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505 results for “Confusion”
Transposition confusability during visual word recognition
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Confusion matrices for theoretical young stellar object models
<p>This is a data table supplementing the following publication: </p> <p><em><strong>A framework for modeling the evolution of young stellar objects </strong></em>(Richardson et al. 2025, accepted to ApJ).</p> <p>It contains a set of confusion matrices comparing the evolutionary stages and classes of radiative transfer YSO models selected by proximity to protostellar evolutionary tracks. Models are included in a matrix based on their correspondence to particular modeled accretion histories, zero-age stellar masses, ages, mass accretion efficiencies, and levels of detectability (defined using flux in the ALMA Band 6 wavelength range). Details on the construction and use of the table are contained in the accompanying README file, and more information about the matrices is contained in Section 4.2 of the companion paper.</p> <p>The YSO models populating these matrices are from Richardson et al. (2024); information on them is contained in the <a href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2024ApJ...961..188R/abstract" target="_blank" rel="noopener">companion work</a> and <a href="https://zenodo.org/records/10522816" target="_blank" rel="noopener">data release</a>.</p>
Large Language Models are Easily Confused: A Quantitative Metric, Security Implications and Typological Analysis
<p>This repository contain datasets and results for the paper:</p> <p><strong>Large Language Models are Easily Confused: A Quantitative Metric, Security Implications and Typological Analysis</strong></p> <p> </p> <p><strong>Github repository for the code: </strong></p> <p><a href="https://github.com/siebeniris/QuantifyingLanguageConfusion/tree/main">Quantifying Language Confusion GitHub repo</a></p> <p> </p> <p><strong>DATA</strong> include the following datasets:</p> <p>i) raw language graphs and</p> <p>ii) the calculated language similarities from the language graphs,</p> <p>iii) <strong>MTEI</strong>: the files from the <a href="https://github.com/siebeniris/vec2text_exp/tree/aaai">experimental results of multilingual inversion attacks</a>, and calculated language confusion entropy from the data;</p> <p>iv) <strong>LCB</strong>: the files from the <a href="https://github.com/for-ai/language-confusion?tab=Apache-2.0-1-ov-file#readme">language confusion benchmark</a> and calculated language confusion entropy from the data </p> <p> </p> <p><strong>Results</strong> include aggregated results for further analysis:</p> <p>i) <strong>inversion_language_confusion</strong>: results from MTEI</p> <p>ii) <strong>prompting_language_confusion</strong>: results from LCB</p> <p> </p> <p> </p>
A Dataset of Atoms of Confusion in the Android Open Source Project
<p>This is a dataset cataloging the presence of Atoms of Confusion in the Android Open Source Project, alongside metrics<br>of object-oriented software development.</p> <p> </p> <h3>Schema</h3> <h4>ac_reports</h4> <p><strong>id </strong>INTEGER The primary key <br>project_name VARCHAR Name of the project/repository in the AOSP<br>line INTEGER NOT NULL Line where the AC was found<br>snippet VARCHAR NOT NULL The excerpt of code that represents the Atom of Confusion<br>class_name VARCHAR Name of the class where the AC was found<br>ac VARCHAR NOT NULL Type of Atom of Confusion<br>path VARCHAR Path to the file in the AOSP superproject<br>"commit" VARCHAR SHA of the commit of the file in the repository<br>loc VARCHAR Number of lines of code in the file</p> <h4>files</h4> <p>path VARCHAR The path of the file</p> <p>loc INTEGER Lines of code</p> <p>project_name VARCHAR Name of the project/repository in the AOSP</p> <h4>projects</h4> <p>name VARCHAR The name of the project/repository in the AOSP</p> <p> </p> <h4>classes</h4> <p>id INTEGER The primary key </p> <p>file_path VARCHAR Path to the file in the AOSP superproject</p> <p>name VARCHAR Name of the class</p> <p>type VARCHAR The type of class (e.g. interface, anonymous...)</p> <p>cbo INTEGER From CK: Coupling between objects, number of dependencies a class has.</p> <p>"cboModified" INTEGER From CK: Coupling between objects, number of dependencies a class has. (References from other classes to this class + references from this class to other classes)</p> <p>fanin INTEGER From CK: number of classes that reference this particular class.</p> <p>fanout INTEGER From CK: the number of classes referenced by this class</p> <p>wmc INTEGER From CK: Weight Method Class | McCabe's complexity | Cyclomatic Complexity</p> <p>dit INTEGER From CK: Depth Inheritance Tree</p> <p>noc INTEGER From CK: Number of Children</p> <p>rfc INTEGER From CK: Response for Class</p> <p>lcom INTEGER From CK: Lack of Cohesion of Methods</p> <p>lcom_normalized DOUBLE From CK: Refers to the LCOM* metric that computes Lack of Cohesion of Methods between 0 and 1.</p> <p>tcc DOUBLE From CK: Tight Class Cohesion</p> <p>lcc DOUBLE From CK: Loose Class Cohesion</p> <p>"totalMethodsQty" INTEGER From CK: Number of methods (constructors are included)</p> <p>"staticMethodsQty" INTEGER From CK: Number of static methods</p> <p>"publicMethodsQty" INTEGER From CK: Number of public methods</p> <p>"privateMethodsQty" INTEGER From CK: Number of private methods</p> <p>"protectedMethodsQty" INTEGER From CK: Number of protected methods</p> <p>"defaultMethodsQty" INTEGER From CK: Number of default methods</p> <p>"visibleMethodsQty" INTEGER From CK: Number of visible methods</p> <p>"abstractMethodsQty" INTEGER From CK: Number of abstract methods</p> <p>"finalMethodsQty" INTEGER From CK: Number of final methods</p> <p>"synchronizedMethodsQty" INTEGER From CK: Number of synchronized methods</p> <p>"totalFieldsQty" INTEGER From CK: Number of fields</p> <p>"staticFieldsQty" INTEGER From CK: Number of static fields</p> <p>"publicFieldsQty" INTEGER From CK: Number of public fields</p> <p>"privateFieldsQty" INTEGER From CK: Number of private fields</p> <p>"protectedFieldsQty" INTEGER From CK: Number of protected fields</p> <p>"defaultFieldsQty" INTEGER From CK: Number of default fields</p> <p>"finalFieldsQty" INTEGER From CK: Number of final fields</p> <p>"synchronizedFieldsQty" INTEGER From CK: Number of synchronized fields</p> <p>nosi INTEGER From CK: Number of static invocations</p> <p>loc INTEGER From CK: Lines of code</p> <p>"returnQty" INTEGER From CK: Number of return statements</p> <p>"loopQty" INTEGER From CK: Number of repetition structures (while, for)</p> <p>"comparisonsQty" INTEGER From CK: Number of comparisons, e.g. ==, !=</p> <p>"tryCatchQty" INTEGER From CK: Number of try...catch statements</p> <p>"parenthesizedExpsQty" INTEGER From CK: Number of expressions inside parenthesis.</p> <p>"stringLiteralsQty" INTEGER From CK: Number of string literals. Repeated strings are counted as well.</p> <p>"numbersQty" INTEGER From CK: Number of numbers, e.g. ints, floats, doubles</p> <p>"assignmentsQty" INTEGER From CK: Number of assignments, usage of the = operator.</p> <p>"mathOperationsQty" INTEGER From CK: Number of math operations.</p> <p>"variablesQty" INTEGER From CK: Number of variables</p> <p>"maxNestedBlocksQty" INTEGER From CK: Number of the highest nested block in the class.</p> <p>"anonymousClassesQty" INTEGER From CK: Number of anonymous classes</p> <p>"innerClassesQty" INTEGER From CK: Number of inner classes</p> <p>"lambdasQty" INTEGER From CK: Number of lambdas</p> <p>"uniqueWordsQty" INTEGER From CK: Number of unique words in the source file</p> <p>modifiers INTEGER From CK: Number of modifiers in class/methods (usage of "public", "static", "abstract"...)</p> <p>"logStatementsQty" INTEGER, From CK: Number of log statements.</p> <p> </p> <h4>methods</h4> <p>id_ INTEGER NOT NULL The primary key</p> <p>file_path VARCHAR NOT NULL Path to the file in the AOSP superproject</p> <p>class_id INTEGER NOT NULL ID of the class where this method is</p> <p>name VARCHAR NOT NULL The name of the method</p> <p>constructor BOOLEAN NOT NULL From CK: True if method is a constructor</p> <p>line INTEGER From CK: Line where this method is located</p> <p>cbo INTEGER From CK: Coupling between objects, number of dependencies a class has.</p> <p>"cboModified" INTEGER From CK: Coupling between objects, number of dependencies a class has. (References from other classes to this class + references from this class to other classes)</p> <p>fanin INTEGER From CK: number of classes that reference this particular class.</p> <p>fanout INTEGER From CK: the number of classes referenced by this class</p> <p>wmc INTEGER From CK: Weight Method Class | McCabe's complexity | Cyclomatic Complexity</p> <p>rfc INTEGER From CK: Response for Class</p> <p>loc INTEGER From CK: Lines of code</p> <p>"returnQty" INTEGER From CK: Number of return statements</p> <p>"variablesQty" INTEGER From CK: Number of variables</p> <p>"parametersQty" INTEGER From CK: Number of parameters</p> <p>"methodsInvokedQty" INTEGER From CK: all methods invoked</p> <p>"methodsInvokedLocalQty" INTEGER From CK: methods invoked locally</p> <p>"methodsInvokedIndirectLocalQty" INTEGER From CK: number of indirect local invocations</p> <p>"loopQty" INTEGER From CK: Number of repetition structures (while, for)</p> <p>"comparisonsQty" INTEGER From CK: Number of comparisons, e.g. ==, !=</p> <p>"tryCatchQty" INTEGER From CK: Number of try...catch statements</p> <p>"parenthesizedExpsQty" INTEGER From CK: Number of expressions inside parenthesis.</p> <p>"stringLiteralsQty" INTEGER From CK: Number of string literals. Repeated strings are counted as well.</p> <p>"numbersQty" INTEGER From CK: Number of numbers, e.g. ints, floats, doubles</p> <p>"assignmentsQty" INTEGER From CK: Number of assignments, usage of the = operator.</p> <p>"mathOperationsQty" INTEGER From CK: Number of math operations.</p> <p>"maxNestedBlocksQty" INTEGER From CK: Number of the highest nested block in the class.</p> <p>"anonymousClassesQty" INTEGER From CK: Number of anonymous classes</p> <p>"innerClassesQty" INTEGER From CK: Number of inner classes</p> <p>"lambdasQty" INTEGER From CK: Number of lambdas</p> <p>"uniqueWordsQty" INTEGER From CK: Number of unique words in the source file</p> <p>modifiers INTEGER From CK: Number of modifiers in class/methods (usage of "public", "static", "abstract"...)</p> <p>"logStatementsQty" INTEGER, From CK: Number of log statements.</p> <p>"hasJavaDoc" BOOLEAN From CK: True if method has a JavaDoc</p>
Overcoming confusion and stigma in habitat fragmentation research - supplementary data and R code
<p>Data and code necessary to produce results and figures for the manuscript:</p> <p>Riva, Koper and Fahrig (2024). "Overcoming confusion and stigma in habitat fragmentation research". Biol Rev. Accepted conditional on minor revisions. </p>
Fig. 2 in Kermadecia brinoniae (Proteaceae: Macadamieae), a new species from New Caledonia previously confused with K. elliptica
Fig. 2. – Map showing the distribution of Kermadecia brinoniae H.C. Hopkins & Pillon (open squares) and K. elliptica Brongn. & Gris (solid circles, omitting collections by Vieillard as the localities are imprecise). Areas with ultramafic substrates are shown in grey.
Fig. 1. – Kermadecia brinoniae H.C in Kermadecia brinoniae (Proteaceae: Macadamieae), a new species from New Caledonia previously confused with K. elliptica
Fig. 1. – Kermadecia brinoniae H.C. Hopkins & Pillon (A–K) and K. elliptica Brongn. & Gris (L–M). A. Vegetative shoot; B. Detail of leaf, abaxial surface, all veins raised except the finest branches, these shown as dotted lines; C. Inflorescence (total length 21.5 cm), showing flowers in pairs; D. Pair of flowers from C, each flower on a free pedicel (apex of axis to the left); E–F. Lateral and ventral view of opened flower with only one tepal remaining, to show the disc; G. Inner face of distal portion of tepal, showing a stamen; H–I. Apical and lateral views of mature fruit; J–K. L.S. and T.S. of mature fruit (black shading = very dense endocarp); L. Leaf, adaxial surface; M. Detail of L, abaxial surface, midrib and secondary veins raised, note numerous small areoles. [A–G: McPherson 1945, P; H– K: MacKee 16339, P; L–M: Vieillard 1106, K] [Drawing: Andrew Brown]
Fig. 3 in Scrophularia longiflora Benth. and S. nana Stiefelh. (Scrophulariaceae), two distinct species from Iran, confused under the name S. farinosa Boiss.
Fig. 3. – Distribution map of Scrophularia longiflora Benth. and S. nana Stiefelh. in Fars Province in Iran (A) and collections of S. longiflora (B-D). A. Examined specimens and data of "Flora Iranica" (white circles: S. longiflora; white stars: S. nana) and type collections (black circle: S. farinosa (= S. longiflora); black star: S. nana); B. Holotype; C. Details of Ranjbar 35993 collection at BASU: overview of plant, close-up of leaf, and fruit; D. Lectotype of its synonym S. farinosa Boiss.
Fig. 1. – Flower structure. A in Scrophularia longiflora Benth. and S. nana Stiefelh. (Scrophulariaceae), two distinct species from Iran, confused under the name S. farinosa Boiss.
Fig. 1. – Flower structure. A. Scrophularia longiflora Benth.; B. Scrophularia nana Stiefelh. [A: Ranjbar 35993, BASU; B: Ranjbar 26927, BASU]
Fig. 1 in Les frères Soleirol, histoire séculaire d'une confusion autour d'un collecteur en Corse
Fig. 1. – Étiquettes de spécimens d'herbier récoltés par Soleirol (A–E) et taxon dédié à Soleirol (F). A. Silene requienii Otth incorporé dans G-DC en 1824 sans doute par l'entreprise de Requien (graphies de Soleirol et d'Alphonse de Candolle); B. Euphorbia rigida Loisel. (graphie de Soleirol); C. Erica arborea L. récolté en mai 1820 (graphie de Soleirol); D. Phyteuma serratum Viv. récolté en juin 1822 et incorporé dans G-DC en 1824 probablement par l'entremise de Requien (graphies de Soleirol et d'A. de Candolle); E. Paeonia russoi Biv. incorporé dans l'herbier d'Ayasse
Fig. 2 in Les frères Soleirol, histoire séculaire d'une confusion autour d'un collecteur en Corse
Fig. 2. – Localités des étiquettes de Soleirol (du nord au sud). [légendes: 1: Tour de Sénèque; 2: Canione (Cagnano); 3: Cap Corse;
Fig. 19 in Revision of the species confused with "Nereis falsa" de Quatrefages, 1866 (Annelida, Nereididae)
Fig. 19. Nereis mezianei sp. nov., paratypes (MNHN 372-4b). A. Smallest paratype, dorsal view. B. Same, anterior end, dorsal view. C. Same, median segments, dorsal view. D. Same, posterior region, dorsal view. E. Largest paratype, anterior region, dorsal view. F. Same, anterior end, dorsal view.
Fig. 20 in Revision of the species confused with "Nereis falsa" de Quatrefages, 1866 (Annelida, Nereididae)
Fig. 20. Nereis mezianei sp. nov., mature female (MNHN 372-T28). A. Dorsal view. B. Anterior region, dorsal view. Parapodia stained with Shirslastain-A. C. Chaetiger 2, right parapodium, anterior view (dorsal cirrus bent). D. Chaetiger 35, left parapodium, posterior view. E. Chaetiger 52, right parapodium, posterior view.
Fig. 18 in Revision of the species confused with "Nereis falsa" de Quatrefages, 1866 (Annelida, Nereididae)
Fig. 18. Nereis mezianei sp. nov., holotype (MNHN 372-4). A. Dorsal view. B. Anterior region, dorsal view. C. Chaetiger 2, left parapodium, anterior view (ventral cirrus lost). D. Chaetiger 16, left parapodium, posterior view (ventral cirrus lost). E. Chaetiger 31, right parapodium, posterior view (notopodial homogomph and supracicular heterogomph falcigers broken). F. Chaetiger 55, right parapodium, posterior view (insets: homogomph falcigers tips). G. Posterior region, dorsal view.
Fig. 13 in Revision of the species confused with "Nereis falsa" de Quatrefages, 1866 (Annelida, Nereididae)
Fig. 13. Nereis riisei Grube & Örsted in Grube, 1857, non-type, pre-epitokal specimen (UMML 22.1171). A. Anterior region, dorsal view. B. Posterior end, dorsal view. C. Chaetiger 1, right parapodium, anterior view. D. Chaetiger 11, right parapodium, anterior view. E. Chaetiger 49, right parapodium, anterior view. F. Chaetiger 88, right parapodium, anterior view. G. Chaetiger 113, right parapodium, anterior view. H. Chaetiger 88, notopodial homogomph falciger. I. Same, neuropodial supracicular homogomph spiniger. J. Same, neuropodial subacicular heterogomph falciger. K. Same, neuropodial supracicular heterogomph falciger.
Fig. 14. Nereis lunulata Ehlers, 1901 in Revision of the species confused with "Nereis falsa" de Quatrefages, 1866 (Annelida, Nereididae)
Fig. 14. Nereis lunulata Ehlers, 1901 stat. nov., syntype (SMNH Type 513). A. Anterior region, dorsal view. B. Chaetiger 11, right parapodium, anterior view. C. Chaetiger 30, right parapodium, anterior view. D. Chaetiger 52, right parapodium, posterior view. E. Chaetiger 30, notopodial homogomph falciger. F. Same, neuropodial heterogomph falciger of infracicular fascicle.
Fig. 12 in Revision of the species confused with "Nereis falsa" de Quatrefages, 1866 (Annelida, Nereididae)
Fig. 12. Nereis riisei Grube & Örsted in Grube, 1857, non-type specimen (ECOSUR P2256). A. Anterior region, dorsal view. B. Anterior end, dorsal view. C. Chaetiger 2, left parapodium, anterior view. D. Chaetiger 30, left parapodium, anterior view. E. Chaetiger 90, left parapodium, anterior view. F. Chaetiger 168, left parapodium, anterior view. G. Posterior region, dorsal view, after Shirlastain-A staining.
Fig. 11 in Revision of the species confused with "Nereis falsa" de Quatrefages, 1866 (Annelida, Nereididae)
Fig. 11. Nereis riisei Grube & Örsted in Grube, 1857, holotype of Nereis glandulata Hoagland, 1919 (AMNH 1211). A. Anterior fragment, dorsal view. B. Anterior end, dorsal view. C. Chaetiger 2, right parapodium, anterior view. D. Chaetiger 9, right parapodium, anterior view. E. Same, neuropodial supracicular heterogomph falciger. F. Same, neuropodial subacicular heterogomph falciger.
Fig. 17. Nereis occidentalis Hartman, 1945. A–B, I in Revision of the species confused with "Nereis falsa" de Quatrefages, 1866 (Annelida, Nereididae)
Fig. 17. Nereis occidentalis Hartman, 1945. A–B, I: holotype (LACM 836); C–H, J–L: paratype (LACM 837). A. Anterior region, dorsal view. B. Posterior region, dorsal view. C. Pharynx, dorsal view. D. Same, ventral view. E. Chaetiger 2, right parapodium, posterior view. F. Chaetiger 11, right parapodium, posterior view. G. Chaetiger 34, right parapodium, posterior view. H. Chaetiger 62, right parapodium, posterior view. I. Chaetiger 87, right parapodium, posterior view. J. Same, notopodial homogomph falciger. K. Same, neuropodial subacicular heterogomph spiniger. L. Same, neuropodial subacicular heterogomph falciger.
Fig. 15. Nereis lunulata Ehlers, 1901 in Revision of the species confused with "Nereis falsa" de Quatrefages, 1866 (Annelida, Nereididae)
Fig. 15. Nereis lunulata Ehlers, 1901 stat. nov., non-type specimen (MNHN 83-T52). A. Anterior region, dorsal view. B. Anterior end, dorsal view. C. Anterior end, ventral view. D. Chaetiger 2, left parapodim, anterior view. E. Chaetiger 14, left parapodium, anterior view. F. Chaetiger 30, left parapodium, posterior view (inset: close-up of dorsal cirrus). G. Chaetiger 56, left parapodium, anterior view (inset: homogomph falciger).
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