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15 results for “Competitive vegetation”
FIG. 6 in Dietary behaviour and competition for vegetal resources in two Early Miocene pecoran ruminants from Central Spain
FIG. 6. — Histograms showing the percentage of high and low occlusal relief and of each type of cusp shape for the Spanish taxa with living species and with fossil populations of Andegameryx Ginsburg, 1971 and Procervulus Gaudry, 1877 from Europe. Dental mesowear data of living taxa taken from Fortelius & Solounias (2000). Data of German taxa and fossil Procervulus ginsburgi Azanza, 1993 taken from Kaiser & RÖssner (2007) and DeMiguel et al. (2008), respectively. Abbreviations: see Material and methods.
FIG. 5 in Dietary behaviour and competition for vegetal resources in two Early Miocene pecoran ruminants from Central Spain
FIG. 5. — Mesowear features of selected teeth of: A, B, AAGR; C, D, PAGR; E, F, PMOR; G, H, PAB1. Scale bar: 1 cm. Abbreviations: see Material and methods.
FIG. 1 in Dietary behaviour and competition for vegetal resources in two Early Miocene pecoran ruminants from Central Spain
FIG. 1. — Location of the studied localities in the Iberian Chain (Central Spain). Ágreda and Moratilla are placed in the Calatayud basin, and Alto de Ballester 1 in the Rubielos de Mora basin.
FIG. 3 in Dietary behaviour and competition for vegetal resources in two Early Miocene pecoran ruminants from Central Spain
FIG. 3. — Histogram showing the density of scratches and pits for the Spanish taxa with living species and with Procervulus from other Spanish localities. Dental microwear data of living taxa and Procervulus taken from Solounias et al. (2000) and DeMiguel (2008, 2010), respectively. Abbreviations: see Material and methods.
FIG. 2 in Dietary behaviour and competition for vegetal resources in two Early Miocene pecoran ruminants from Central Spain
FIG. 2. — ESEM photomicrographs of share facets of the population of: A, AAGR; B, PAGR; C, PMOR; D, PAB1. Scale bars: 100 μm. Abbreviations: see Material and methods.
Grasshopper cage data: Vegetation Phenology and Grasshopper Competition
Vegetation was sampled at the termination of the experiment on June 25, 1989. Grasshopper densities outside the cages were sampled on May 23 and 24, 1989. After the first experiment, cages were set up on new plots 3m from the edge of the macroplot to avoid using vegetation disturbed by counting. On July 25, adult grasshoppers of two different species (Melanoplus femur-rubrum (FR) and Melanoplus bivattatus (BV)) were stocked according to the above treatments (randomly reassigned) in the following densities: FR by itself, 6/cage; BV by itself, 4/cage; FR and BV together, 4 FR and 3 BV /cage. Vegetation was sampled at the termination of the experiment on August 31, 1989. In late May of 1990, grasshoppers were stocked in the following numbers in both fertilized and unfertilized plots: no grasshoppers (empty cages), AC by itself (5/cage), PA by itself (4/cage), and both species together (3 of each). With 8 replicates of each fertilizer x grasshopper combination, a total of 64 cages were used. Vegetation was sampled at the end of the experiment as in 1989. In late July of 1990, two new grasshopper species were used in addition to Melanoplus femur-rubrum (MF): Phoetaliotes nebrascensis (PN) and Spharagemon collare (SC). Grasshoppers were stocked in the following numbers: no grasshoppers (empty cages), MF by itself (6/cage), PN by itself (10/cage), SC by itself (6/cage), MF + PN (3 MF and 5 PN per cage), MF + SC (3 of each per cage), SC + PN (3 SC + 5 PN per cage), and all three species together (2 MF, 2 SC, and 3 PN per cage). Vegetation was sampled at the end of the experiment as in 1989. At the end of the early and late 1990 experiments, a single soil sample was taken from each cage plot and analyzed for soil solution ammonium and nitrate with 0.02M KCl. For a list of treatments, see the treatment layouts in file trmte60.
Plant aboveground biomass data: Vegetation Phenology and Grasshopper Competition
Vegetation was sampled at the termination of the experiment on June 25, 1989. Grasshopper densities outside the cages were sampled on May 23 and 24, 1989. After the first experiment, cages were set up on new plots 3m from the edge of the macroplot to avoid using vegetation disturbed by counting. On July 25, adult grasshoppers of two different species (Melanoplus femur-rubrum (FR) and Melanoplus bivattatus (BV)) were stocked according to the above treatments (randomly reassigned) in the following densities: FR by itself, 6/cage; BV by itself, 4/cage; FR and BV together, 4 FR and 3 BV /cage. Vegetation was sampled at the termination of the experiment on August 31, 1989. In late May of 1990, grasshoppers were stocked in the following numbers in both fertilized and unfertilized plots: no grasshoppers (empty cages), AC by itself (5/cage), PA by itself (4/cage), and both species together (3 of each). With 8 replicates of each fertilizer x grasshopper combination, a total of 64 cages were used. Vegetation was sampled at the end of the experiment as in 1989. In late July of 1990, two new grasshopper species were used in addition to Melanoplus femur-rubrum (MF): Phoetaliotes nebrascensis (PN) and Spharagemon collare (SC). Grasshoppers were stocked in the following numbers: no grasshoppers (empty cages), MF by itself (6/cage), PN by itself (10/cage), SC by itself (6/cage), MF + PN (3 MF and 5 PN per cage), MF + SC (3 of each per cage), SC + PN (3 SC + 5 PN per cage), and all three species together (2 MF, 2 SC, and 3 PN per cage). Vegetation was sampled at the end of the experiment as in 1989. At the end of the early and late 1990 experiments, a single soil sample was taken from each cage plot and analyzed for soil solution ammonium and nitrate with 0.02M KCl. For a list of treatments, see the treatment layouts in file trmte60.
Data from: Herbivory and competition of Tibetan steppe vegetation in winter pasture: effects of livestock exclosure and plateau pika reduction
Rangeland degradation has been identified as a serious concern in alpine regions of western China on the Qinghai-Tibetan plateau (QTP). Numerous government-sponsored programs have been initiated, including many that feature long-term grazing prohibitions and some that call for eliminating pastoralism altogether. As well, government programs have long favored eliminating plateau pikas (Ochotona curzoniae), assumed to contribute to degraded conditions. However, vegetation on the QTP evolved in the presence of herbivory, suggesting that deleterious effects from grazing are, to some extent, compensated for by reduced plant-plant competition. We examined the dynamics of common steppe ecosystem species as well as physical indicators of rangeland stress by excluding livestock and reducing pika abundance on experimental plots, and following responses for 4 years. We established 12 fenced livestock exclosures within pastures grazed during winter by local pastoralists, and removed pikas on half of these. We established paired, permanent vegetation plots within and outside exclosures and measured indices of erosion and biomass of common plant species. We observed modest restoration of physical site conditions (reduced bare soil, erosion, greater vegetation cover) with both livestock exclusion and pika reduction. As expected in areas protected from grazing, we observed a reduction in annual productivity of plant species avoided by livestock and assumed to compete poorly when protected from grazing. Contrary to expectation, we observed similar reductions in annual productivity among palatable, perennial graminoids under livestock exclusion. The dominant grass, Stipa purpurea, displayed evidence of density-dependent growth, suggesting that intra-specific competition exerted a regulatory effect on annual production in the absence of grazing. Complete grazing bans on winter pastures in steppe habitats on the QTP may assist in the recovery of highly eroded pastures, but may not increase annual vegetative production.
Data from: Revising traditional theory on the link between plant body size and fitness under competition: evidence from old-field vegetation
The selection consequences of competition in plants have been traditionally interpreted based on a "size-advantage" hypothesis – that is, under intense crowding/competition from neighbors, natural selection generally favors capacity for a relatively large plant body size. However, this conflicts with abundant data, showing that resident species body size distributions are usually strongly right-skewed at virtually all scales within vegetation. Using surveys within sample plots and a neighbor-removal experiment, we tested: (1) whether resident species that have a larger maximum potential body size (MAX) generally have more successful local individual recruitment, and thus greater local abundance/density (as predicted by the traditional size-advantage hypothesis); and (2) whether there is a general between-species trade-off relationship between MAX and capacity to produce offspring when body size is severely suppressed by crowding/competition – that is, whether resident species with a larger MAX generally also need to reach a larger minimum reproductive threshold size (MIN) before they can reproduce at all. The results showed that MIN had a positive relationship with MAX across resident species, and local density – as well as local density of just reproductive individuals – was generally greater for species with smaller MIN (and hence smaller MAX). In addition, the cleared neighborhoods of larger target species (which had relatively large MIN) generally had – in the following growing season – a lower ratio of conspecific recruitment within these neighborhoods relative to recruitment of other (i.e., smaller) species (which had generally smaller MIN). These data are consistent with an alternative hypothesis based on a 'reproductive-economy-advantage' – that is, superior fitness under competition in plants generally requires not larger potential body size, but rather superior capacity to recruit offspring that are in turn capable of producing grand-offspring – and hence transmitting genes to future generations – despite intense and persistent (cross-generational) crowding/competition from near neighbors. Selection for the latter is expected to favor relatively small minimum reproductive threshold size and hence – as a tradeoff – relatively small (not large) potential body size.
Data from: Revising traditional theory on the link between plant body size and fitness under competition: evidence from old-field vegetation
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Data from: Herbivory and competition of Tibetan steppe vegetation in winter pasture: effects of livestock exclosure and plateau pika reduction
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Data from: Pervasive early 21st-century vegetation changes across Danish semi-natural ecosystems – more losers than winners and a shift towards competitive, tall-growing species
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A dicamba resistance endowing IAA16 mutation leads to significant vegetative growth defects and impaired competitiveness in kochia (Bassia scoparia)
<p class="CxSpFirst"><span>Precise quantification of the fitness cost of synthetic auxins resistance has been impeded by lack of knowledge for the genetic basis of resistance in weeds. Recent elucidation of a resistance endowing IAA16 mutation (G73N) in a key weed species kochia (<i>Bassia scoparia</i>), allows detailed characterization of the contribution of resistance alleles to weed fitness, both in the presence and absence of herbicides.<b> </b>Different G73N genotypes from a segregating resistant parental line (9425) were characterized for cross resistance to dicamba, 2,4-D and fluroxypyr, and changes on stem/leaf morphology and plant architecture. Plant competitiveness and dominance of the fitness effects was quantified through measuring biomass and seed production of three F<sub>2</sub> lines in two runs of glasshouse replacement series studies. G73N confers robust resistance to dicamba but only moderate to weak resistance to 2,4-D and fluroxypyr. G73N mutant plants displayed significant vegetative growth defects: 1) being 30-50% shorter with a more tumbling style plant architecture; 2) had thicker and more ovate (versus lanceolate and linear) leaf blades with lower photosynthesis efficiency, and 40-60% smaller stems with less developed vascular bundle systems. F<sub>2 </sub>mutant plants had impaired plant competitiveness, which produced up to 90% less biomass and seeds in the replacement series study. The pleiotropic effects of G73N was mostly semi-dominant (0.5) and fluctuated with the environments and traits measured. G73N is associated with significant vegetative growth defects and reduced competitiveness in synthetic auxin resistant kochia. Management practices should target resistant kochia's high vulnerability to competition to effectively contain the spread of resistance.</span></p>
Dataset associated to "Unraveling the relative role of light and water competition between lianas and trees in tropical forests: A vegetation model analysis"
<p>This dataset includes all the codes necessary to reproduce the simulations presented in the paper "Unraveling the relative role of light and water competition between lianas and trees in tropical forests: A vegetation model analysis" published in Journal of Ecology. More precisely, it includes the version of the codes used to generate the results for the vegetation model (ED2), the analysis platform (PEcAn), as well as the meterological drivers (Drivers) and the initial conditions (IC) of the model and the priors and posterior parameter distributions.</p>
A dicamba resistance endowing IAA16 mutation leads to significant vegetative growth defects and impaired competitiveness in kochia (Bassia scoparia)
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