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Fig. 29 in Systematics of the enigmatic South American Streblopus Van Lansberge, 1874 dung beetles and their transatlantic origin: a case study on the role of dispersal events in the biogeographical history of the Scarabaeinae (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)

Fig. 29. Current distribution of Streblopus van Lansberge, 1874 and the Old World groups with which it is believed to be more closely related plotted on an Upper Cretaceous palaeomap (~ 80 million years ago). Based particularly on the hypothesis in Tarasov & Génier (2015) that Streblopus is part of a clade otherwise composed uniquely of dung beetle lineages either exclusively distributed in Africa (Circellium, Chalconotus and Gyronotus) or with a distribution largely centred on that continent (Scarabaeini), and on the dating of the origin of the Scarabaeini as 71 million years ago (Gunter et al. 2016), we propose that the lineage that would eventually lead to Streblopus branched off from those groups in Africa some time between 95 and 71 million years ago, and that one of its descendent lineages (the only one living today) dispersed from its original continent to South America during the late Upper Cretaceous or the early Cenozoic. Since Africa and South America have not been connected by land since the Lower Cretaceous, the only way the ancestor of Streblopus could have reached South America was through transoceanic dispersal across the early South Atlantic. That dispersal probably happened by rafting on floating pieces of plants or other debris, as probably occurred with a large number of other organisms. Palaeomap modified from Scotese (2016); distribution area based on Balthasar (1963), Scholtz & Howden (1987), Davis et al. (2008) and our own results.

Fig. 14. Profemora. A‒B. Streblopus opatroides van Lansberge, 1874. A in Systematics of the enigmatic South American Streblopus Van Lansberge, 1874 dung beetles and their transatlantic origin: a case study on the role of dispersal events in the biogeographical history of the Scarabaeinae (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)

Fig. 14. Profemora. A‒B. Streblopus opatroides van Lansberge, 1874. A. ♂. B. ♀. C‒D. S. punctatus (Balthasar, 1938). C. ♂. D. ♀. Note the differences between the species and sexes in relation to the overall shape of the profemora and the presence of spurs on the anterior edge in males.

Fig. 12. Pronotum. A. Streblopus opatroides van Lansberge, 1874. B. S in Systematics of the enigmatic South American Streblopus Van Lansberge, 1874 dung beetles and their transatlantic origin: a case study on the role of dispersal events in the biogeographical history of the Scarabaeinae (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)

Fig. 12. Pronotum. A. Streblopus opatroides van Lansberge, 1874. B. S. punctatus (Balthasar, 1938). Note the differences in the umbilicate punctation and colour between the species.

Fig. 1. Streblopus opatroides van Lansberge, 1874. A‒B. Ordinary specimens, dorsal view. A in Systematics of the enigmatic South American Streblopus Van Lansberge, 1874 dung beetles and their transatlantic origin: a case study on the role of dispersal events in the biogeographical history of the Scarabaeinae (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)

Fig. 1. Streblopus opatroides van Lansberge, 1874. A‒B. Ordinary specimens, dorsal view. A. ♂. B. ♀. C‒D. Lectotype, ♂. C. Dorsal view. D. Attached labels.

Fig. 3 in Systematics of the enigmatic South American Streblopus Van Lansberge, 1874 dung beetles and their transatlantic origin: a case study on the role of dispersal events in the biogeographical history of the Scarabaeinae (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)

Fig. 3. Streblopus punctatus (Balthasar, 1938). A‒B. Holotype, ♀. A. Dorsal view. B. Attached labels. C‒D. Ordinary specimens, dorsal view. C. ♂. D. ♀.

Figures 67–82. Pentilia spp. 67-72 in South American Coccinellidae (Coleoptera), Part XXI: systematic revision of South American Pentilia Mulsant (Cryptognathini)

Figures 67–82. Pentilia spp. 67-72) Pentilia elena. 67) Habitus. 68) Frons. 69) Penis guide ventral. 70) Penis guide lateral. 71) Base of penis. 72) Spermathecal capsule. 73-76) Pentilia krystal. 73) Habitus. 74) Frons. 75) Penis guide ventral. 76) Penis guide lateral. 77-82) Pentilia lora. 77) Habitus. 78) Frons. 79) Penis guide ventral. 80) Penis guide lateral. 81) Apical 1/2 of penis. 82) Spermathecal capsule.

Figures 18–34. Pentilia spp. 18-23 in South American Coccinellidae (Coleoptera), Part XXI: systematic revision of South American Pentilia Mulsant (Cryptognathini)

Figures 18–34. Pentilia spp. 18-23) Pentilia nichole. 18) Habitus. 19) Frons. 20) Penis guide ventral. 21) Penis guide lateral. 22) Penis. 23) Spermathecal capsule 24-29) Pentilia jody. 24) Habitus. 25) Frons. 26) Penis guide ventral. 27) Penis guide lateral. 28) Penis. 29-34) Pentilia kendra. 29) Habitus. 30) Frons. 31) Penis guide ventral. 32) Penis guide lateral. 33) Penis. 34) Spermathecal capsule.

Figures 116–118. Pentilia spp. 116 in South American Coccinellidae (Coleoptera), Part XXI: systematic revision of South American Pentilia Mulsant (Cryptognathini)

Figures 116–118. Pentilia spp. 116) Frons. 117) Epipleura ventral. 118) Prosternum and head ventral.

Figures 1–17. Pentilia spp. 1-6 in South American Coccinellidae (Coleoptera), Part XXI: systematic revision of South American Pentilia Mulsant (Cryptognathini)

Figures 1–17. Pentilia spp. 1-6) Pentilia sadie. 1) Habitus. 2) Frons. 3) Penis guide ventral. 4) Penis guide lateral. 5) Penis. 6) Spermathecal capsule. 7-12) Pentilia bernadette. 7) Habitus. 8) Frons. 9) Penis guide ventral. 10) Penis guide lateral. 11) Penis. 12) Spermathecal capsule. 13-17) Pentilia traci. 13) Habitus. 14) Frons. 15) Penis guide ventral. 16) Penis guide lateral. 17) Penis.

Figures 1–20. Cryptognatha spp. 1–7 in South American Coccinellidae (Coleoptera), Part XIX: Overview of Cryptognathini and systematic revision of South American Cryptognatha Mulsant

Figures 1–20. Cryptognatha spp. 1–7) Cryptognatha auriculata. 1) Habitus. 2) Frons. 3) Proleg. 4) Phallobase ventral. 5) Phallobase lateral. 6) Penis. 7) Genital plates. 8–14) Cryptognatha nodiceps. 8) Habitus. 9) Frons. 10) Proleg. 11) Phallobase ventral. 12) Phallobase lateral. 13) Penis. 14) Spermathecal capsule. 15–20) Cryptognatha gemellata. 15) Habitus. 16) Frons. 17) Spermathecal capsule. 18) Phallobase ventral. 19) Phallobase lateral. 20) Penis.

Figures 86–102. Cryptognatha spp. 86–90 in South American Coccinellidae (Coleoptera), Part XIX: Overview of Cryptognathini and systematic revision of South American Cryptognatha Mulsant

Figures 86–102. Cryptognatha spp. 86–90) Cryptognatha yolandi. 86) Habitus. 87) Frons. 88) Phallobase ventral. 89) Phallobase lateral. 90) Penis. 91–98) Cryptognatha pudibunda. 91) Habitus. 92) Frons. 93) Maxillary palpus. 94) Antenna. 95) Phallobase ventral. 96) Phallobase lateral. 97) Penis. 98) Spermathecal capsule. 99–102) Cryptognatha batesi. 99) Habitus. 100) Frons. 101) Phallobase lateral. 102) Phallobase ventral.

Figures 55–72. Cryptognatha spp. 55–61 in South American Coccinellidae (Coleoptera), Part XIX: Overview of Cryptognathini and systematic revision of South American Cryptognatha Mulsant

Figures 55–72. Cryptognatha spp. 55–61) Cryptognatha karla. 55) Habitus. 56) Frons. 57) Protibia. 58) Phallobase ventral. 59) Phallobase lateral. 60) Penis. 61) Spermathecal capsule. 62–66) Cryptognatha clarki. 62) Habitus. 63) Frons. 64) Phallobase ventral. 65) Phallobase lateral. 66) Penis. 67–72) Cryptognatha celia. 67) Habitus. 68) Frons. 69) Spermathecal capsule. 70) Phallobase ventral. 71) Phallobase lateral. 72) Penis.

Figures 40–54 in South American Coccinellidae (Coleoptera), Part XIX: Overview of Cryptognathini and systematic revision of South American Cryptognatha Mulsant

Figures 40–54). Cryptognatha spp. 40–43) Cryptognatha hannah. 40) Habitus. 41) Frons. 42) Phallobase ventral. 43) Phallobase lateral. 44–48) Cryptognatha whitney. 44) Habitus. 45) Frons. 46) Phallobase ventral. 47) Phallobase lateral. 48) Penis. 49–54) Cryptognatha reedi. 49) Habitus. 50) Frons. 51) Phallobase ventral. 52) Phallobase lateral. 53) Penis. 54) Spermathecal capsule.

Figs 181-189 in Species review of the genus Gnypeta Thomson from Canada, Alaska and Greenland (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, Aleocharinae): systematics, bionomics and distribution

Figs 181-189. Genital structures of Gnypeta minuta: 181, median lobe of the aedeagus in lateral view, 182, dorsal view; 183, paramere; 184, male tergite 8; 185, male sternite 8; 186, 187, spermatheca; 188, female tergite 8; 189, female sternite 8.

Figs 172-180 in Species review of the genus Gnypeta Thomson from Canada, Alaska and Greenland (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, Aleocharinae): systematics, bionomics and distribution

Figs 172-180. Genital structures of Gnypeta saccharina: 172, median lobe of the aedeagus in lateral view, 173, dorsal view, 174, apical part of median lobe in ventral view; 175, paramere; 176, male tergite 8; 177, male sternite 8; 178, spermatheca; 179, female tergite 8; 180, female sternite 8.

Figs 148-155 in Species review of the genus Gnypeta Thomson from Canada, Alaska and Greenland (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, Aleocharinae): systematics, bionomics and distribution

Figs 148-155. Genital structures of Gnypeta helenae: 148, median lobe of the aedeagus in lateral view, 149, dorsal view; 150, paramere; 151, male tergite 8; 152, male sternite 8; 153, spermatheca; 154, female tergite 8; 155, female sternite 8.

Figs 125-129 in Species review of the genus Gnypeta Thomson from Canada, Alaska and Greenland (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, Aleocharinae): systematics, bionomics and distribution

Figs 125-129. Genital structures of Gnypeta manitobae (lectotype): 125, female tergite 8; 126, female sternite 8; 127-129, spermatheca.

Figs 117-124 in Species review of the genus Gnypeta Thomson from Canada, Alaska and Greenland (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, Aleocharinae): systematics, bionomics and distribution

Figs 117-124. Genital structures of Gnypeta crebrepunctata: 117, median lobe of the aedeagus in lateral view, 118, dorsal view; 119, paramere; 120, male tergite 8; 121, male sternite 8; 122, spermatheca; 123, female tergite 8; 124, female sternite 8.

Figs 108-116 in Species review of the genus Gnypeta Thomson from Canada, Alaska and Greenland (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, Aleocharinae): systematics, bionomics and distribution

Figs 108-116. Genital structures of Gnypeta lohsei: 108, median lobe of the aedeagus in lateral view, 109, dorsal view, 110, apical part of median lobe in ventral view; 111, paramere; 112, male tergite 8; 113, male sternite 8; 114, spermatheca; 115, female tergite 8; 116, female sternite 8.

Figs 99-107 in Species review of the genus Gnypeta Thomson from Canada, Alaska and Greenland (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, Aleocharinae): systematics, bionomics and distribution

Figs 99-107. Genital structures of Gnypeta brincki: 99, median lobe of the aedeagus in lateral view, 100, dorsal view, 101, apical part of median lobe in ventral view; 102, paramere; 103, male tergite 8; 104, male sternite 8; 105, spermatheca; 106, female tergite 8; 107, female sternite 8.