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212 results for “Contingency”
Historical contingency shapes adaptive radiation in Antarctic fishes [Data set]
<p>Assembled reference contigs for protein-coding exons and conserved non-coding regions from targeted sequence enrichment of notothenioid fishes and outgroups. </p> <p>Published in : Daane, JM, Dornburg, A, Smits, P, MacGuigan, D, Hawkins, B, Near, TJ, Detrich, HW III*, Harris MP*. (2019). Historical contingency shapes adaptive radiation in Antarctic fishes. <em>Nature Ecology & Evolution.</em></p> <p> </p> <p>-contigs.zip contains the assembled contigs for each species. Each contig represents a targeted region with the addition of flanking DNA sequence</p> <p>-cnes.zip contains the targeted conserved non-coding regions isolated from the larger contigs in contigs.zip</p> <p>-exons.zip contains the targeted protein coding exons isolated from the larger contigs in contigs.zip</p> <p>-protein.zip contains the translated protein coding exons from exons.zip</p>
Fitness of evolving bacterial populations is contingent on deep and shallow history but only shallow history creates predictable patterns
<p><span>Long term evolution experiments have tested the importance of genetic and environmental factors in influencing evolutionary outcomes. Differences in phylogenetic history, recent adaptation to distinct environments, and chance events all influence the fitness of a population. However, the interplay of these factors on a population's evolutionary potential remains relatively unexplored. We tracked the outcome of 2,000 generations of evolution of four natural isolates of Escherichia coli bacteria that were engineered to also create differences in shallow history by adding previously identified mutations selected in a separate long-term experiment. Replicate populations started from each progenitor were evolved in four environments. We found that deep and shallow phylogenetic histories both contributed significantly to differences in evolved fitness, though by different amounts in different selection environments. With one exception, chance effects were not significant. Whereas the effect of deep history did not follow any detectable pattern, effects of shallow history followed a pattern of diminishing-returns whereby fitter ancestors had smaller fitness increases. These results are consistent with adaptive evolution being contingent on the interaction of several evolutionary forces but demonstrate that the nature of these interactions is not fixed and may not be predictable even when the role of chance is small.</span></p>
Informativeness, contingency and time scale invariance in associative learning
<p>Contemporary theories guiding the search for neural mechanisms of learning and memory assume that associative learning results from the temporal pairing of cues and reinforcers resulting in coincident activation of associated neurons, strengthening their synaptic connection. While enduring, this framework has limitations: Temporal-pairing-based models of learning do not fit with many experimental observations and cannot be used to make quantitative predictions about behavior. Here we present behavioral data that supports an alternative, information-theoretic conception: The amount of information that cues provide about the timing of reward delivery predicts behavior. Furthermore, this approach accounts for the rate and depth of both inhibitory and excitatory learning across paradigms and species. We also show that dopamine release in the ventral striatum reflects cue–predicted changes in reinforcement rates consistent with subjects understanding temporal relationships between task events. Our results reshape the conceptual and biological framework for understanding associative learning.<strong><br></strong></p>
Preparedness for Contingencies: A Systematic Review of the Factors that Influence the Crisis Resilience of Project Managers
<p>The goal of this review paper is to investigate factors that contribute to project managers' crisis resilience through a systematic review of the literature and bibliometric analysis using VOXviewer. Existing research on project management and resilience focuses on urban resilience, community resilience, organisational resilience, team resilience, individual resilience, resilience of critical infrastructure, and flood resilience. In the context of project managers, however, the factors that influence crisis resilience and preparedness remain unclear. Using the PRISMA framework for systematic literature, 55 peer-reviewed articles published between 1993 and 2022 that met our criteria were identified through a structured keyword search in the Scopus and WoS databases. The systematic review and bibliometric analysis reveal eight (8) clusters, which we further categorise into four determinants. This is the most important finding of this review. In the context of the roles of project managers, the results of a comparative analysis reveal four prominent factors for enhancing crisis resilience: 1. leadership (individual resilience, influence, team trust, emotional intelligence); 2. interpersonal skill (conflict management, persistence, crisis preparedness); 3. agility (proactiveness, coping capacity, and adaptive capacity); 4. risk management and vulnerability (perception, awareness) . These factors are essential for developing project managers who are less susceptible to future crises and disasters. This study has exhaustively characterised the possibilities and capacities of crisis resilience in terms of competency, integration, collaboration, and novelty; however, the search was restricted to a small number of databases and a short period of time, which could be explored in future research. According to the findings, most previous research on crisis resilience focused on emergency preparedness and was primarily conducted in Western and American studies. There is a lack of a holistic perspective on crisis resilience, which will be developed. We believe that international collaboration efforts to establish a platform for the exchange of knowledge between Western and American nations and ASEAN members are necessary</p>
Data from: Pollinator competition and the contingency of nectar depletion during an early spring resource pulse
<p>Concerns about competition between pollinators are predicated on the assumption of floral resource limitation. Floral resource limitation, however, is a complex phenomenon involving the interplay of resource production by plants, resource demand by pollinators, and exogenous factors — like weather conditions — that constrain both plants and pollinators. In this study, we examine nectar limitation during the mass flowering of rosaceous fruit trees in early spring. Our study is set in the same region as a previous study that found extremely severe nectar limitation in summer grasslands. We use this seasonal contrast to evaluate two alternative hypotheses concerning the seasonal dynamics of floral resource limitation: either (H1) rates of resource production and consumption are matched through seasonal time to maintain a consistent degree of resource limitation or (H2) a mismatch of high floral resource production and low pollinator activity in early spring creates a period of relaxed resource limitation that intensifies later in the year. We found generally much lower depletion in our study compared to the near 100% depletion found in the summer study, but depletion rates varied markedly through diel time and across sampling days, with afternoon depletion rates sometimes exceeding 80%. In some cases, there were also pronounced differences in depletion rate across simultaneously sampled floral species, indicating different degrees of nectar exploitation. These findings generally support the seasonal mismatch hypothesis (H2) but underscore the complex contingency of nectar depletion. The challenge of future work is to discern how the fluctuation of resource limitation across diel, inter-diel, and seasonal time scales translates into population-level fitness outcomes for pollinators.</p>
Endogenous oscillatory rhythms and interactive contingencies jointly influence infant attention during early infant-caregiver interaction
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Informativeness, contingency and time scale invariance in associative learning
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Fitness of evolving bacterial populations is contingent on deep and shallow history but only shallow history creates predictable patterns
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Data from: Pollinator competition and the contingency of nectar depletion during an early spring resource pulse
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Ranking ecological contingencies from high-order factorial data demonstrate tidy control of biodiversity from facilitation cascades in estuaries on the South Island of New Zealand
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Data from: Pollinator shifts, contingent evolution, and evolutionary constraint drive floral disparity in Salvia (Lamiaceae): evidence from morphometrics and phylogenetic comparative methods
Switches in pollinators have been argued to be key drivers of floral evolution in angiosperms. However, few studies have tested the relationship between floral shape evolution and switches in pollination in large clades. In concert with a dated phylogeny, we present a morphometric analysis of corolla, anther connective, and style shape across 44% of nearly 1,000 species of Salvia (Lamiaceae) and test four hypotheses of floral evolution. We demonstrate that floral morphospace of New World (NW) Salvia is largely distinct from that of Old World (OW) Salvia and that these differences are pollinator driven; that shifts in floral morphology sometimes mirror shifts in pollinators; that anther connectives (key constituents of the Salvia staminal lever) and styles co-evolved from curved to linear shapes following shifts from bee to bird pollination; and that morphological differences between NW and OW bee flowers are partly the legacy of constraints imposed by an earlier shift to bird pollination in the NW. The distinctive staminal lever in Salvia is a morphologically diverse structure that has evolved in concert with both the corolla and style, under different pollinator pressures, and in contingent fashion.
Acetylcholine is released in the basolateral amygdala in response to predictors of reward and enhances learning of cue-reward contingency
<p>The basolateral amygdala (BLA) is critical for associating initially neutral cues with appetitive and aversive stimuli and receives dense neuromodulatory acetylcholine (ACh) projections. We measured BLA ACh signaling and activity of neurons expressing CaMKIIα (a marker for glutamatergic principal cells) in mice during cue-reward learning using a fluorescent ACh sensor and calcium indicators. We found that ACh levels and nucleus basalis of Meynert (NBM) cholinergic terminal activity in the BLA (NBM-BLA) increased sharply in response to reward-related events and shifted as mice learned the cue-reward contingency. BLA CaMKIIα<sup> </sup>neuron activity followed reward retrieval and moved to the reward-predictive cue after task acquisition. Optical stimulation of cholinergic NBM-BLA terminal fibers led to quicker acquisition of the cue-reward contingency. These results indicate BLA ACh signaling carries important information about salient events in cue-reward learning and provides a framework for understanding how ACh signaling contributes to shaping BLA responses to emotional stimuli.</p>
Numerosity adaptation partly depends on the allocation of implicit numerosity-contingent visuo-spatial attention
<p>The folder Dataset contains five subfolders. Each subfolder contains the single subjects’ data for each experiment (three experiments) and each control experiment (two control experiments).</p> <p>Each file contains two Matlab tables called “TBase” and “TAdapt”. Each row of the table is a trial. </p> <p> </p> <p>In Experiment 1 and 2 the columns contain the following information:</p> <p>1<sup>st</sup>: Numerosity of the test stimulus</p> <p>2<sup>nd: </sup>Response</p> <p>3<sup>rd</sup>: Reaction Times</p> <p>4<sup>th</sup>: Accuracy </p> <p>5<sup>th</sup>: Test/Adapt side</p> <p>6<sup>th</sup>: N° of presented Adaptors</p> <p> </p> <p>In Experiment 3 the columns contain the following information:</p> <p>1<sup>st</sup>: Numerosity of the test stimulus</p> <p>2<sup>nd</sup>: Cue position</p> <p>3<sup>rd</sup>: Response</p> <p>4<sup>th</sup>: Reaction Times</p> <p>5<sup>th</sup>: Accuracy </p> <p>6<sup>th</sup>: Test/Adapt side</p>
7,000 years of turnover: historical contingency and human niche construction shape the Caribbean's Anthropocene biota
The human-mediated movement of species across biogeographic boundaries—whether intentional or accidental—is dramatically reshaping the modern world. Conservation biologists are grappling with the present-day effects of these introductions, but humans have in fact been reshaping ecosystems and translocating species for millennia. Acknowledging the effects of human-mediated species introductions through time is important for understanding present-day biodiversity loss, ecosystem functioning, and management needs. Here, we present the first database of terrestrial vertebrate species introductions spanning the entire anthropogenic history of a system. This ~7,000 year Caribbean dataset allows us to assess the roles of historical contingency and priority effects in shaping present-day conservation outcomes. We analyzed the spatial and temporal dynamics of species introductions in the context of cultural practices and human population histories spanning Indigenous, colonial, and modern human societies. We highlight how serial human colonization contributed to habitat modifications and species extinctions that then shaped subsequent species introductions by other human groups, altering ecosystem processes dramatically. We quantify how the taxonomic and biogeographical diversity of species introductions increases over time, reflecting diversifying reasons for species introductions. Importantly, we use the record to highlight gaps in the archaeological record, ongoing management challenges, and research opportunities in today's Caribbean biota.
Contingent reward, punishment and employee performance
<p><strong>Background</strong>: This paper investigated the connection between transactional leadership styles, contingent rewards, punishments, and employee performance while emphasizing employee engagement's mediating role. Existing research has predominantly focused on isolated associations between contingent rewards, punishment, and employee performance, leaving gaps in the empirical exploration of these mediating mechanisms. To address this research gap, our study has introduced a conceptual framework to understand the multifaceted connection between contingent rewards, punishment, and their effects on employee performance, with a specific emphasis on the mediating function of employee engagement.</p> <p><strong>Methods</strong>: We involved 273 full-time non-clinical healthcare professionals employed in NABH-accredited hospitals in Jharkhand, India. <span>A structured survey instrument was employed for data collection from the specific survey participants, with the investigation of the research hypotheses conducted through the application of partial least squares-structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). </span></p> <p><strong>Results</strong>: Preliminary findings suggested that contingent rewards and punishment do not directly influence employee performance. Instead, our study highlighted the critical mediating role of employee engagement, particularly its dimensions of Vigor, absorption, and dedication.</p> <p><strong>Conclusions</strong>: This research has underscored rewards and punishments as essential tools for influencing employee behaviour, motivation, and performance. Employee engagement, as a multifaceted construct, not only benefits individual employees but also significantly impacts overall organizational performance and success.</p>
Data and source code from: Contingency and selection in mitochondrial genome dynamics
<p>Eukaryotic cells contain numerous copies of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), allowing for the coexistence of mutant and wild-type mtDNA in individual cells. The fate of mutant mtDNA depends on their relative replicative fitness within cells and the resulting cellular fitness within populations of cells. Yet the dynamics of the generation of mutant mtDNA and features that inform their fitness remain unaddressed. Here we utilize long read single-molecule sequencing to track mtDNA mutational trajectories in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We show a previously unseen pattern that constrains subsequent excision events in mtDNA fragmentation. We also provide evidence for the generation of rare and contentious non-periodic mtDNA structures that lead to persistent diversity within individual cells. Finally, we show that measurements of relative fitness of mtDNA fit a phenomenological model that highlights important biophysical parameters governing mtDNA fitness. Altogether, our study provides techniques and insights into the dynamics of large structural changes in genomes that may be applicable in more complex organisms.</p>
Data from: Mesostriatal dopamine is sensitive to changes in specific cue-reward contingencies
<p>Learning causal relationships relies on understanding how often one event precedes another. To gain an understanding of how dopamine neuron activity and neurotransmitter release change when a retrospective relationship is degraded for a specific pair of events, we used outcome-selective Pavlovian contingency degradation in rats. Two cues were paired with distinct food rewards, one of which was also delivered in the absence of either cue. Conditioned responding was attenuated for the cue-reward contingency that was degraded. Dopamine neuron activity in the midbrain and dopamine release in the ventral striatum in response to the cue and subsequent reward were attenuated during degraded versus non-degraded trials, and contingency degradation also abolished the trial-by-trial history dependence of dopamine responses at the time of trial outcome. This profile of changes in cue- and reward-evoked responding is not easily explained by a standard reinforcement learning model. An alternative model based on learning causal relationships was better able to capture evoked dopamine responses during contingency degradation, as well as conditioned behavior following optogenetic manipulations of dopamine during noncontingent rewards. Our results suggest that mesostriatal dopamine encodes the contingencies between meaningful events during learning.</p>
Dataset from 'Billino, J., van Belle, G., Rossion, B., & Schwarzer, G. (2018). The nature of individual face recognition in preschool children: Insights from a gaze-contingent paradigm. Cognitive Development, 47, 168-180. DOI: 10.1016/j.cogdev.2018.06.007
<p>The folder contains a data file and a description file providing column labels.</p> <p>For further questions, please contact:<br> jutta.billino[at]psychol.uni-giessen.de</p>
Does evaluative learning depend on the statistical relationship between stimuli? On the sensitivity of evaluative cue conditioning to ecological contingencies
<p>Evaluative conditioning (EC) is concerned with the transfer of valence from an unconditioned stimulus (US) to a conditioned stimulus (CS). Only recently the notion of EC was extended from individual CSs to categories of CSs that share certain cues. That research shows that a contingency implemented between a cue dimension and US valence has a direct effect on the evaluation of stimuli carrying values of this cue dimension. This phenomenon was coined “evaluative cue conditioning” (ECC). The present research tests whether ECC is sensitive to the contingency between a cue dimension and US valence. The present work thereby investigates the impact of ecological contingencies that define contingency by reference to all other CS-US pairings in the learning environment. Two experiments demonstrate that ECC effects are sensitive to the strength of the ecological contingency, suggesting that ECC is a relative phenomenon that depends on the valence of the CS-US pairings in the reference set. Moreover, these findings call for more research on the contingency sensitivity of standard EC effects using this revised definition of contingency.</p>
Data from: Contingency rules for pathogen competition and antagonism in a genetically based, plant defense hierarchy
1. Plant defense against pathogens includes a range of mechanisms, including, but not limited to, genetic resistance, pathogen-antagonizing endophytes, and pathogen competitors. The relative importance of each mechanism can be expressed in a hierarchical view of defense. Several recent studies have shown that pathogen antagonism is inconsistently expressed within the plant defense hierarchy. Our hypothesis is that the hierarchy is governed by contingency rules that determine when and where antagonists reduce plant disease severity. 2. Here, we investigated whether pathogen competition influences pathogen antagonism using Populus as a model system. In three independent field experiments, we asked whether competition for leaf mesophyll cells between a Melampsora rust pathogen and a microscopic, eriophyid mite affects rust pathogen antagonism by fungal leaf endophytes. The rust pathogen has an annual, phenological disadvantage in competition with the mite because the rust pathogen must infect its secondary host in spring before infecting Populus. We varied mite-rust competition by utilizing Populus genotypes characterized by differential genetic resistance to the two organisms. We inoculated plants with endophtyes and allowed mites and rust to infect plants naturally. 3. Two contingency rules emerged from the three field experiments: 1) pathogen antagonism by endophytes can be preempted by host genes for resistance that suppress pathogen development, and 2) pathogen antagonism by endophtyes can secondarily be preempted by competitive exclusion of the rust by the mite. 4. Synthesis: Our results point to a Populus defense hierarchy with resistance genes on top, followed by pathogen competition, and finally pathogen antagonism by endophytes. We expect these rules will help to explain the variation in pathogen antagonism that is currently attributed to context dependency.
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