.</p>
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