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FIG. 8 in Unexpected diversity of the genus Collarina Jullien, 1886 (Bryozoa, Cheilostomatida) in the NE Atlantic-Mediterranean region: new species and reappraisal of C. balzaci (Audouin, 1826) and C. fayalensis Harmelin, 1978

FIG. 8. — Outlines of orifice, apertural bar, avicularium and portion of costate shield and gymnocyst: A, Collarina gautieri Harmelin, n. sp.; B, C. macaronensis Harmelin, n. sp.; C, C. speluncola Harmelin, n. sp. Scale bar: 100 µm (orifices), 50 µm (avicularia).

FIG. 5 in Unexpected diversity of the genus Collarina Jullien, 1886 (Bryozoa, Cheilostomatida) in the NE Atlantic-Mediterranean region: new species and reappraisal of C. balzaci (Audouin, 1826) and C. fayalensis Harmelin, 1978

FIG. 5. — Collarina fayalensis Harmelin, 1978: A-C, non-ovicelled and ovicelled autozooids showing the structure and limited extent of the costate shield, orifice dimorphism, small spines and relatively narrow avicularia; D, non-ovicelled zooid, for marginal pores; E, drawing from Harmelin (1978: fig. 9); F, distal part of a non-ovicelled zooid from a colony edge; G, proximal half of costate shield, note the distribution of pelmata and the shape of the basal intercostal spaces. Origin: Azores - Saô Miguel, Vila Franca Is., 15 m (A-C, F, G); Formigas Is., 15 m, 'Jean Charcot' Biaçores 1971, P.43 (D); Faial, 'Jean Charcot' Biaçores 1971, P.11 (E). Scale bars: A, 200 µm; B-D, 100 µm, F, 50 µm; G, 25 µm.

FIG. 3 in Unexpected diversity of the genus Collarina Jullien, 1886 (Bryozoa, Cheilostomatida) in the NE Atlantic-Mediterranean region: new species and reappraisal of C. balzaci (Audouin, 1826) and C. fayalensis Harmelin, 1978

FIG. 3. — Collarina balzaci (Audouin, 1826), NW Mediterranean: A, B, ovicelled and non-ovicelled zooids, note the abundance of large pseudopores (pelmata) on both the spinocyst and the ooecium; C, distal portion of a non-ovicelled zooid with no adventitious avicularia; D, distal portion of an ovicelled zooid, note the broader orifice, the shape of the apertural bar and the position of the adventitious avicularium; E, structure of the costate shield and the peripheral gymnocyst; F, adventitious avicularium with rostrum finely serrated, slightly hooked tip, and broad, rounded opesia; G, ancestrula with five spines, partly covered by filamentous microphyte. Origin: Marseille, Planier Islet, on Posidonia leaf. Scale bars: A, 200 µm; B, G, 100 µm; C-E, 50 µm; F, 25 µm.

FIG. 10 in Unexpected diversity of the genus Collarina Jullien, 1886 (Bryozoa, Cheilostomatida) in the NE Atlantic-Mediterranean region: new species and reappraisal of C. balzaci (Audouin, 1826) and C. fayalensis Harmelin, 1978

FIG. 10. — Collarina gautieri Harmelin, n. sp., NE Atlantic: A, Lepralia punctata Hassall, 1841: Busk 1854, pl. 96, fig. 3; B, C, ovicelled and non-ovicelled autozooids, note the typically curved spines associated with ovicells, the orientation of the avicularia and the respective extent of costate shield and gymnocyst; D, part of a young colony including the ancestrula (right) and the colony edge with 2 ovicelled zooids (left); E, non-ovicelled zooid (right) and fertile zooid with an early stage of the ooecium formation (middle), note the typical shape of the orifices and the structure of the costate shield with large marginal pelmata; F, ancestrula. Origin: B, Devon, coll. by JDB; C, NHMUK 1973.4.6.1, Raasay Sound, Scotland: Species A, Bishop (1986); D, Galicia, Malpica; E, Galicia, Ferrol; F, Algarve, coll. by JS. Scale bars: B, D, 200 µm; E, F, 100 µm.

FIG. 7 in Unexpected diversity of the genus Collarina Jullien, 1886 (Bryozoa, Cheilostomatida) in the NE Atlantic-Mediterranean region: new species and reappraisal of C. balzaci (Audouin, 1826) and C. fayalensis Harmelin, 1978

FIG. 7. — Outlines of orifice, apertural bar, avicularium and portion of costate shield and gymnocyst: A, Collarina balzaci (Audouin, 1826); B, C. fayalensis Harmelin, 1978, C, C. denticulata Harmelin, n. sp. Scale bar: 100 µm (orifices), 50 µm (avicularia).

FIG. 12 in Unexpected diversity of the genus Collarina Jullien, 1886 (Bryozoa, Cheilostomatida) in the NE Atlantic-Mediterranean region: new species and reappraisal of C. balzaci (Audouin, 1826) and C. fayalensis Harmelin, 1978

FIG. 12. — Collarina macaronensis Harmelin, n. sp.: A, B, colony edge, general view and detail with ovicelled and non-ovicelled zooids; C, oblique view: structure of costate shield, apertural bar, paired and apical avicularia; D, G, non-ovicelled zooids with typical traits: concave orifice poster, avicularia directed disto-laterally, costate shield with lower central part and digitate margin, large pelmata also present on the gymnocyst; E, Collarina balzaci (Audouin, 1826): Harmelin (1978a, fig. 8), Azores, Faial; F, distal part of non-ovicelled zooid with typical orifice, apertural bar with large and small pseudopores, and 3 spines; H, specimen from a continental area. Origin: A, B, NHMUK 1899.7.1.2105, Madeira, J.Y. Johnson leg.; C, NHMUK 1911.10.1.705, Madeira; D, F, G, MNHN-IB-2014-1927, Madeira, Baixo Is.; H, Galicia, Sisargas Is. Scale bars: A, 400 µm; B, C, 200 µm; D, H 100 µm; F, G, 50 µm.

FIG. 15 in Unexpected diversity of the genus Collarina Jullien, 1886 (Bryozoa, Cheilostomatida) in the NE Atlantic-Mediterranean region: new species and reappraisal of C. balzaci (Audouin, 1826) and C. fayalensis Harmelin, 1978

FIG. 15. — Types of ooecia in Collarina Jullien, 1886 species: A-C, kenozooidal ooecia with and without distal avicularium (A, C. speluncola Harmelin, n. sp; B, C. fayalensis Harmelin, 1978; C, C. macaronensis Harmelin, n. sp.); D, C. denticulata Harmelin, n. sp., colony portion with two kenozooidal ooecia (left) and three ooecia incorporated in distal autozooid (right); E, C. macaronensis Harmelin, n. sp., 2 ovicelled zooids with kenozooidal ooecium (left) vs ooecium incorporated in distal autozooid (right). Origin: A, Marseille, Conger Cave; B, Azores, Saô Miguel, Vila Franca Is.; C, E, Madeira, NHMUK 1911.10.1.705; D, Catalonia, Medes Is. Scale bars: A-C, E 100 µm, D, 200 µm.

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Fig. 16. A–C. Collarina balzaci. A in Northern Adriatic Bryozoa From The Vicinity Of Rovinj, Croatia

Fig. 16. A–C. Collarina balzaci. A. General aspect (AMNH 912; 0.5 mm). B. Autozooid (right) and (left) maternal zooid with ovicell (AMNH 925; 0.1 mm). C. Ancestrula and early autozooids (AMNH 926; 0.1 mm). D, E. Figularia figularis. (AMNH 925). D. General aspect (0.5 mm). E. Autozooid (0.1 mm).

FIG. 11 in Unexpected diversity of the genus Collarina Jullien, 1886 (Bryozoa, Cheilostomatida) in the NE Atlantic-Mediterranean region: new species and reappraisal of C. balzaci (Audouin, 1826) and C. fayalensis Harmelin, 1978

FIG. 11. — Geographical distribution of Collarina gautieri Harmelin, n. sp. in the NE Atlantic and the Mediterranean. Origin of records: Red, Atlantic; 1-5, Bishop (1994); 6, De Blauwe (2006); 7-8, MNHN; 9, De Blauwe (2019); 10, Álvarez (1987); 11-12, Reverter collection; 13, Souto et al. (2010); Blue, Mediterranean; 1-2, this paper, coll. by TM-MZ; 3-4, this paper, coll. by JGH; 5, MNHN collection, Calvet (1906); 6, Chimenz Gusso et al. (2014); 7, NHMUK 1911.10.1.684; 8, Hayward & McKinney (2002).

FIG. 14 in Unexpected diversity of the genus Collarina Jullien, 1886 (Bryozoa, Cheilostomatida) in the NE Atlantic-Mediterranean region: new species and reappraisal of C. balzaci (Audouin, 1826) and C. fayalensis Harmelin, 1978

FIG. 14. — Collarina sp.: A, colony growing edge; B, non-ovicelled zooid; C, orifice, note the particular shape of the proximal edge (poster) and the structure of the apertural bar with two laterally directed avicularia; D, ancestrula and zone of astogenetic change. Origin: MNHN-IB-2014-1928, Corsica, Île-Rousse, 5 m. Scale bars: A, D, 200 µm; B, 100 µm; C, 50 µm.

FIG. 6 in Unexpected diversity of the genus Collarina Jullien, 1886 (Bryozoa, Cheilostomatida) in the NE Atlantic-Mediterranean region: new species and reappraisal of C. balzaci (Audouin, 1826) and C. fayalensis Harmelin, 1978

FIG. 6. — Collarina denticulata Harmelin, n. sp.: A, non-ovicelled autozooids with paired avicularia, three spines and large costate shield with prominent medial crest running into the apertural bar; B, ovicelled zooids, note the shape of the orifices and the poorly prominent ooecia built by the autozooid distal to the maternal zooid; C, distal part of a non-ovicelled zooid showing the particular shape of the orifice, the spines with conical base and the paired avicularia with narrow rostrum; D, oblique view of the distal part of a non-ovicelled zooid showing the apertural bar, the sub-pedunculate avicularia and the spine bases; E, oblique view of the proximal part of an autozooid showing the pedunculate marginal pelmatidia and the poorly developed gymnocyst; F, lateral portion of the costate shield with oblong intercostal lacunae; G, autozooid with adventitious avicularia with nested cystids. Origin: A, D, paratype MNHN-IB-2014-1917, Marseille, Frioul; B, C, E, F, Medes Is. on Pinna shell; G, Port-Cros, Bagaud Is., on stone. Scale bars: A, B, 200 µm; C-E, G, 100 µm; F, 50 µm.

FIG. 17 in Unexpected diversity of the genus Collarina Jullien, 1886 (Bryozoa, Cheilostomatida) in the NE Atlantic-Mediterranean region: new species and reappraisal of C. balzaci (Audouin, 1826) and C. fayalensis Harmelin, 1978

FIG. 17. — Adventitious avicularia with nested cystids in Collarina Jullien, 1886 species: A, C. macaronensis Harmelin, n. sp., ovicelled zooid; B, C. gautieri Harmelin, n. sp., four piles of nested avicularian cystids adventitious on two autozooids and an ooecium; C, C. macaronensis Harmelin, n. sp.; D, C. fayalensis Harmelin, 1978; E, C. speluncola Harmelin, n. sp. Origin: A, Madeira, NHMUK 1899.7.1.2105; B, Galicia, Ria de Ferrol, MHNUSC-Bry-113; C, Galicia, Sisargas Is., MHNUSC-Bry-662; D, Azores, Saô Miguel, Vila Franca; E, Marseille, Conger Cave. Scale bar: A, 100 µm.

FIG. 4 in Unexpected diversity of the genus Collarina Jullien, 1886 (Bryozoa, Cheilostomatida) in the NE Atlantic-Mediterranean region: new species and reappraisal of C. balzaci (Audouin, 1826) and C. fayalensis Harmelin, 1978

FIG. 4. — Collarina balzaci (Audouin, 1826), NE Atlantic: A, non-ovicelled autozooid; B, two ovicelled zooids; C, ovicelled zooid, closer view of the spinocyst, the apertural bar and the articulated spines with long joints; D, avicularium adventitious to an ovicell; E, avicularium, rostrum with serrated edges; F, ancestrula with six spines. Origin: Canaries, on Cystoseira sp. Scale bars: A-C, 100 µm; F, 50 µm; D, 20 µm; E, 5 µm.

FIG. 19 in Unexpected diversity of the genus Collarina Jullien, 1886 (Bryozoa, Cheilostomatida) in the NE Atlantic-Mediterranean region: new species and reappraisal of C. balzaci (Audouin, 1826) and C. fayalensis Harmelin, 1978

FIG. 19. — Collarina balzaci (Audouin, 1826), from Tunisia, Kerkennah Islands, on Posidonia leaf (coll. by JGH, June 2018). Ultrasonically cleaned colony covered with diatom frustules: A, ovicelled zooid; B, distal part of a non-ovicelled zooid, note the left avicularium with nested cystids; C, enlarged part of ovicelled zooid with a lateral avicularium and the apertural bar. Scale bars: A, 100 µm, B, 50 µm, C, 25 µm.

FIG. 13 in Unexpected diversity of the genus Collarina Jullien, 1886 (Bryozoa, Cheilostomatida) in the NE Atlantic-Mediterranean region: new species and reappraisal of C. balzaci (Audouin, 1826) and C. fayalensis Harmelin, 1978

FIG. 13. — Collarina speluncola Harmelin, n. sp.: A, portion of colony with ovicelled and non-ovicelled autozooids; B, distal part of a non-ovicelled autozooid, note the particular shape of the proximal edge of the orifice and the small diameter of the basal part of oral spines; C, ovicelled zooid with paired adventitious avicularia, a distal avicularium on the ooecium and a well developed gymnocyst; D, ovicelled zooid with twin ovicells, the additional one with a large kenozooid; E, ances- trula with height spines (one broken). Origin: paratype MNHN-IB-2014-1915, Marseille, Morgiou, Conger Cave. Scale bars: A, 200 µm; C, D, 100 µm; B, E, 50 µm.

FIG. 1 in Unexpected diversity of the genus Collarina Jullien, 1886 (Bryozoa, Cheilostomatida) in the NE Atlantic-Mediterranean region: new species and reappraisal of C. balzaci (Audouin, 1826) and C. fayalensis Harmelin, 1978

FIG. 1. — Savigny's drawings (1817: pl. 9). Flustra balzaci Audouin, 1826, in Savigny's figure 8, and Flustra jauberti Audouin, 1826, in Savigny's figure 9.

FIG. 2 in Unexpected diversity of the genus Collarina Jullien, 1886 (Bryozoa, Cheilostomatida) in the NE Atlantic-Mediterranean region: new species and reappraisal of C. balzaci (Audouin, 1826) and C. fayalensis Harmelin, 1978

FIG. 2. — Collarina balzaci (Audouin, 1826), SE Mediterranean: A, part of colony with many ovicells; B, ovicelled and non-ovicelled zooids at the edge of a colony; C, oblique view of an ovicelled zooid with the spinocyst edge, the apertural bar with paired adventitious avicularia and curved spines; D, subpedunculate avicu- larium with slightly serrated edges of rostrum and raised mandible; E, ancestrula with five spines, and zone of astogenetic change. Origin: Lebanon, El Heri, on brown seaweed. Scale bars: A, 200 µm; B, E, 100 µm; C, 50 µm; D, 10 µm.

FIG. 9 in Unexpected diversity of the genus Collarina Jullien, 1886 (Bryozoa, Cheilostomatida) in the NE Atlantic-Mediterranean region: new species and reappraisal of C. balzaci (Audouin, 1826) and C. fayalensis Harmelin, 1978

FIG. 9. — Collarina gautieri Harmelin, n. sp., NW Mediterranean: A, general view of a colony; note the frequency of ovicells; B, two non-ovicelled autozooids at the colony edge; C, oblique view of a non-ovicelled zooid showing the shape of the apertural bar and the structure of the costate shield; D, ovicelled zooid with typically curved spines, 2 lateral and 1 apical avicularia; E, kenozoidal ooecium in formation; F, strongly calcified non-ovicelled zooid; G, proximal half of the costate shield showing the poorly developed gymnocyst, the large marginal pelmata and the intercostal lacunae; H, ancestrula and the zone of astogenetic change. Origin: A, B, G, H, paratype MNHN-IB-2014-1923, Port-Cros Is. on Pinna shell; C, D, E, F, paratype MNHN-IB-2014-1920, Marseille, Veyron. Scale bars: A, 500 µm; B-D, F, H, 100 µm; E, G, 50 µm.

FIG. 18 in Unexpected diversity of the genus Collarina Jullien, 1886 (Bryozoa, Cheilostomatida) in the NE Atlantic-Mediterranean region: new species and reappraisal of C. balzaci (Audouin, 1826) and C. fayalensis Harmelin, 1978

FIG. 18. — Habitats of Collarina species: A, C. balzaci (Audouin, 1826), bundles of Posidonia leaves; B, C. speluncola Harmelin, n. sp., wall of dark submarine cave with freshwater seepage; C, C. denticulata Harmelin, n. sp., underside of pottery fragment, Cassis, Port-Miou, 18 m; D, C. gautieri Harmelin, n. sp., underside of Pinna shell, paratype MNHN-IB-2014-1921, Veyron, 24 m; E, C. macaronensis Harmelin, n. sp., underside of pebble, paratype MNHN-IB-2014-1926, Madeira, Porto Santo, Baixo Is.; F, C. fayalensis Harmelin, 1978, underside of pebble, Azores, Saô Miguel, Vila Franca, 15 m. Scale bars: 1 cm.

FIG. 16 in Unexpected diversity of the genus Collarina Jullien, 1886 (Bryozoa, Cheilostomatida) in the NE Atlantic-Mediterranean region: new species and reappraisal of C. balzaci (Audouin, 1826) and C. fayalensis Harmelin, 1978

FIG. 16. — Phases of ooecium construction involving a daughter zooid (kenozooid or autozooid) of the maternal zooid in Collarina Jullien, 1886 species: A-D, growth of entooecium with bilobate stages, and its incorporation by distal kenozooid in C. gautieri Harmelin, n. sp.; E, ooecium formed by a distal autozooid in Collarina denticulata Harmelin, n. sp., three successive early stages (1, 2, 3: SEM photo + stylized outlines) at the colony edge from single to bilobate blade with unequal lobes, and three older stages (I, II, III) with distal autozooids incorporating progressively the growing entooecium. Origin: A-C, Marseille, Veyron; D, S Portugal, MHNUSC-Bry-661; E, Medes Islands, on Pinna shell. Scale bars: B-D 100 µm; E, 200 µm.