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2,395 results for “Contrast”
Supporting Data for: McKenna et al. (2018), Arctic sea-ice loss in different regions leads to contrasting Northern Hemisphere impacts
<p>This is a dataset of output from version 4 of the Reading Intermediate Global Circulation Model (IGCM4) that was used in the article: </p> <p>McKenna, C. M., Bracegirdle, T. J., Shuckburgh, E. F., Haynes, P. H., & Joshi, M. M. (2018). Arctic sea ice loss in different regions leads to contrasting Northern Hemisphere impacts. <em>Geophysical Research Letters</em>, 45, 945-954. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/2017GL076433">https://doi.org/10.1002/2017GL076433</a></p> <p> </p> <p>Files required to setup the IGCM4 simulations are given in the directory 'IGCM4_setup'.</p> <p>All other directories contain netcdf files of timeseries of various monthly mean fields for each IGCM4 simulation (see paper for details on these simulations). The available variables are:</p> <ul> <li>ua: zonal winds</li> <li>zg: geopotential height</li> <li>ts: surface temperature</li> <li>hfls, hfss, rlds, rlus: surface heatfluxes</li> <li>Flat, Fz, divF: Eliassen-Palm flux vectors and their divergence (only for months November-February)</li> </ul> <p>The ua and zg variables are given for different pressure levels indicated in the filenames (e.g., ua500 is ua at 500 hPa). ua is additionally given in terms of the zonal mean with latitude and pressure. zg is additionally given in terms of longitude and pressure, averaged over latitudes between 60N-80N. All files follow CF conventions in terms of metadata, variable names, etc. </p> <p>Note that the CTL, ATL, PAC, and ATLandPAC simulations were all run continuously in time (i.e., every year starts from the end of the previous year). The 0.5ATL and 0.5PAC simulations, however, were run for 300 years in three separate 100-year chunks (i.e., the initial conditions used to start each 100-year chunk were different). The three 100-year chunks have been appended together in the netcdf files. </p>
Dataset containing binominal lexemes in Harakmbut (isolate, Peru), for "The derivational use of classifiers in Western Amazonia" and "When the alienability contrast fails to surface in adnominal possession: Bound nouns in Harakmbut"
<p>This is the dataset used, amongst others, in the paper: Van linden, An. Forthcoming. When the alienability contrast fails to surface in adnominal possession: Bound nouns in Harakmbut. Special Issue “Re-assessing the explanatory potential of alienability contrasts”, guest-edited by Françoise Rose & An Van linden. <em>Linguistics – An Interdisciplinary Journal of the Language Sciences</em>. [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1515/ling-2022-0039">https://doi.org/10.1515/ling-2022-0039</a>]</p> <p>For more details, see the ReadMe file.</p>
Measuring the counterion cloud of soft microgels using SANS with contrast variation
<p>The behavior of microgels and other soft and compressible colloidal particles depends on particle concentration in ways that are absent in their hard-particulate counterparts. For instance, poly-N-isopropylacrylamide (pNIPAM) microgels can spontanously deswell and reduce suspension polydispersity at high concentrations. Despite the pNIPAM network in these microgels is uncharged, the key to understand this distinct behavior relies on the existence of peripheric charged groups, which provide stability when deswollen, and the associated counterion cloud. When in close proximity, clouds of different particles overlap, effectively freeing the associated counterions, which are then able to exert an osmotic pressure that can potentially cause the microgels to change size. Up to to now, however, no direct measurement of such an ionic cloud exists, perhaps even for hard colloids, where it is referred to as electric double layer. Here, we use small-angle neutron scattering with contrast variation with different ions to isolate the change in the form factor directly related to the counterion cloud and obtain its radius and width. Our results highlight that modeling of microgel suspensions must unavoidably and explicitly consider the presence of this cloud, which is present for nearly all microgel particles synthesized today.</p>
Contrasting plant adaptation strategies to latitude in the native and invasive range of Spartina alterniflora: geographic survey (2014) and Common garden (2015-2017)
We examined trait differences and evolution across geographic clines among continents of the intertidal grass Spartina alterniflora within its invasive and native ranges. Between September and November 2014, we sampled vegetative and reproductive traits in the field at 20 sites over 20° latitude in China (invasive range) and 28 sites over 17° latitude in the US (native range). We grew both Chinese and US plants in a greenhouse common garden for three years (2015 - 2017) to determine if differences in performance of S. alterniflora between the introduced and native ranges were due to genetic differences or differences in abiotic conditions.
AGW02 Measurement of groundwater physical and chemical properties from wells in contrasting land uses near Kings Creek, Konza Prairie
Wells were drilled in two sites on Konza Prairie Biological Station in April, 1993 approximately 100 m from Kings Creek. The two sites are located in a grassland and an agricultural area. The grassland site (K01A) is an old field that was planted with brome sometime prior to 1976. It has not been grazed for 25 years and is burned in spring every 1-2 years. The agricultural site is currently under a mix of cultivation and restoration plots. Historically, it was cultivated from sometime between 1939 and 1950 to the present. It is approximately 1 km downstream in an area geologically similar to K01A. The soil at both sites is mapped as Reading silt loam (fine, mixed, mesic Typic Arguidolls). Samples are taken monthly by PVC bailer following removal of 2 times the well volume. Samples are analyzed with same methods as used for LTER stream water chemistry.
PIE LTER nutrient samples collected by Sigma Autosampler between 2001 and 2017 in three headwater sites of contrasting land use, and at the Parker and Ipswich River Dams as they enter into the Plum Island Sound estuary, Massachusetts.
Total organic nitrogen, total organic phosphorus, and nitrate concentrations collected frequently by Sigma autosampler (or volunteers in winter) from 5 sites. Sites include three headwater sites of contrasting land use (CC= Forest, SB = suburban, CS = wetland) and at the mouth of the Ipswich and Parker Rivers where they flow into the estuary.
Dynamic Contrast Enhanced MRI Raw Data Acquired with 3D Cones Trajectory
<p>This repository contains the raw data for the second dynamic contrast enhanced (DCE) MRI in <a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1909.13482">Extreme MRI: Large-Scale Volumetric Dynamic Imaging from Continuous Non-Gated Acquisitions</a>. The data is stored as numpy arrays, containing k-space data (ksp.npy), coordinates (coord.npy), and density compensation factors (dcf.npy). Code to process and reconstruct the data is available here: <a href="https://github.com/mikgroup/extreme_mri">https://github.com/mikgroup/extreme_mri</a></p> <p>For more information about how the data is acquired, please see the linked paper.</p>
Data: Breeding progress for pathogen resistance is a second major driver for yield increase in German winter wheat at contrasting N levels
<p>This is the experimental data set of Zetzsche, et. al. (2020, Scientific Reports: doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-77200-0) based on a three-year field trial (2014/15, 2015/16, 2016/7) of 178 German elite winter wheat cultivars.</p> <p>The table (QLB_BRIWECS_WW_fieldtrial_adjustMeans_treatments.csv) subsumes the adjusted mean values of four fungal disease scores (average ordinates) and six yield-related traits investigated at four treatments (T1: 110 kg N ha<sup>-1</sup>, no fungicides; T2: 110 kg N ha<sup>-1</sup> + fungicide; T3: 220 kg N ha<sup>-1</sup>, no fungicides; T4: 220 kg N ha<sup>-1</sup> + fungicide) of two replicates each over three years. Data of each trait are considered independent for all four treatments. Details of the plant material, the experimental site, the trail design as well as the phenotyping of the diseases and agronomical traits are given in the material and methods section of the related publication. Further metadata on the plant material and the trial design are provided in the Supplementary information of the publication.</p>
Contrasting effects of landscape composition on crop yield mediated by specialist herbivores
<p>Landscape composition not only affects a variety of arthropod-mediated ecosystem services, but also disservices, such as herbivory by insect pests that may have negative effects on crop yield. Yet, little is known about how different habitats influence the dynamics of multiple herbivore species, and ultimately their collective impact on crop production. Using cabbage as a model system, we examined how landscape composition influenced the incidence of three specialist cruciferous pests (aphids, flea beetles, and leaf-feeding Lepidoptera), lepidopteran parasitoids, and crop yield across a gradient of landscape composition in New York, USA. We expected that landscapes with a higher proportion of cropland and lower habitat diversity would lead to an increase in pest pressure of the specialist herbivores and a reduction in crop yield. However, results indicated that neither greater cropland area nor lower landscape diversity influenced pest pressure or yield. Rather, pest pressure and yield were best explained by the presence of non-crop habitats (i.e. meadows) in the landscape. Specifically, cabbage was infested with fewer Lepidoptera in landscapes with a higher proportion of meadows likely resulting from increased parasitism. Conversely, cabbage was infested with more flea beetles and aphids as the proportion of meadows in the landscape increased, suggesting that these pests benefit from non-crop habitats. Furthermore, path analysis confirmed that these landscape-mediated effects on pest populations can have either positive or negative cascading effects on crop yield. Our findings illustrate how different pest species within the same cropping system show contrasting responses to landscape composition with respect to both the direction and spatial scale of the relationship. Such tradeoffs resulting from the complex interaction between multiple-pests, natural enemies, and landscape composition must be considered, if we are to manage landscapes for pest suppression benefits.</p>
Exploring the critical zone heterogeneity and the hydrological diversity using an integrated ecohydrological model in three contrasted long-term observatories
<p>These files provide useful data and supplementary material associated with the publication 'Exploring the critical zone heterogeneity and the hydrological diversity using an integrated ecohydrological model in three contrasted long-term observatories' (MNT information, atmospheric forcings, R scripts used to process and draw the graphs from the EcH2O-iso simulations, and observed water discharges).</p>
Dataset for the manuscript "ExSTED microscopy reveals contrasting functions of dopamine and somatostatin CSF-c neurons along the central canal"
<p>Description: Dataset that supports the expansion-STED and light sheet microscopy methods in spinal cord and support the findings in the manuscript: ExSTED microscopy reveals contrasting functions of dopamine and somatostatin CSF-c neurons along the central canal (Elham Jalalvand, Jonatan Alvelid, Giovanna Coceano, Steven Edwards, Brita Robertson, Sten Grillner, Ilaria Testa).</p> <p>The software used to open the files and perform the analysis: Imspector v0.10_rev8575 and ImageJ 1.52i.</p> <p>The preprint of the manuscript can be found here: https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.08.17.456595</p>
Seawater isoprene loss and production rates across contrasting oceanic regions
<p><strong>Measured biological variables and isoprene process rate constants across contrasting regions of the global ocean. </strong>SST: sea surface temperature;<strong> </strong>SSS: sea surface salinity; Z<sub>ML</sub>: mixed layer depth; U<sub>10</sub> 24h: wind speed at 10 m above sea surface, averaged over 24 hours; chl<em>a</em>: chlorophyll-<em>a</em> concentration; BA: bacterial abundance; k<sub>loss</sub>: rate constant of isoprene loss in incubations (microbial degradation + chemical oxidation); k<sub>vent</sub>: rate constant of isoprene ventilation to the atmosphere; k<sub>mix</sub>: rate constant of isoprene vertical mixing by turbulent diffusion at the bottom of the mixed layer (negative means import into the surface mixed layer); total τ: turnover time due to all sinks; k<sub>prod</sub>: rate constant of isoprene production, assuming 24-h steady state for the isoprene concentration; sp. prod. rate: chl<em>a</em>-normalized daily rate of isoprene production.</p> <p><strong>Results of the coastal seawater dark incubations for isoprene loss kinetics. </strong>SST: lab-incubation temperature (within ±0.5ºC of the in-situ temperature); chl<em>a</em>: chlorophyll-<em>a</em> concentration; isoprene concentration; std err: standard error of duplicate isoprene concentration measurements. The experiments were conducted with water from the Blanes Bay Microbial Observatory (coastal NW Mediterranean) and the coral reef lagoon of Moorea (French Polynesia).</p> <p><strong>Results of the coastal seawater dark incubations for isoprene oxidation assays. </strong>SST: in-situ and incubation temperature; chl<em>a</em>] chlorophyll-<em>a</em> concentration; isoprene concentration. </p>
Data from: Vegetative phenologies of lianas and trees in two Neotropical forests with contrasting rainfall regimes
<ol> <li>Among tropical forests, lianas are predicted to have a growth advantage over trees during seasonal drought, with substantial implications for tree and forest dynamics. We tested the hypotheses that lianas maintain higher water status than trees during seasonal drought and that lianas maximize leaf cover to match high, dry-season light conditions while trees are more limited by moisture availability during the dry season.</li> <li>We monitored the seasonal dynamics of predawn and midday leaf water potentials and leaf phenology for branches of 16 liana and 16 tree species in the canopy of two lowland tropical forests with contrasting rainfall regimes in Panama.</li> <li>In a wet, weakly seasonal forest, lianas maintained higher water balance than trees and maximized their leaf cover during dry-season conditions, when light availability was high, while trees experienced drought stress. In a drier, strongly seasonal forest, lianas and trees displayed similar dry season reductions in leaf cover following strong decreases in soil water availability.</li> <li>Greater soil moisture availability and a higher capacity to maintain water status allow lianas to maintain the turgor potentials critical for plant growth in a wet and weakly seasonal forest but not in a dry and strongly seasonal forest.</li> </ol>
Data for: From pattern to process? Dual travelling waves, with contrasting propagation speeds, best describe a self-organised spatio-temporal pattern in population growth of a cyclic rodent
<p>Centroid data used for the analysis in Roos et al. Eco Lett.</p> <p>Transects, up to 99 m in length (dependent on the field's length), were surveyed in linear stable landscape features (field, track or ditch margins) to estimate vole abundance from November 2011 until September 2017. Each transect was divided into 3 m sections (33 in total) and the presence or absence of one or more signs of vole activity (i.e., latrines by burrows, fresh vegetation clippings, and recent burrow excavations) in each section was noted. The proportion of sections with signs of vole presence per transect was then used as the abundance index. The number of surveys carried out at any time varied adaptively with the perceived risk of an outbreak (according to changes in estimated abundance in previous monitoring surveys).</p> <p>The response variable typically used in all models is proportional growth rate (r_{t,i}, where is the abundance index for site at time (Royama 1992; Berryman 2002). A benefit of using r_{t,i}, rather than ln(N_{t,i}), is that any multiplicative effects of site quality are cancelled out, provided they are constant over time. To calculate r_{t,i}, vole abundance indices are required at the same location in successive time periods (i.e., N_{t,i} and N_{t+1,i}). Given that exact transect locations were rarely reused in successive months, and all transect measurements took place throughout the year rather than discrete seasons, the data had to be aggregated to consistent locations and times to allow growth rate to be calculated. As such, transects were temporally aggregated into a respective yearly quarter (e.g., January to March 2014). Transects were spatially aggregated by sequentially selecting an unassigned transect as a reference point for the ith centroid and assigning all unassigned transects within a 5 km radius to the ith centroid, and repeating until all transects had been allocated (see Figure 2 for a summary of the number of transects assigned to each centroid, centroid locations, and time series of growth rate of each centroid). Once complete, the mean Julian day, X and Y UTM (Universal Transverse Mercator) and the mean index was calculated for all transects assigned to each centroid for each time period. Where a centroid had successive values of N_{t,i} and N_{t+1,i} available, the corresponding proportional growth rate was calculated.</p> <p>A constant of 3.03 was added to N_{t,i} to avoid zero entries (3.03 was the lowest non-zero value of <em>N</em> observed). The final dataset consisted of 3,751 observations.</p>
Contrastively focused pronouns
<p>Data used in the Interspeech 2022 paper "BERT, can HE predict contrastive focus? Predicting and controlling prominence in neural TTS using a language model"</p> <p>This is a corpus of literary texts that have been annotated with prominence and boundary features using the Wavelet Prosody Toolkit (https://github.com/asuni/wavelet_prosody_toolkit). Each text is read by three separate speakers. A subcorpus of contrastively focused pronouns is also provided.</p> <p><strong>Train and Test sets for prominence prediction task.</strong></p> <p>-Lines starting with '<file>' identify the utterances. Here you will find book/speaker/chapter/chapter-utterance# information.</p> <p>-The columns of the remaining lines:</p> <p>word / quantized CWT prominence features / quantized CWT boundary features / Raw CWT prominence features / Raw CWT boundary features</p> <p><strong>Majority, Minority and nonContrastivePronouns</strong> are dictionaries containing the chapter-utterance# (in Test.txt) and sentence index of the pronouns used for evaluation in the Interspeech paper.</p> <p>Majority - at least two out of three speakers use contrastive focus.</p> <p>Minority - only one speaker used contrastive focus.</p> <p>nonContrastivePronouns - none of the speakers used contrastive focus.</p>
Dynamic full-field imaging of rupture radiation: Material contrast governs source mechanism
<p>Datasets related to the research article 'Dynamic full-field imaging of rupture radiation: Material contrast governs source mechanism'. <br> A readme with the necessary Matlab code to load the data is included.<br> Tested on Matlab2020b</p> <p>For the analytic rupture radiation simulation code please check the linked github repository.</p>
[Data] Qualify-As-You-Go: Sensor Fusion of Optical and Acoustic Signatures with Contrastive Deep Learning for Multi-Material Composition Monitoring in Laser Powder Bed Fusion Process
<p><br>Growing demand for multi-material Laser Powder Bed Fusion (LPBF) faces process control and quality monitoring challenges, particularly in ensuring precise material composition. This study explores optical and acoustic emission signals during LPBF processes with multiple materials, addressing challenges in process control and ensuring accurate material composition. Experimental data from processing five powder compositions were collected using a custombuilt monitoring system in a commercial LPBF machine. The research categorised signals from LPBF processing various compositions, enhancing prediction accuracy by combining optical with acoustic data and training convolutional neural networks using contrastive learning. Latent spaces of trained models using two contrastive loss functions, clustered acoustic and optical<br>emissions based on similarities, aligning with five compositions. Contrastive learning and sensor fusion were found to be essential for monitoring LPBF processes involving multiple materials. This research advances the understanding of multi-material LPBF, highlighting sensor fusion strategies’ potential for improving quality control in additive manufacturing. Data set for this work is hosted here</p>
Dataset for "Contrasting Effects of Organic and Mineral Nitrogen Challenge the N-Mining Hypothesis for Soil Organic Matter Priming"
<p>Dataset for the article:</p> <p>Mason-Jones, K., Schmücker, N., Kuzyakov, Y. (2018) Contrasting Effects of Organic and Mineral Nitrogen Challenge the N-Mining Hypothesis for Soil Organic Matter Priming. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 124, 38-46, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2018.05.024</p>
Dataset for "Synchrotron-based phase contrast imaging of cardiovascular tissue in mice—grating interferometry or phase propagation?"
<p>This dataset contains images that were used in the analysis of the manuscript "Synchrotron-based phase contrast imaging of cardiovascular tissue in mice—grating interferometry or phase propagation?", that was published in Biomedical Physics and Engineering Express in 2018. Images are uploaded in .tif format. Three different synchrotron-based imaging techniques were compared on the same cardiovascular samples: grating interferometry (GI) and absorption-based phase propagation with and without phase retrieval according to Paganins method. An excel file is provided in which the nomenclature of the files is explained.</p>
Retrotransposon-based genetic variation of Poa annua populations from contrasting climate conditions
<p>Raw photographs of agarose electrophoresis. Material: six Poa annua populations. Method: inter-Primer Binding Site (iPBS) markers This is the documentation of studies described in the manuscript entitled "Retrotransposon-based genetic variation of Poa annua populations from contrasting climate conditions" accepted for publication in PeerJ journal (decision received on 02.04.2019)</p>
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These curated guides explain access requirements, typical timelines, costs, and reuse considerations for widely used research datasets.
Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.