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7 results for “Confirmation bias”
User study data: Nudges to Mitigate Confirmation Bias during Web Search for Opinion Formation, automatic vs. reflective study
<p>Data of two user studies (282 and 307 participants), investigating the risks and benefits of warning labels with and without obfuscations to mitigate confirmation bias during web search on debated topics.</p> <p> </p> <p>Study Variables (study 1 and study 2)</p> <p> </p> <p> display_con: Search result display<br> - Study 1<br> - 1: targeted warning label with obfuscation<br> - 2: random warning label with obfuscation<br> - 3: regular (no intervention)<br> - Study 2<br> - 1: targeted warning label with obfuscation<br> - 2: targeted warning label without obfuscation<br> - 3: random warning label with obfuscation<br> - 4: random warning label without obfuscation<br> - 5: regular (no intervention)<br>- CRT_cat: Cognitive reflection<br> - 1: intuitive<br> - 2: analytic<br>- topic: Assigned debated topic<br> - 1: Is drinking milk healthy for humans? <br> - 2: Is homework beneficial?<br> - 3: Should people become vegetarian?<br> - 4: Should students have to wear school uniforms?<br>- clicksup_prop: Clicks on attitude-confirming (AC) search results (proportion of all clicks)<br>- clickwarn_prop: Clicks on warning label (WL) search results (proportion of all clicks)<br>- show_clicked: Clicks on show-button (number of clicks, only in conditions with obfuscation)<br>- accuracy_bias: Accuracy bias estimation (Difference between a) observed bias (as the proportion of attitude-confirming clicks) and b) perceived bias (reported in the post-interaction questionnaire and re-coded into values from 0 to 1), positive values indicate an overestimation of bias)<br>- att_change: Attitude change (Difference between attitude reported in the pre-interaction questionnaire and the post-interaction questionnaire. Negative values indicate an attitude change in the attitude-opposing direction, while positive values indicate an attitude strengthening in the attitude-supporting direction.)<br>- knowledge_1: Self-reported prior knowledge (Reported on a seven-point Likert scale ranging from non-existent to excellent as a response to how they would describe their knowledge on the topic they were assigned to)<br>- N_clicks: Cumulative clicks (Number of all clicks on search results)<br>- NFC: Need for Cognition (Mean response to 4-item subset of the NFC questionnaire)<br>- UX_usability: Usability (Mean of responses on a seven-point Likert scale to the module "usability"from the meCUE 2.0 questionnaire)<br>- UX_usefulness: Usefulness (Mean of responses on a seven-point Likert scale to the module "usefulness"from the meCUE 2.0 questionnaire)</p>
How Confidence in Prior Attitudes, Social Tag Popularity, and Source Credibility Shape Confirmation Bias Toward Antidepressants and Psychotherapy in a Representative German Sample: Randomized Controlled Web-Based Study
<p>ABSTRACT</p> <p>Background: In health-related, Web-based information search, people should select information in line with expert (vs nonexpert) information, independent of their prior attitudes and consequent confirmation bias.</p> <p>Objective: This study aimed to investigate confirmation bias in mental health–related information search, particularly (1) if high confidence worsens confirmation bias, (2) if social tags eliminate the influence of prior attitudes, and (3) if people successfully distinguish high and low source credibility.</p> <p>Methods: In total, 520 participants of a representative sample of the German Web-based population were recruited via a panel company. Among them, 48.1% (250/520) participants completed the fully automated study. Participants provided <em>prior attitudes</em> about antidepressants and psychotherapy. We manipulated (1) <em>confidence</em> in prior attitudes when participants searched for blog posts about the treatment of depression, (2) <em>tag popularity</em> —either psychotherapy or antidepressant tags were more popular, and (3) <em>source credibility</em> with banners indicating high or low expertise of the tagging community. We measured <em>tag</em> and <em>blog post</em> selection, and <em>treatment</em><em>efficacy ratings</em> after navigation.</p> <p>Results: Tag popularity predicted the proportion of selected antidepressant tags (beta=.44, SE 0.11; <em>P</em><.001) and blog posts (beta=.46, SE 0.11; <em>P</em><.001). When confidence was low (−1 SD), participants selected more blog posts consistent with prior attitudes (beta=−.26, SE 0.05; <em>P</em><.001). Moreover, when confidence was low (−1 SD) and source credibility was high (+1 SD), the efficacy ratings of attitude-consistent treatments increased (beta=.34, SE 0.13; <em>P</em>=.01).</p> <p>Conclusions: We found correlational support for defense motivation account underlying confirmation bias in the mental health–related search context. That is, participants tended to select information that supported their prior attitudes, which is not in line with the current scientific evidence. Implications for presenting persuasive Web-based information are also discussed.</p> <p>Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03899168; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03899168 (Archived by WebCite at http://www.webcitation.org/77Nyot3Do)</p> <p>J Med Internet Res 2019;21(4):e11081</p> <p>doi:10.2196/11081</p>
Confirmation Bias in Web-Based Search: A Randomized Online Study on the Effects of Expert Information and Social Tags on Information Search and Evaluation
<p>ABSTRACT</p> <p>Background: The public typically believes psychotherapy to be more effective than pharmacotherapy for depression treatments. This is not consistent with current scientific evidence, which shows that both types of treatment are about equally effective.</p> <p>Objective: The study investigates whether this bias towards psychotherapy guides online information search and whether the bias can be reduced by explicitly providing expert information (in a blog entry) and by providing tag clouds that implicitly reveal experts’ evaluations.</p> <p>Methods: A total of 174 participants completed a fully automated Web-based study after we invited them via mailing lists. First, participants read two blog posts by experts that either challenged or supported the bias towards psychotherapy. Subsequently, participants searched for information about depression treatment in an online environment that provided more experts’ blog posts about the effectiveness of treatments based on alleged research findings. These blogs were organized in a tag cloud; both psychotherapy tags and pharmacotherapy tags were popular. We measured tag and blog post selection, efficacy ratings of the presented treatments, and participants’ treatment recommendation after information search.</p> <p>Results: Participants demonstrated a clear bias towards psychotherapy (mean 4.53, SD 1.99) compared to pharmacotherapy (mean 2.73, SD 2.41; <em>t</em><sub>173</sub>=7.67, <em>P</em><.001, <em>d</em>=0.81) when rating treatment efficacy prior to the experiment. Accordingly, participants exhibited biased information search and evaluation. This bias was significantly reduced, however, when participants were exposed to tag clouds with challenging popular tags. Participants facing popular tags challenging their bias (n=61) showed significantly less biased tag selection (<em>F</em><sub>2,168</sub>=10.61, <em>P</em><.001, partial eta squared=0.112), blog post selection (<em>F</em><sub>2,168</sub>=6.55, <em>P</em>=.002, partial eta squared=0.072), and treatment efficacy ratings (<em>F</em><sub>2,168</sub>=8.48, <em>P</em><.001, partial eta squared=0.092), compared to bias-supporting tag clouds (n=56) and balanced tag clouds (n=57). Challenging (n=93) explicit expert information as presented in blog posts, compared to supporting expert information (n=81), decreased the bias in information search with regard to blog post selection (<em>F</em><sub>1,168</sub>=4.32, <em>P</em>=.04, partial eta squared=0.025). No significant effects were found for treatment recommendation (<em>P</em>s>.33).</p> <p>Conclusions: We conclude that the psychotherapy bias is most effectively attenuated—and even eliminated—when popular tags implicitly point to blog posts that challenge the widespread view. Explicit expert information (in a blog entry) was less successful in reducing biased information search and evaluation. Since tag clouds have the potential to counter biased information processing, we recommend their insertion.</p>
User study data - Summaries with personalized persuasive suggestions to mitigate confirmation bias during interaction with online debates
<p><strong>Description</strong></p> <p>This data was collected to test the effect of debate summaries and personalized persuasive suggestions to engage with them on participants argument recall after engaging with the debate. It contains interaction data and questionnaire results of 212 participants who interacted with one out of four versions of an online debate page.</p> <p><strong>Variables</strong></p> <p>(names/column headers, description, coding)</p> <ul> <li><strong>display_con</strong>: debate display condition, coding: 1: without summary, 2: with summary and neutral suggestion, 3: with summary and personalized persuasive suggestion, 4: with summary and random persuasive suggestion</li> <li><strong>correct_comp</strong>: proportion of correctly recalled arguments (10 arguments)</li> <li><strong>AO_correct_comp</strong>: proportion of correctly recalled attitude-opposing arguments (5 arguments)</li> <li><strong>AC_correct_comp</strong>: proportion of correctly recalled attitude-confirming arguments (5 arguments), coding</li> <li><strong>assigned_topic</strong>: debate topic participant was assigned to</li> <li><strong>clicked_contribute</strong>: indicates whether participant made a contribution to the debate, binary</li> <li><strong>att_strength</strong>: strength of prior attitude, coding: 3: strong, 2: moderate</li> <li><strong>time_debate</strong>: time spent on the debate page in seconds</li> <li><strong>clicked_showmore</strong>: indicates whether participant clicked on the show more button to reveal two additional items of the summary, binary</li> <li><strong>att_change</strong>: change of prior to post attitude, coding: negative values indicate a weakaning, positive a strengthening of the initial attitude (attitude was measured on a seven-point Likert scale)</li> <li><strong>stps_highest</strong>: highest scoring persuasion category (persuasion profile)</li> </ul>
Data from: Electrophoretic mobility confirms reassortment bias among geographic isolates of segmented RNA phages
Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.
Confirmation Bias Towards Treatments of Depressive Disorders in Social Tagging
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT03899168. IPD Sharing: YES. Countries: 0. Publications: 1.
Can personalized medicine mitigate confirmation bias in mental health?
<p>Can personalized medicine mitigate confirmation bias in<br> mental health? </p> <p> </p>
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