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201 results for “Controlled Experiment”
Artifact for "Does Task Complexity Moderate the Benefits of Liveness? - A Controlled Experiment"
<p>This artifact includes the setup, data, and analysis for the experiment described in the article "Does Task Complexity Moderate the Benefits of Liveness? - A Controlled Experiment" published in the journal "The Art, Science, and Engineering of Programming<em>" </em>Volume 9.</p> <p>The artifact has the following structure:</p> <ul> <li> <p>experiment-setup</p> <ul> <li>experiment-environment.zip: Archive including the fully configured Squeak/Smalltalk environment</li> <li>experiment-protocol.pdf: Full protocol for conducting the experiment</li> <li>system: Includes the base system used for the experiment without any seeded faults</li> <li>tasks <ul> <li>task-descriptions.txt: The task descriptions of steps to reproduce and symptoms for the tasks used in the experiment</li> <li>patches: Patch files for all generated tasks</li> </ul> </li> <li>infrastructure: Contains source code of the tools used for controlling tasks in the development environment</li> <li>questionnaire <ul> <li>survey.dfglive.2023-01-06.xml: Questionnaire configuration for a SoSci survey server, includes demographics, experience, and skill questionnaire</li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li> <p>results</p> <ul> <li>data <ul> <li>export-NN.zip: Each archive contains the raw data from one run <ul> <li>starTrackData-NN: Contains the detailed event log</li> <li>experimentState.json: Contains the measurements and the final state for each task (completed, notStarted, etc.)</li> <li>skillTestResult-NN.json: Contains the score reached in the skill test</li> <li>task-X-NN.cs: The submitted patch for task X</li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li>questionnaire <ul> <li>data_dfglive-analysis.ods: Demographics and experience questionnaire results (gender column is redacted due to potential deanonymization)</li> <li>results of skill test are only available in graded form in the participant export files</li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li> <p>analysis</p> <ul> <li>analysis-r: Main analysis scripts <ul> <li>main.R, main-contrast-based.R: Two versions of the main and moderation effect analysis using two different processes</li> <li>live-tools-usage-time.R: Main and moderation effect analysis on tool usage</li> <li>demographics.R: Analysis of demographics and rendering of charts</li> </ul> </li> <li>analysis-tool-usage-correlation: Includes scripts to extract tool usage frequencies from the event logs. Assumes that export-NN.zip files are in the parent folder.</li> </ul> </li> </ul>
Data from a Large-Scale Experiment to Evaluate the Effects of Trapping to Control Muskrats (Ondatra zibethicus) in The Netherlands
<p>This data set supports the publication 'A Large-Scale Experiment to Evaluate the Effects of Trapping to Control Muskrats (Ondatra zibethicus) in The Netherlands' by Daan Bos, Emiel van Loon, Erik Klop and Ron Ydenberg. (the paper was accepted for publication in Wildlife Society Bulletin in 2020)</p> <p>The Muskrat is an invasive species in Europe and in the Netherlands muskrat burrowing can compromise the integrity of dykes and hence poses a public safety threat. For that reason a control programme has been in effect since the arrival of the species in 1941. To investigate the relation between catch and effort and enhance prediction models, a large randomized controlled experiment was designed and conducted from 2013 till 2016. The publication by Bos et al. (2020) analyses the experimental results and here we present and document the experimental data. See the readme.md file for further information.</p>
Dataset of the Riou-Bourdoux controlled launch experiment
<p>Understanding the dynamics of gravitational instabilities is critical to mitigate the associated hazards but their direct observation is often difficult due to their complex nature (remote locations, large variety of volumes and velocities). Recent advances in seismology allow to determine the dynamics of some of the largest landslides on Earth from the very low-frequency seismic waves they generate. However, the vast majority of gravitational instabilities are too small to generate low-frequency seismic waves but generate high-frequency seismic signals. Unfortunately we cannot yet use these high-frequency seismic records to infer dynamics parameters of gravitational instabilities as the physical sources of these waves are not well understood.<br> To better understand the physical processes involved in the generation of high-frequency seismic waves by gravitational instabilities we conducted a controlled rockfall experiment in the Riou-Bourdoux torrent (South French Alps). We deployed a dense seismic network and inferred the dynamics of the block from the reconstruction of the 3D trajectory from terrestrial and airborne high-resolution stereo-photogrammetry.</p> <p>Those datasets include the raw and pre-processed seismic data and kinematics data from the trajectories reconstruction of the controlled rockfall launches.</p>
Biogeochemical rate data and sediment properties of samples used for a controlled flow through experiment testing the effect of nitrate on organic matter decomposition, PIE LTER, Plum Island Sound estuary, Massachusetts.
In this dataset, we used a controlled flow-through reactor (FTR) experiment to test the role of nitrate as an electron acceptor, and its effect on organic matter decomposition and the associated microbial community in salt marsh sediments. Organic matter decomposition significantly increased in response to nitrate, even at sediment depths typically considered resistant to decomposition. The use of isotope tracers suggests this pattern was largely driven by stimulated denitrification. Nitrate addition also significantly altered the microbial community and decreased alpha diversity, selecting for taxa belonging to groups known to reduce nitrate and oxidize more complex forms of organic matter. Fourier Transform-Infrared Spectroscopy further supported these results, suggesting that nitrate facilitated decomposition of complex organic matter compounds into more bioavailable forms. Taken together, these results suggest the existence of organic matter pools that only become accessible with nitrate and would otherwise remain stabilized in the sediment. The existence of such pools could have important implications for carbon storage, since greater decomposition rates as N loading increases may result in less overall burial of organic-rich sediment. Given the extent of nitrogen loading along our coastlines, it is imperative that we better understand the resilience of salt marsh systems to nutrient enrichment, especially if we hope to rely on salt marshes, and other blue carbon systems, for long-term carbon storage.
Data from all control participants (ACI experiment)
<p>Each .mat file contains all behavioral data from one single participant, across 10.000 trials :<br> - n_signal corresponds to the presented speech signal (1:Alda, 2:Alga, 3:Arda, 4:Arga)<br> - correct_answer : 1 if the participant correctly identified the target (da or ga), 0 otherwise.<br> - SNR : Signal to noise ratio at which stimuli were presented<br> - date : date of the corresponding trial (year, month, day, h, m, s)<br> - stim_order : random order of presentation of noise sounds.</p>
Noise stimuli, control particiants (ACI experiment)
<p>Noise stimuli involved in the Auditory Classification Image experiment (gaussian noise). 10.000 stimuli for each participant. wav format, 48 kHz</p>
On the Understandability of Semantic Constraints for Behavioral Software Architecture Compliance: A Controlled Experiment
<p>Software architecture compliance is concerned with the alignment of implementation with its desired architecture and detecting potential inconsistencies. The study is specifically concerned with behavioral architecture compliance. That is, the focus is on semantic alignment of implementation and architecture. In particular, the study evaluates three representative approaches for describing semantic constraints in terms of their understandability, namely natural language descriptions as used in many architecture documentations today, a structured language based on specification patterns that abstract underlying temporal logic formulas, and a structured cause-effect language that is based on Complex Event Processing. We conducted a controlled experiment with 190 participants using a simple randomized design with one alternative per experimental unit.</p>
Can Developers Prompt? A Controlled Experiment for Code Documentation Generation [Replication Package]
<h2>Artifact Summary</h2> <p>This repository contains the replication package for the paper 'Can Developers Prompt? A Controlled Experiment for Code Documentation Generation,' presented at the <em><a href="https://conf.researchr.org/home/icsme-2024" target="_blank" rel="noopener">40th IEEE International Conference on Software Maintenance and Evolution (ICSME'24)</a></em>.</p> <p>The purpose of the package is to facilitate the verification and reproduction of the study results. It provides all data of the controlled experiment, the developed <em>Visual Studio Code (VS Code)</em> extension, as well as the slides of the conference presentations.</p> <h2>Paper Abstract</h2> <p>Large language models (LLMs) bear great potential for automating tedious development tasks such as creating and maintaining code documentation. However, it is unclear to what extent developers can effectively prompt LLMs to create concise and useful documentation. We report on a controlled experiment with 20 professionals and 30 computer science students tasked with code documentation generation for two Python functions. The experimental group freely entered ad-hoc prompts in a ChatGPT-like extension of Visual Studio Code, while the control group executed a predefined few-shot prompt. Our results reveal that professionals and students were unaware of or unable to apply prompt engineering techniques. Especially students perceived the documentation produced from ad-hoc prompts as significantly less readable, less concise, and less helpful than documentation from prepared prompts. Some professionals produced higher quality documentation by just including the keyword Docstring in their ad-hoc prompts. While students desired more support in formulating prompts, professionals appreciated the flexibility of ad-hoc prompting. Participants in both groups rarely assessed the output as perfect. Instead, they understood the tools as support to iteratively refine the documentation. Further research is needed to understand which prompting skills and preferences developers have and which support they need for certain tasks.</p> <h2>References</h2> <p>The published paper is available on <a href="https://doi.org/10.1109/ICSME58944.2024.00058" target="_blank" rel="noopener">IEEE Xplore</a> and the preprint on <a href="https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2408.00686" target="_blank" rel="noopener">arXiv</a>.</p>
Data from: Wildlife fecal microbiota exhibit community stability across a semi-controlled longitudinal non-invasive sampling experiment
<p>Wildlife microbiome studies are being used to assess microbial links with animal health and habitat. The gold standard of sampling microbiomes directly from captured animals is ideal for limiting potential abiotic influences on microbiome composition, yet fails to leverage the many benefits of non-invasive sampling. Application of microbiome-based monitoring for rare, endangered, or elusive species creates a need to non-invasively collect scat samples shed into the environment. Since controlling sample age is not always possible, the potential influence of time-associated abiotic factors was assessed. To accomplish this, we analyzed partial 16S rRNA genes of fecal metagenomic DNA sampled non-invasively from Rocky Mountain elk (<em>Cervus canadensis</em>) near Yellowstone National Park. We sampled pellet piles from four different elk, then aged them in a natural forest plot for 1, 3, 7, and 14 days, with triplicate samples at each time point (i.e., a blocked, repeat measures (longitudinal) study design). We compared microbiomes of each elk through time with point estimates of diversity, bootstrapped hierarchical clustering of samples, and a version of ANOVA–simultaneous components analysis (ASCA) with PCA (LiMM-PCA) to assess the variance contributions of time, individual and sample replication. Our results showed community stability through days 0, 1, 3 and 7, with a modest but detectable change in abundance in only 2 genera (<em>Bacteroides</em> and <em>Sporobacter</em>) at day 14. The total variance explained by time in our LiMM-PCA model across the entire 2-week period was not statistically significant (p>0.195) and the overall effect size was small (<10% variance) compared to the variance explained by the individual animal (p<0.0005; 21% var.). We conclude that non-invasive sampling of elk scat collected within one week during winter/early spring provides a reliable approach to characterize microbiome composition in a 16S rDNA survey and that sampled individuals can be directly compared across unknown time points with minimal bias. Further, point estimates of microbiome diversity were not mechanistically affected by sample age. Our assessment of samples using bootstrap hierarchical clustering produced clustering by animal (branches) but not by sample age (nodes). These results support greater use of non-invasive microbiome sampling to assess ecological patterns in animal systems.</p>
Dataset and Analysis Scripts for Survey "Understanding Security Tactics in Microservice APIs using Annotated Software Architecture Decomposition Models -- A Controlled Experiment"
<pre>Dataset, R-Scripts and questionnaire templates for our survey <em>Understanding Security Tactics in Microservice APIs using Annotated Software Architecture Decomposition Models -- A Controlled Experiment.</em></pre>
Figure 5 in Reproduction of Zingel asper (Linnaeus, 1758) in controlled conditions: an assessment of the experiences realized since 2005 at the Besançon Natural History Museum
Figure 5. – Development of Z. asper before hatching. A: Embryo at 4 days; B: Embryo at 12 days; C: Hatching at 20 days.
Figure 6 in Reproduction of Zingel asper (Linnaeus, 1758) in controlled conditions: an assessment of the experiences realized since 2005 at the Besançon Natural History Museum
Figure 6. – Development of Z. asper after hatching. A: Larvae post-hatching; B: Pelagic larvae at 5 days; C: Benthic phase at 15 days; D: Juvenile phase at 40 days.
Figure 10 in Reproduction of Zingel asper (Linnaeus, 1758) in controlled conditions: an assessment of the experiences realized since 2005 at the Besançon Natural History Museum
Figure 10. – Annual thermal cycle for different life phases of Z. asper. The "gametogenesis" phase starts when temperatures fall in September and continues throughout the winter but slows down in November when the temperature reaches 5°C. This period of time at 5°C, indicated as "vernalization" on the graph, lasts from November to February. The duration of this period is very important because it directly conditions the success of the reproduction. Rapid and regular rising of temperatures to 10°C triggers reproduction from the beginning of March and continues until the end of April.
Figure 3. – A in Reproduction of Zingel asper (Linnaeus, 1758) in controlled conditions: an assessment of the experiences realized since 2005 at the Besançon Natural History Museum
Figure 3. – A: Growth curve of the Z. asper group born in captivity (2008) descended from wild Z. asper from the Beaume. At 2 years old, some fish could not be sexed but all Z. asper were mature at 3 years and monitoring of both sexes was possible. At 5 years old, females are significantly longer than males. B: Quantity of food per week for 20 asper (Beaume 2008) in 2015. When the temperature reaches 14 to 15°C in May, Z. asper consume 3 times the quantity of food eaten at 5 to 10°C. From 20°C in July, consumption levels are more than 5 times higher than in the winter.
Figure 9. – A in Reproduction of Zingel asper (Linnaeus, 1758) in controlled conditions: an assessment of the experiences realized since 2005 at the Besançon Natural History Museum
Figure 9. – A: Comparison of incubation results as a function of cold period length from 30 to 120 days. More than 64,000 eggs were collected during these trials and all egg clutches were accurately counted at four key moments of the incubation process: on laying, at 10 days, at transfer for hatching and at hatching. From the first development stages, egg mortality declines as the length of the winter cold period increases. B: Clutch by clutch detail of the incubation survival rate of eggs for batches of "Beaume" broodstock subjected to 3 different temperature periods. The egg clutches produced during the same experiment are identified by an identical colour. Within the same group, survival rate results sometimes varied widely. The hatching rates for broodstock subjected to 90 days of vernalization are the most variable. This wide variability suggests that the 90-day period of cold temperatures creates a boundary, which determines whether reproduction is successful or not. C: Variation in hatching rate (mean and standard deviation) as a function of vernalization period length. Unlike those from the "Beaume" stock, Z. asper of "Durance" stock we used in 2016 and 2017 (captured in 2015 and 2016), were replaced between the two years. The hatching rate varies in accordance with the duration of the cold period experienced by the broodstock during the winter. For the "Beaume" broodstock, Kruskal-Wallis tests show that comparisons between the results obtained with the 120-day period and the other periods are significant (p <0.05). The length of the vernalization period clearly has an influence on the hatching rate. This test was also applied to data from the experiments involving both sets of stock and 120-day periods. As this test was not significant (p = 0.07), it demonstrates that both sets of stock reacted similarly to this vernalization period.
Operating diagram of hatching module, this module consists of two clearly separated sections, each consisting of two long tanks (2 × 0.2 × 0.2 m) designed to accommodate hatching boxes, a filtration tank and an independent water circulation pump with a cooling unit and UV sterilizer. This allows simultaneous monitoring of 16 batches of eggs. in Reproduction of Zingel asper (Linnaeus, 1758) in controlled conditions: an assessment of the experiences realized since 2005 at the Besançon Natural History Museum
Operating diagram of hatching module, this module consists of two clearly separated sections, each consisting of two long tanks (2 × 0.2 × 0.2 m) designed to accommodate hatching boxes, a filtration tank and an independent water circulation pump with a cooling unit and UV sterilizer. This allows simultaneous monitoring of 16 batches of eggs.
Operating diagram of larvae hatching module, this installation was used to determine the optimum larvae load during the rearing process and provided additional space for rearing several thousand larvae. It consists of nine 20-litre tanks with a glass panel along the front. They are fitted with an inlet supplying filtrated water at a rate of 100 l/h and an individual air inlet. in Reproduction of Zingel asper (Linnaeus, 1758) in controlled conditions: an assessment of the experiences realized since 2005 at the Besançon Natural History Museum
Operating diagram of larvae hatching module, this installation was used to determine the optimum larvae load during the rearing process and provided additional space for rearing several thousand larvae. It consists of nine 20-litre tanks with a glass panel along the front. They are fitted with an inlet supplying filtrated water at a rate of 100 l/h and an individual air inlet.
Operating diagram of hatching module in Zoug jars, this system consists of a 300-litre temperature-controlled isothermal enclosure containing 10 one-litre Zoug jars, each able to accommodate several hundred eggs. An ascending current holds the eggs in suspension and carries the larvae to the surface. Another bottle connected to this device collects the larvae. The water circulating in the jars is independent of that used in the filtration circuit. A cooling unit and UV sterilizer complete the installation. in Reproduction of Zingel asper (Linnaeus, 1758) in controlled conditions: an assessment of the experiences realized since 2005 at the Besançon Natural History Museum
Operating diagram of hatching module in Zoug jars, this system consists of a 300-litre temperature-controlled isothermal enclosure containing 10 one-litre Zoug jars, each able to accommodate several hundred eggs. An ascending current holds the eggs in suspension and carries the larvae to the surface. Another bottle connected to this device collects the larvae. The water circulating in the jars is independent of that used in the filtration circuit. A cooling unit and UV sterilizer complete the installation.
Operating diagram of IF incubator, two identical incubators were used for eggs that were already sorted. They are made up of an isothermal enclosure and contain three tiers (100 × 60 × 17 cm). The water circulating in each tier comes from the same filtration, cooling and sterilisation device. As a result, the eggs placed in the different tiers are subject to the same temperature regime. in Reproduction of Zingel asper (Linnaeus, 1758) in controlled conditions: an assessment of the experiences realized since 2005 at the Besançon Natural History Museum
Operating diagram of IF incubator, two identical incubators were used for eggs that were already sorted. They are made up of an isothermal enclosure and contain three tiers (100 × 60 × 17 cm). The water circulating in each tier comes from the same filtration, cooling and sterilisation device. As a result, the eggs placed in the different tiers are subject to the same temperature regime.
Bottom of DR1 tank, the sides of the module are fitted with glass panels which allow natural light from a window to enter the tank, and the observer to view the behaviour of the broodstock. This device ensures easy viewing and checking of the broodstock, facilitates management of feeding and allows effective monitoring of reproduction. in Reproduction of Zingel asper (Linnaeus, 1758) in controlled conditions: an assessment of the experiences realized since 2005 at the Besançon Natural History Museum
Bottom of DR1 tank, the sides of the module are fitted with glass panels which allow natural light from a window to enter the tank, and the observer to view the behaviour of the broodstock. This device ensures easy viewing and checking of the broodstock, facilitates management of feeding and allows effective monitoring of reproduction.
ScienceDex guides
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These curated guides explain access requirements, typical timelines, costs, and reuse considerations for widely used research datasets.
Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.