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Supporting data of: Hydrography and food distribution during a tidal cycle above a cold-water coral mound
<p>This file contains the raw data and data analyses scripts to:</p> <p>Hydrography and food distribution during a tidal cycle above a cold-water coral mound</p> <p>Evert de Froe, Sandra R. Maier, Henriette G. Horn, George A. Wolff, Sabena Blackbird, Christian Mohn, Mads Schultz, Anna-Selma van der Kaaden, Chiu H. Cheng, Evi Wubben, Britt van Haastregt, Eva Friis Moller, Marc Lavaleye, Karline Soetaert, Gert-Jan Reichart, Dick van Oevelen.</p> <p>Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers, 2022,<br> ISSN 0967-0637,<br> https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2022.103854.<br> <strong>Abstract: </strong>Cold-water corals (CWCs) are important ecosystem engineers in the deep sea that provide habitat for numerous species and can form large coral mounds. These mounds influence surrounding currents and induce distinct hydrodynamic features, such as internal waves and episodic downwelling events that accelerate transport of organic matter towards the mounds, supplying the corals with food. To date, research on organic matter distribution at coral mounds has focussed either on seasonal timescales or has provided single point snapshots. Data on food distribution at the timescale of a diurnal tidal cycle is currently limited. Here, we integrate physical, biogeochemical, and biological data throughout the water column and along a transect on the south-eastern slope of Rockall Bank, Northeast Atlantic Ocean. This transect consisted of 24-hour sampling stations at four locations: Bank, Upper slope, Lower slope, and the Oreo coral mound. We investigated how the organic matter distribution in the water column along the transect is affected by tidal activity. Repeated CTD casts indicated that the water column above Oreo mound was more dynamic than above other stations in multiple ways. First, the bottom water showed high variability in physical parameters and nutrient concentrations, possibly due to the interaction of the tide with the mound topography. Second, in the surface water a diurnal tidal wave replenished nutrients in the photic zone, supporting new primary production. Third, above the coral mound an internal wave (200 m amplitude) was recorded at 400 m depth after the turning of the barotropic tide. After this wave passed, high quality organic matter was recorded in bottom waters on the mound coinciding with shallow water physical characteristics such as high oxygen concentration and high temperature. Trophic markers in the benthic community suggest feeding on a variety of food sources, including phytodetritus and zooplankton. We suggest that there are three transport mechanisms that supply food to the CWC ecosystem. First, small phytodetritus particles are transported downwards to the seafloor by advection from internal waves, supplying high quality organic matter to the CWC reef community. Second, the shoaling of deeper nutrient-rich water into the surface water layer above the coral mound could stimulate diatom growth, which form fast-sinking aggregates. Third, evidence from lipid analysis indicates that zooplankton faecal pellets also enhance supply of organic matter to the reef communities. This study is the first to report organic matter quality and composition over a tidal cycle at a coral mound and provides evidence that fresh high-quality organic matter is transported towards a coral reef during a tidal cycle.</p> <p> </p>
Raw data: Local-scale feedbacks influencing cold-water coral growth and subsequent reef formation
<p>Spreadsheets with the raw data of ADV-measured current velocity, coral growth derived from buoyant weight measurements and stress-related protein activities and concentrations.</p>
FIGURE 18. a – c in Bathyal Mollusca from the cold-water coral biotope of Santa Maria di Leuca (Apulian margin, southern Italy)
FIGURE 18. a – c: Turbonilla micans (Monterosato, 1875), sample BC 51, scale bars: 0.5 mm (a), 0.2 mm (b – c, protoconch); d – f: Graphis gracilis (Monterosato, 1874), sample BC 72, scale bars: 0.5 mm (d), 0.2 mm (e – f, protoconch); g – i: Crenilabium exile (Jeffreys, 1870), samples BC 67 (g) and BC 04 (h – i), scale bars: 2 mm (g), 0.2 mm (h – i, protoconch); j – l: Japonacteon pusillus (MacGillivray, 1843), sample BC 72, scale bars: 2 mm (j), 0.2 mm (k – l, protoconch); m – o: Callostracon thyrrenicum (Smriglio & Mariottini, 1996), sample BC 71, scale bars: 1 mm (m), 0.2 mm (n – o, protoconch).
FIGURE 19. a – b in Bathyal Mollusca from the cold-water coral biotope of Santa Maria di Leuca (Apulian margin, southern Italy)
FIGURE 19. a – b: Ringicula sp., sample BC 72, scale bars: 0.5 mm (a), 0.1 mm (b, protoconch); c – d: Diaphana globosa (Lovén, 1846), sample BC 05, scale bars: 1 mm (c), 0.2 mm (d, protoconch); e – f: Diaphana cf. lactea (Jeffreys, 1877), sample BC 05, scale bars: 1 mm (e), 0.2 mm (f, protoconch); g – j: Philine quadrata (Wood, 1839), samples BC 72 (g – h) and BC 05 (i – j), scale bars: 2 mm (g – h), 0.2 mm (i – j, protoconch); k – n: Philine scabra (Müller, 1784), sample BC 72, scale bars: 2 mm (k), 0.5 mm (l, juvenile), 0.2 mm (m – n, protoconch); o – q: Roxania monterosatoi Dautzenberg & Fischer, 1896, samples BC 67 (o) and BC 72 (p – q), scale bars: 1 mm (o), 0.5 mm (p, juvenile), 0.2 mm (q, protoconch).
FIGURE 17. a – c in Bathyal Mollusca from the cold-water coral biotope of Santa Maria di Leuca (Apulian margin, southern Italy)
FIGURE 17. a – c: Mathilda cochlaeformis Brugnone, 1873, samples BC 71 (a) and BC 66 (b – c), scale bars: 2 mm (a), 0.2 mm (b – c, protoconch); d – g: Mathilda coronata Monterosato, 1875, sample BC 71, scale bars: 2 mm (d), 0.2 mm (e – g, protoconch); h – j: Eulimella scillae (Scacchi, 1835), sample BC 72, scale bars: 1 mm (h), 0.2 mm (i – j, protoconch); k – m: Eulimella unifasciata (Forbes, 1844), sample BC 72, scale bars: 2 mm (k), 0.2 mm (l – m, protoconch); n – o: Chrysallida flexuosa (Monterosato, 1874), sample BC 67, scale bars: 0.5 mm (n), 0.2 mm (o, protoconch); p – r: Liostomia sp., sample BC 72, scale bars: 1 mm (p), 0.2 mm (q – r, protoconch).
FIGURE 16. a – c in Bathyal Mollusca from the cold-water coral biotope of Santa Maria di Leuca (Apulian margin, southern Italy)
FIGURE 16. a – c: Pleurotomella gibbera Bouchet & Warén, 1980, sample BC 66, scale bars: 1 mm (a), 0.2 mm (b – c, protoconch); d – f: Discotectonica discus (Philippi, 1844), sample BC 72, scale bars: 2 mm (d – e), 0.2 mm (f, protoconch); g – h: Pseudomalaxis zanclaeus (Philippi, 1844), sample BC 72, scale bar 5 mm; i – k: Solatisonax alleryi (Seguenza, 1876), sample BC 72, scale bars: 2 mm (i – j), 0.2 mm (k, protoconch); l – n: Solatisonax bannocki (Melone & Taviani, 1980), sample BC 71, scale bars: 2 mm (l – m), 0.2 mm (n, protoconch); o – q: Spirolaxis centrifugus (Monterosato, 1890), sample BC 72, scale bars: 1 mm (o – p), 0.2 mm (q, protoconch).
FIGURE 13. a – c in Bathyal Mollusca from the cold-water coral biotope of Santa Maria di Leuca (Apulian margin, southern Italy)
FIGURE 13. a – c: Akritogyra conspicua (Monterosato, 1880), sample BC 05, scale bars: 0.5 mm (a – b), 0.1 mm (c, protoconch); d – f: Epitonium tiberii (de Boury, 1889), sample BC 66, scale bars: 0.5 mm (d), 0.1 mm (e – f, protoconch); g – i: Alvania cimicoides (Forbes, 1844), sample BC 72, scale bars: 1 mm (g), 0.1 mm (h – i, protoconch); j – l: Alvania testae (Aradas & Maggiore, 1844), sample BC 72, scale bars: 0.5 mm (j), 0.1 mm (k – l, protoconch); m – o: Benthonella tenella (Jeffreys, 1869), sample BC 04, scale bars: 0.5 mm (m), 0.1 mm (n – o, protoconch).
FIGURE 15. a – d in Bathyal Mollusca from the cold-water coral biotope of Santa Maria di Leuca (Apulian margin, southern Italy)
FIGURE 15. a – d: Drilliola loprestiana (Calcara, 1841), sample BC 05, scale bars: 1 mm (a), 0.5 mm (b – c, protoconch), 0.1 mm (d, PI detail); e – h: Mangelia nuperrima (Tiberi, 1855), samples BC 05 (e) and BC 72 (f – h), scale bars: 2 mm (e), 0.5 mm (f – g, protoconch), 0.1 mm (h, PI detail); i: Mangelia serga (Dall, 1881), sample BC 72, scale bar 2 mm; j – l: Pleurotomella eurybrocha (Dautzenberg & Fischer, 1896), sample BC 21, scale bars: 0.5 mm (j), 0.2 mm (k – l, protoconch); m – p: Teretia teres (Reeve, 1844), sample BC 72, scale bars: 1 mm (m), 0.2 mm (n – o, protoconch), 0.1 mm (p, PI detail); q – t: Pleurotomella demosia (Dautzenberg & Fischer, 1896), sample BC 71, scale bars: 2 mm (q), 0.2 mm (r – s, protoconch), 0.1 mm (t, PI detail).
FIGURE 14. a – c in Bathyal Mollusca from the cold-water coral biotope of Santa Maria di Leuca (Apulian margin, southern Italy)
FIGURE 14. a – c: Pagodula echinata (Kiener, 1840), sample BC 72, scale bars: 5 mm (a), 0.5 mm (b – c, protoconch); d – g: Nassarius lima (Dillwyn, 1817), sample BC 72, scale bars: 5 mm (d), 1 mm (e, juvenile), 0.5 mm (f – g, protoconch); h – j: Amphissa acutecostata (Philippi, 1844), sample BC 72, scale bars: 2 mm (h), 0.5 mm (i – j, protoconch); k – m: Fusinus rostratus (Olivi, 1792), sample BC 72, scale bars: 5 mm (k), 0.5 mm (l – m, protoconch); n – p: Drilliola emendata (Monterosato, 1872), sample BC 67, scale bars: 2 mm (n), 0.5 mm (o – p, protoconch).
FIGURE 12. a – c in Bathyal Mollusca from the cold-water coral biotope of Santa Maria di Leuca (Apulian margin, southern Italy)
FIGURE 12. a – c: Anatoma aspera (Philippi, 1844), sample BC 71, scale bars: 1 mm (a – b), 0.1 mm (c, protoconch); d: Danilia tinei (Calcara, 1839), sample BC 72, scale bar 5 mm; e – g: Cirsonella romettensis (Granata – Grillo, 1877), sample BC 67, scale bars: 1 mm (e – f), 0.1 mm (g, protoconch); h – j: Putzeysia wiseri (Calcara, 1842), sample BC 66, scale bars: 2 mm (h), 0.2 mm (i – j, protoconch); k – m: Mikro? sp., sample BC 52, scale bars: 0.2 mm (k – l), 0.1 mm (m, protoconch); n – p: Adeuomphalus densicostatus (Jeffreys, 1884), sample BC 72, scale bars: 0.2 mm (n – o), 0.1 mm (p, protoconch).
FIGURE 11. a – c in Bathyal Mollusca from the cold-water coral biotope of Santa Maria di Leuca (Apulian margin, southern Italy)
FIGURE 11. a – c: Antalis agilis (Sars M. in Sars G. O., 1872), samples BC 04 (a) and BC 72 (b – c), scale bars: 5 mm (a), 0.2 mm (b, posterior aperture), 1 mm (c, anterior aperture); d – f: Entalina tetragona (Brocchi, 1814), sample BC 72, scale bars: 2 mm (d), 0.1 mm (e, posterior aperture), 0.5 mm (f, anterior aperture); g: Cadulus subfusiformis (Sars M., 1865), sample BC 52, scale bar 0.5 mm; h – k: Propilidium exiguum (Thompson, 1844), sample BC 66, scale bars: 1 mm (h – i), 0.1 mm (j – k, protoconch); l – n: Emarginula adriatica (Costa O. G., 1830), sample BC 72, scale bars: 2 mm (l – m), 0.1 mm (n, protoconch); o – q: Emarginula multistriata Jeffreys, 1882, sample BC 70, scale bars: 1 mm (o – p), 0.1 mm (q, protoconch); r – t: Emarginula tenera Locard, 1982, sample BC 71, scale bars: 1 mm (r – s), 0.1 mm (t, protoconch).
FIGURE 10. a – c in Bathyal Mollusca from the cold-water coral biotope of Santa Maria di Leuca (Apulian margin, southern Italy)
FIGURE 10. a – c: Allogramma formosa (Jeffreys, 1882); RV, sample BC 72, scale bars: 2 mm (a – b), 0.1 mm (c, prodissoconch); d – e: Poromya granulata (Nyst & Westendorp, 1839); LV, sample BC 72, scale bar 1 mm; f – h: Cuspidaria lamellosa (Sars G. O. ex Sars M., 1872); RV (f, h) and LV (g), sample BC 72, scale bars: 1 mm (f – g), 0.1 mm (h, prodissoconch); i – k: Cuspidaria rostrata (Spengler, 1793); RV, samples BC 66 (i – j) and BC 72 (k), scale bars: 5 mm (i – j), 0.1 mm (k, prodissoconch); l – n: Tropidomya abbreviata (Forbes, 1843); LV, sample BC 72, scale bars: 5 mm (m), 2 mm (l, juvenile), 0.1 mm (n, prodissoconch); o – q: Cardiomya costellata (Deshayes, 1835); RV, sample BC 72, scale bars 2 mm (o – p), 0.1 mm (q, prodissoconch).
FIGURE 9. a – d in Bathyal Mollusca from the cold-water coral biotope of Santa Maria di Leuca (Apulian margin, southern Italy)
FIGURE 9. a – d: Kelliella miliaris (Philippi, 1844); RV (a, c) and LV (b, d), sample BC 72, scale bars: 1 mm (a – c), 0.1 mm (d, prodissoconch); e – f: Hiatella arctica (Linnaeus, 1767); RV, sample BC 70, scale bar 5 mm; g – i: Xylophaga dorsalis (Turton, 1819); RV, samples BC 66 (h – i) and BC 72 (g), scale bars: 0.5 mm (g – h), 0.1 mm (i, prodissoconch); j – l: Panacca loveni (Jeffreys, 1882); LV, samples BC 70 (j – k) and BC 05 (l), scale bars 10 mm (j – k), 0.1 mm (l, prodissoconch); m – o: Panacca? sp.; RV (m, n) and LV (o), sample BC 72, scale bars: 5 mm (m – n), 0.1 mm (o, prodissoconch; the arrow points at the ventral sinuation).
FIGURE 8. a – c in Bathyal Mollusca from the cold-water coral biotope of Santa Maria di Leuca (Apulian margin, southern Italy)
FIGURE 8. a – c: Montacuta substriata (Montagu, 1808); RV, sample BC 72, scale bars: 1 mm (a – b), 0.1 mm (c, prodissoconch); d – f: Tellimya tenella (Lovén, 1846); RV, sample BC 72, scale bars: 1 mm (d – e), 0.1 mm (f, prodissoconch); g – i: Kurtiella cf. tumidula (Jeffreys, 1866); RV, sample BC 67, scale bars: 0.5 mm (g – h), 0.1 mm (i, prodissoconch); j – m: Parvicardium minimum (Philippi, 1836); RV (j, m) and LV (k), sample BC 71, scale bars: 1 mm (j – k), 0.1 mm (l, prodissoconch), 0.02 mm (m, P – 1 detail); n – p: Abra longicallus (Scacchi, 1835); LV, sample BC 70, scale bars: 5 mm (n – o), 0.1 mm (p, prodissoconch).
FIGURE 3. a – c in Bathyal Mollusca from the cold-water coral biotope of Santa Maria di Leuca (Apulian margin, southern Italy)
FIGURE 3. a – c: Yoldiella nana (Sars M., 1865); RV (b, c) and LV (a), sample BC 72, scale bars: 0.5 mm (a – b), 0.1 mm (c, prodissoconch); d – f: Yoldiella philippiana (Nyst, 1844); RV, sample BC 72, scale bars: 1 mm (d – e), 0.1 mm (f, prodissoconch); g – i: Yoldiella striolata (Brugnone, 1876); RV, sample BC 72, scale bars: 1 mm (g – h), 0.1 mm (i, prodissoconch); j – m: Asperarca nodulosa (Müller, 1776); LV, sample BC 11, scale bars: 5 mm (j – k), 1 mm (l, juvenile), 0.1 mm (m, prodissoconch).
FIGURE 7. a – c in Bathyal Mollusca from the cold-water coral biotope of Santa Maria di Leuca (Apulian margin, southern Italy)
FIGURE 7. a – c: Axinulus alleni (Carrozza, 1981); RV, sample BC 72, scale bars: 1 mm (a – b), 0.1 mm (c, prodissoconch); d – f: Thyasira flexuosa (Montagu, 1803); RV (e, f) and LV (d), sample BC 72, scale bars: 2 mm (d – e), 0.1 mm (f, prodissoconch); g – i: Genaxinus eumyarius (Sars M., 1870); RV (h, i) and LV (g), sample BC 72, scale bars: 1 mm (g – h), 0.1 mm (I, prodissoconch); j – l: Leptaxinus subovatus (Jeffreys, 1881); RV, sample BC 72, scale bars: 1 mm (j – k), 0.1 mm (l, prodissoconch); m – o: Mendicula ferruginosa (Forbes, 1844); RV, sample BC 72, scale bars: 1 mm (m – n), 0.1 mm (o, prodissoconch).
FIGURE 2. a – b in Bathyal Mollusca from the cold-water coral biotope of Santa Maria di Leuca (Apulian margin, southern Italy)
FIGURE 2. a – b: Nucula sulcata Bronn, 1831; RV, sample BC 06, scale bar: 5 mm; c – e: Ennucula aegeensis (Forbes, 1844); RV (c, e) and LV (d), sample BC 72, scale bars: 1 mm (c – d), 0.1 mm (e, prodissoconch); f – h: Ledella messanensis (Jeffreys, 1870); LV, sample BC 72, scale bars: 1 mm (f – g), 0.1 mm (h, prodissoconch); i – k: Malletia obtusa (Sars M. in Sars G. O., 1872); RV (j, k) and LV (i), samples BC 72 (i) and BC 71 (j – k), scale bars: 2 mm (i – j), 0.1 mm (k, prodissoconch); l – n: Pristigloma minima (Seguenza, 1877); RV (m) and LV (l, n), sample BC 72, scale bars: 0.5 mm (l – m), 0.1 mm (n, prodissoconch); o – q: Yoldiella lucida (Lovén, 1846); RV, sample BC 72, scale bars: 1 mm (o – p), 0.1 mm (q, prodissoconch).
FIGURE 6. a – c in Bathyal Mollusca from the cold-water coral biotope of Santa Maria di Leuca (Apulian margin, southern Italy)
FIGURE 6. a – c: Spondylus gussonii Costa, 1830; LV, samples BC 11 (a – b) and BC 71 (c), scale bars: 5 mm (a – b), 0.1 mm (c, prodissoconch); d – g: Heteranomia squamula (Linnaeus, 1758); LV, samples BC 11 (d – e) and BC 72 (f – g), scale bars: 5 mm (d – e), 0.5 mm (f, juvenile), 0.1 mm (g, prodissoconch); h – j: Limaria loscombi (Sowerby G. B. I, 1823); RV, sample BC 72, scale bars: 2 mm (h – i), 0.1 mm (j, prodissoconch); k – m: Limatula subauriculata Montagu, 1808; RV (k, m) and LV (l), samples BC 71 (k, m) and BC 72 (l), scale bars: 1 mm (k – l), 0.1 mm (m, prodissoconch); n – p: Limea crassa (Forbes, 1844); RV (o) and LV (n, p), samples BC 71 (n, p) and BC 72 (o), scale bars: 1 mm (n – o), 0.1 mm (p, prodissoconch).
FIGURE 5. a – d in Bathyal Mollusca from the cold-water coral biotope of Santa Maria di Leuca (Apulian margin, southern Italy)
FIGURE 5. a – d: Delectopecten vitreus (Gmelin, 1791); RV (a, c, d) and LV (b), sample BC 72, scale bars: 5 mm (a – b), 1 mm (c, juvenile), 0.1 mm (d, prodissoconch); e – g: Parvamussium fenestratum (Forbes, 1844); LV, samples BC 70 (e – f) and BC 72 (g), scale bars: 5 mm (e – f), 0.1 mm (g, prodissoconch); h – l: Cyclopecten hoskynsi (Forbes, 1844); RV (h, i, l) and LV (j, k), sample BC 72, scale bars: 5 mm (h – k), 0.1 mm (l, prodissoconch); m – o: Similipecten similis (Laskey, 1811); RV (n, o) and LV (m), sample BC 72, scale bars: 1 mm (m – n), 0.05 mm (o, prodissoconch).
FIGURE 4. a – c in Bathyal Mollusca from the cold-water coral biotope of Santa Maria di Leuca (Apulian margin, southern Italy)
FIGURE 4. a – c: Bathyarca pectunculoides (Scacchi, 1835); RV (a, b) and LV (c), sample BC 72, scale bars: 1 mm (a – b), 0.1 mm (c, prodissoconch); d – f: Bathyarca philippiana (Nyst, 1848); LV, sample BC 04, scale bars: 2 mm (d – e), 0.1 mm (f, prodissoconch); g – i: Dacrydium hyalinum (Monterosato, 1875); LV, sample BC 72, scale bars: 1 mm (g – h), 0.1 mm (i, prodissoconch); j – m: Pseudamussium peslutrae? (Linnaeus, 1771); LV, sample BC 67, scale bars: 2 mm (j – k), 0.1 mm (l, prodissoconch), 0.05 mm (m, P – 1 detail); n – q: Karnekampia sulcata (Müller, 1776); RV (o – q) and LV (n), sample BC 72, scale bars: 5 mm (n – p), 0.1 mm (q, prodissoconch).
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