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21 results for “Colocasia”
Data from: Chloroplast genomes of six Colocasia species (Araceae) including taro
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Data from: Phylogenetic relationships, breeding implications, and cultivation history of Hawaiian taro (Colocasia esculenta) through genome-wide SNP genotyping
Taro, Colocasia esculenta, is one of the world's oldest root crops and of particular economic and cultural significance in Hawai'i, where historically more than 150 different landraces were grown. We developed a genome-wide set of more than 2400 high-quality single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers from 70 taro accessions of Hawaiian, South Pacific, Palauan, and mainland Asian origins, with several objectives: (a) uncover the phylogenetic relationships between Hawaiian and other Pacific landraces, (b) shed light on the history of taro cultivation in Hawai'i, and (c) develop a tool to discriminate among Hawaiian and other taros. We found that almost all existing Hawaiian landraces fall into five monophyletic groups that are largely consistent with the traditional Hawaiian classification based on morphological characters, e.g., leaf shape and petiole color. Genetic diversity was low within these clades but considerably higher between them. Population structure analyses further indicated that the diversification of taro in Hawai'i most likely occurred by a combination of frequent somatic mutation and occasional hybridization. Unexpectedly, the South Pacific accessions were found nested within the clades mainly composed of Hawaiian accessions, rather than paraphyletic to them. This suggests that the origin of clades identified here preceded the colonization of Hawai'i, and that early Polynesian settlers brought taro landraces from different clades with them. In the absence of a sequenced genome, this marker set provides a valuable resource towards obtaining a genetic linkage map, and to study the genetic basis of phenotypic traits of interest to taro breeding such as disease resistance.
Data from: Phylogenetic relationships, breeding implications, and cultivation history of Hawaiian taro (Colocasia esculenta) through genome-wide SNP genotyping
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DNA sequences for six chloroplast loci concatenated, representing haplotypes found in Colocasia esculenta, and closely related Araceae
<p><span>As an ancient clonal root and leaf crop, taro (<i>Colocasia esculenta</i>) is highly polymorphic with uncertain genetic and geographic origins. We explored chloroplast DNA variation in wild and cultivated taros and other <i>Colocasia</i> species, and found cultivated taro to be polyphyletic, with tropical and temperate clades originating in Southeast Asia. A third clade was found exclusively in wild populations from Southeast Asia to Australia and Papua New Guinea. Our findings do not support the hypothesis of taro domestication in Papua New Guinea. </span></p>
Data from: Ecological niche modeling for a cultivated plant species: a case study on taro (Colocasia esculenta) in Hawai'i
Under the threat of ongoing and projected climate change, communities in the Pacific Islands face challenges of adapting culture and lifestyle to accommodate a changing landscape. Few models can effectively predict how biocultural livelihoods might be impacted. Here, we examine how environmental and anthropogenic factors influence an ecological niche model (ENM) for the realized niche of cultivated taro (Colocasia esculenta) in Hawai'i. We created and tuned two sets of ENMs: one using only environmental variables, and one using both environmental and cultural characteristics of Hawa'i. These models were projected under two different Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs) for 2070. Models were selected and evaluated using average omission rate and area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC). We compared optimal model predictions by comparing the percentage of taro plots predicted present and measured ENM overlap using Schoener's D-statistic. The model including only environmental variables consisted of 19 Worldclim bioclimatic variables, in addition to slope, altitude, distance to perennial streams, soil evaporation, and soil moisture. The optimal model with environmental variables plus anthropogenic features also included a road density variable (which we assumed as a proxy for urbanization) and a variable indicating agricultural lands of importance to the State of Hawai'i. The model including anthropogenic features performed better than the environment-only model based on omission rate, AUC, and review of spatial projections. The two models also differed in spatial projections for taro under anticipated future climate change. Our results demonstrate how ENMs including anthropogenic features can predict which areas might be best suited to plant cultivated species in the future, and how these areas could change under various climate projections. These predictions might inform biocultural conservation priorities and initiatives. In addition, we discuss the incongruences that arise when traditional ENM theory is applied to species whose distribution has been significantly impacted by human intervention, particularly at a local scale relevant to biocultural conservation initiatives.
FIGURE. Fruiting heads and peduncles of C. spongifolia. A. Site WP260; two peduncles have lost heads (arrows 1 and 2), the upper part (male zone) of one spadix lies on ground (arrow 3), and six attached heads all touch ground. B–E. Site WP251; a single, detached immature head with bite marks in upper and lower ends, and torn surface at junction with peduncle (at left in D–E). Scale bars: 10 cm with 1 cm units (main image); 8 cm with 2 cm units (lower right); B–C enlarged, without scale. (Bach Ma NP, 2018). Photos: PJM. in Colocasia spongifolia sp. nov. (Araceae) in southern China and central Vietnam
FIGURE. Fruiting heads and peduncles of C. spongifolia. A. Site WP260; two peduncles have lost heads (arrows 1 and 2), the upper part (male zone) of one spadix lies on ground (arrow 3), and six attached heads all touch ground. B–E. Site WP251; a single, detached immature head with bite marks in upper and lower ends, and torn surface at junction with peduncle (at left in D–E). Scale bars: 10 cm with 1 cm units (main image); 8 cm with 2 cm units (lower right); B–C enlarged, without scale. (Bach Ma NP, 2018). Photos: PJM.
FIGURE. Floral habit and structure of C. spongifolia. A. Type specimen in situ with open, spathe limb (apex is reflexed out of view), and green spathe tube (ca. 6 cm long). B. Adjacent plant with inflorescences and prophylls. C. Spadix showing from top: sterile appendix, staminate (male) zone, sterile interstice, and green pistillate (female) zone with tapered, conical form. D. Detail of female zone showing a few basal staminodes. E–G. Berries of the preserved type specimen. G. Dissected berry with orthotropous ovules (some outlined) attached by funicles to parietal placentae (arrows). H. Surface of male zone showing closely-packed synandria. I. Synandria separated to show fused anther sacs beneath apical pores (example in center has 8 pores, 8 anthers) J. Mature fruiting head, with single berry removed to show seed packing and 67 seeds extracted (scale bar units: 1 mm) (Bach Ma NP; type 2020; fruit and seeds 2018). Photos: NVD and PJM. in Colocasia spongifolia sp. nov. (Araceae) in southern China and central Vietnam
FIGURE. Floral habit and structure of C. spongifolia. A. Type specimen in situ with open, spathe limb (apex is reflexed out of view), and green spathe tube (ca. 6 cm long). B. Adjacent plant with inflorescences and prophylls. C. Spadix showing from top: sterile appendix, staminate (male) zone, sterile interstice, and green pistillate (female) zone with tapered, conical form. D. Detail of female zone showing a few basal staminodes. E–G. Berries of the preserved type specimen. G. Dissected berry with orthotropous ovules (some outlined) attached by funicles to parietal placentae (arrows). H. Surface of male zone showing closely-packed synandria. I. Synandria separated to show fused anther sacs beneath apical pores (example in center has 8 pores, 8 anthers) J. Mature fruiting head, with single berry removed to show seed packing and 67 seeds extracted (scale bar units: 1 mm) (Bach Ma NP; type 2020; fruit and seeds 2018). Photos: NVD and PJM.
FIGURE. Stem, roots, and buds of C. spongifolia. A. Cross section of stem in B, showing clear, gummy exudate. B. Mature stem with decumbent part at left, erect part at right, roots and rootlets, brown leaf scars, and single adaxial buds (arrows). C. Young stem, with single, adaxial bud revealed. Scale bars = 2 cm (Bach Ma NP, 2018, 2021). Photos: NVD and PJM. in Colocasia spongifolia sp. nov. (Araceae) in southern China and central Vietnam
FIGURE. Stem, roots, and buds of C. spongifolia. A. Cross section of stem in B, showing clear, gummy exudate. B. Mature stem with decumbent part at left, erect part at right, roots and rootlets, brown leaf scars, and single adaxial buds (arrows). C. Young stem, with single, adaxial bud revealed. Scale bars = 2 cm (Bach Ma NP, 2018, 2021). Photos: NVD and PJM.
FIGURE. Blades of C. spongifolia. A. Sub-marginal and marginal collective veins, with laminal tissue (2–4 mm) between. B. Marginal collective veins fused below shallow sinus. C. Underside with spongy appearance produced by "false pores"; and thick, rubbery texture indicated by axial wrinkles formed in crease. D. Underside showing primary vein and pinnate lateral veins surrounded by spongy tissue. E. Sub-stomatal cavities revealed by transmitted light (scale unit 0.25 mm), F. Sub-stomatal cavities revealed by removing lower epidermis (A–D: Mengla County, 2018. E–F: Bach Ma NP seedling, ex situ). Photos: PJM. in Colocasia spongifolia sp. nov. (Araceae) in southern China and central Vietnam
FIGURE. Blades of C. spongifolia. A. Sub-marginal and marginal collective veins, with laminal tissue (2–4 mm) between. B. Marginal collective veins fused below shallow sinus. C. Underside with spongy appearance produced by "false pores"; and thick, rubbery texture indicated by axial wrinkles formed in crease. D. Underside showing primary vein and pinnate lateral veins surrounded by spongy tissue. E. Sub-stomatal cavities revealed by transmitted light (scale unit 0.25 mm), F. Sub-stomatal cavities revealed by removing lower epidermis (A–D: Mengla County, 2018. E–F: Bach Ma NP seedling, ex situ). Photos: PJM.
Histological examinations of the mycelium and spores of taro leaf blight pathogen (Phytophthora colocasiae Racib.)
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Data from: Identification of chloroplast genome loci suitable for high-resolution phylogeographic studies of Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott (Araceae) and closely related taxa
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Data from: Genetic diversification and dispersal of taro (Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott)
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Data from: Ecological niche modeling for a cultivated plant species: a case study on taro (Colocasia esculenta) in Hawai‘i
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DNA sequences for six chloroplast loci concatenated, representing haplotypes found in Colocasia esculenta, and closely related Araceae
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Figure 4 from: Zhou S-S, Quan R-C, Li R, Liu Q, Yin J-T (2020) Colocasia kachinensis, a new species of Araceae from Myanmar. In: Jin X-H, Xia N-H, Tan Y-H (Eds) Plant diversity of Southeast Asia-II. PhytoKeys 138: 41-47. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.138.36769
Figure 4 Male flower of C. kachinensis. Drawn by Mr. Bo Pan from the holotype. A Male part of spadix B 1-androus flower C 2-androus flower D 4-androus flower E 3-androus flower.
Figure 3 from: Zhou S-S, Quan R-C, Li R, Liu Q, Yin J-T (2020) Colocasia kachinensis, a new species of Araceae from Myanmar. In: Jin X-H, Xia N-H, Tan Y-H (Eds) Plant diversity of Southeast Asia-II. PhytoKeys 138: 41-47. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.138.36769
Figure 3 Stem of C. kachinensis and morphological comparison between C. menglaensis and C. kachinensis. A stem of C. kachinensisB lower surface of leaf ×100 of C. menglaensisC lower surface of leaf ×100 of C. kachinensis.
Summary of steps from Phytophthora colocasiae isolation and identification to mycelium production
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Figure 2 from: Zhou S-S, Quan R-C, Li R, Liu Q, Yin J-T (2020) Colocasia kachinensis, a new species of Araceae from Myanmar. In: Jin X-H, Xia N-H, Tan Y-H (Eds) Plant diversity of Southeast Asia-II. PhytoKeys 138: 41-47. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.138.36769
Figure 2 Holotype of C. kachinensis. See text for collection details.
Figure 1 from: Zhou S-S, Quan R-C, Li R, Liu Q, Yin J-T (2020) Colocasia kachinensis, a new species of Araceae from Myanmar. In: Jin X-H, Xia N-H, Tan Y-H (Eds) Plant diversity of Southeast Asia-II. PhytoKeys 138: 41-47. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.138.36769
Figure 1 C. kachinensis. A plant B inflorescence C lower surface of leaf D spadix.
FIGURE. Habit and habitat of C. spongifolia. A. Single plant ca. 1 m tall, on road bank, at 962 m elevation. B. Scatter of adult plants (arrow heads) in upper area of a recent slip face, above road, at 676 m. C. Plants collected from roadside at 854 m; blades pale, milky-green on underside. D. Same site as B, with young seedling emerging from a bed of moss and liverwort. Photos: PJM. in Colocasia spongifolia sp. nov. (Araceae) in southern China and central Vietnam
FIGURE. Habit and habitat of C. spongifolia. A. Single plant ca. 1 m tall, on road bank, at 962 m elevation. B. Scatter of adult plants (arrow heads) in upper area of a recent slip face, above road, at 676 m. C. Plants collected from roadside at 854 m; blades pale, milky-green on underside. D. Same site as B, with young seedling emerging from a bed of moss and liverwort. Photos: PJM.
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