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Fig. 1 in Population dynamics of corallivores (Drupella and Acanthaster) on coral reefs of Koh Tao, a diving destination in the Gulf of Thailand

Fig. 1. Map of survey sites used in this study (after Hoeksema et al., 2012). Six of them were monitored for hard coral cover: Hin Wong Bay, Sairee, Sai Nuan, Chalok Ban Kao, Ao Leuk, and Tanote Bay. These sites and two additional ones (Mango Bay and Twin Rocks=Twins) were also used for predator studies.

Fig. 3 in Population dynamics of corallivores (Drupella and Acanthaster) on coral reefs of Koh Tao, a diving destination in the Gulf of Thailand

Fig. 3. Population dynamics of coral predators around Koh Tao in 2006–2014. a, Relative Drupella abundance showing significant variation over time (p=0.013). b, Mean Acanthaster abundance not varying significantly over time (p=0.189). c, Mean Drupella abundance is significantly higher in shallow quadrats as compared to deeper ones (p <0.001). d, Mean Acanthaster abundance shows no difference by depth (p=0.142). e, Mean Drupella abundance by site varied significantly (p <0.001). f, Mean Acanthaster abundance by site varied significantly p <0.001). g, Seasonal variability in Acanthaster abundance at EMP sites was not significant (p=0.641).

Fig. 5 in Population dynamics of corallivores (Drupella and Acanthaster) on coral reefs of Koh Tao, a diving destination in the Gulf of Thailand

Fig. 5. Coral predator abundance compared to previously published results on Koh Tao's reefs; differences are not significant. Drupella (a) and Acanthaster (b) abundance in low- and high-use sites as designated by Lamb et al. (2014). Similar for the designations as MPA or non-MPA sites used by Hein et al. (2014) concerning Drupella (c) and Acanthaster (d).

Fig. 4 in Population dynamics of corallivores (Drupella and Acanthaster) on coral reefs of Koh Tao, a diving destination in the Gulf of Thailand

Fig. 4. Positive linear correlation between Drupella abundance and live hard coral cover (R2=0.572, p <0.001).

Fig. 2 in Population dynamics of corallivores (Drupella and Acanthaster) on coral reefs of Koh Tao, a diving destination in the Gulf of Thailand

Fig. 2. Variation in mean hard coral cover at Koh Tao over the period 2006–2014 for the six selected sites indicated in Table 1.

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Relationships between a common Caribbean corallivorous snail and protected area status, coral cover, and predator abundance

As coral populations decline across the Caribbean, it is becoming increasingly important to understand the forces that inhibit coral survivorship and recovery. Predation by corallivores, such as the short coral snail Coralliophila abbreviata,are one threat to the health of reefs worldwide, but understanding of the factors controlling corallivore populations, and therefore corallivore predation pressure, remains limited. To examine the extent to which bottom-up (i.e., coral prey) and top-down (i.e., predators) forces relate to C. abbreviata distributions, we surveyed C. abbreviata abundance, percent coral cover, and the abundance of potential snail predators across six protected and six unprotected reefs in the Florida Keys. We found that C. abbreviata abundance was lower in protected areas, which had more diverse predator assemblages, and that across all sites snail abundance generally increased with coral cover. C. abbreviata abundance had strong, negative relationships with two gastropod predators in particular - the Caribbean spiny lobster (Panulirus argus) and the grunt black margate (Anisotremus surinamensis). Further, we found the size of C. abbreviata was also related to reef protection status, with larger C. abbreviata on average in protected areas, suggesting these gape-limited predators may alter size distributions by targeting small snails. Combined, these results provide preliminary evidence that marine protection in the Florida Keys may be a mechanism available to preserve critical trophic interactions that indirectly promote coral success via control of local populations of the common corallivore C. abbreviata.

Figure 4 in Phylogenetic revision of the Hippasterinae (Goniasteridae; Asteroidea): systematics of deep sea corallivores, including one new genus and three new species

Figure 4. Sthenaster emmae gen. et sp. nov. USNM 1124468. A, abactinal surface; B, actinal surface; C, oral region; D, actinal-inferomarginal contact; E, close-up of abactinal surface showing pedicellariae; F, close-up of abactinal plates on armtip; G, adambulacral furrow spines; H, marginal plates – lateral facing of superomarginal plates. Scale bars: A, B = 10 mm; C–H = 5 mm.

Figure 5. Cryptopeltaster lepidonotus neotype USNM 33356. A in Phylogenetic revision of the Hippasterinae (Goniasteridae; Asteroidea): systematics of deep sea corallivores, including one new genus and three new species

Figure 5. Cryptopeltaster lepidonotus neotype USNM 33356. A, abactinal surface; B, close-up of pedicellariae and large angular granules; C, adambulacral furrow spines and bivalve pedicellariae. USNM E47396; D, lateral view showing superomarginal plate series; E, actinal surface showing furrow spines, pedicellariae, and actinal spines and granules. Scale bars: A, D, E = 5 mm; B = 4 mm; C = 3 mm.

Figure 1. Collection locality maps. A in Phylogenetic revision of the Hippasterinae (Goniasteridae; Asteroidea): systematics of deep sea corallivores, including one new genus and three new species

Figure 1. Collection locality maps. A, tropical Atlantic localities for Sthenaster and Gilbertaster caribaea; B, North-east Pacific localities for Evoplosoma spp. nov.

Figure 10. Hippasteria phrygiana USNM E46606.A in Phylogenetic revision of the Hippasterinae (Goniasteridae; Asteroidea): systematics of deep sea corallivores, including one new genus and three new species

Figure 10. Hippasteria phrygiana USNM E46606.A, abactinal view; B, actinal view; C, lateral view; D, H. phrygiana USNM 5235. Actinal surface showing bivalve pedicellariae; E, Hippasteria californica USNM E10413. Abactinal plates internal view; F, H. californica USNM 33354 abactinal surface pedicellariae; G, USNM E10413. Lateral view showing marginal plate series. Scale bars: A–C, G = 5 mm; D, E = 2 mm; F = 1 mm.

Figure 9. Evoplosoma virgo USNM E24285 HOLOTYPE. A in Phylogenetic revision of the Hippasterinae (Goniasteridae; Asteroidea): systematics of deep sea corallivores, including one new genus and three new species

Figure 9. Evoplosoma virgo USNM E24285 HOLOTYPE. A, abactinal surface; B, oral surface showing furrow and adambulacral armature; C, close-up of abactinal granules; D, dorsolateral view showing abactinal plates (AB), superomarginal (SM), and inferomarginal (IM) plate series. Scale bars: A = 20 cm; B, C = 2 mm; D = 5 mm.

Figure 7 in Phylogenetic revision of the Hippasterinae (Goniasteridae; Asteroidea): systematics of deep sea corallivores, including one new genus and three new species

Figure 7. Evoplosoma claguei sp. nov. USNM 1124507. Holotype. A, abactinal surface; B, close-up showing abactinal plates, spines, and marginal series; C, abactinal plates on arm surface; D, actinal surface; E, close-up of furrow spines and adambulacral armature; F, In situ observation of Evoplosoma (cf. E. claguei) feeding on Keratoisis from Rodriguez seamount (dive 662-02, at 1842 m). Scale bars: A, D = 5mm; B, C, E = 3 mm; F = 5 cm.

Figure 6. Evoplosoma scorpio USNM E23623. A in Phylogenetic revision of the Hippasterinae (Goniasteridae; Asteroidea): systematics of deep sea corallivores, including one new genus and three new species

Figure 6. Evoplosoma scorpio USNM E23623. A, abactinal surface of disk and arms; B, actinal surface proximal to mouth; C, furrow spines and pedicellariae. USNM E50539; D, actinal intermediate surface region, showing adambulacral and furrow spination; E, adambulacral and furrow spination along actinal arm surface. Scale bars: A = 3 mm; B–E = 2 mm.

Figure 3. Gilbertaster caribaea comb. nov. USNM 1126236. A in Phylogenetic revision of the Hippasterinae (Goniasteridae; Asteroidea): systematics of deep sea corallivores, including one new genus and three new species

Figure 3. Gilbertaster caribaea comb. nov. USNM 1126236. A, abactinal surface; B, close-up abactinal surface; C, dorsolateral surface showing superomarginals; D, oral region. Gilbertaster anacanthus holotype USNM 021168; E, abactinal surface; F, close-up abactinal surface; G, oral region. Scale bars: A, C, E = 5 mm; B, F, G = 2 mm.

Figure 8 in Phylogenetic revision of the Hippasterinae (Goniasteridae; Asteroidea): systematics of deep sea corallivores, including one new genus and three new species

Figure 8. Evoplosoma voratus sp. nov. USNM 1124506. A, abactinal surface; B, close-up of abactinal plates and madreporite; C, lateral view of marginal plates; D, oral surface; E, close-up of furrow spines an adambulacral armature; F, in situ video of E. voratus feeding on Trissopathes pseudotristicha on Davidson Seamount. Two circular dots (lights) are 29 cm. Scale bars: A, B, D, E = 3 mm; C = 6 mm.

Figure 2 in Phylogenetic revision of the Hippasterinae (Goniasteridae; Asteroidea): systematics of deep sea corallivores, including one new genus and three new species

Figure 2. Tree results: topology and support values. In the other equally parsimonious tree topology the positions of Evoplosoma virgo and Evoplosoma scorpio are transposed. Otherwise the tree is identical. Bootstrap values are present as % in bold vs. Bremer values which are oversized numbers that sit below the bootstrap values. Decimal numbers represent apomorphies on each node for each member of ingroup taxa correspond to terms in Appendix 2. OG, outgroup.