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Fig. 5 in Observations on flower and fruit anatomy in dioecious species of Cordia (Cordiaceae, Boraginales) with evolutionary interpretations

Fig. 5 Stomata of C. crenata %yellow frames), C. cf. grandicalyx %blue frames) and C. sinensis %pink frames; A–K, H scanning electron microscopy; D, L light microscopy). A Gynoecium with accumulation of stomata towards the style. B distal part of the gynoecium %arrows indicating stomata). C, D Single stomata. E Stomata preferentially occurring at the proximal part of the gynoecium %arrows indicating stomata). F Stoma from the proximal region of the gynoecium. G Stoma from the distal region of the gynoecium. H Lacerate, collar-like disc %ovary removed). J Proximal part of the gynoecium %arrow indicating stoma). K–M Stomata of varying shapes %co, corolla; dis, disc; ec, ectocarp; mc, mesocarp)

Fig. 2 in Observations on flower and fruit anatomy in dioecious species of Cordia (Cordiaceae, Boraginales) with evolutionary interpretations

Fig. 2 Androecium of C. crenata %yellow frames), C. cf. grandicalyx %blue frame) and C. sinensis %pink frames; A–K light microscopy; H, K polarised light; L scanning electron microscopy). A LS of functionally male flower %note strongly stained tissue adjacent to connective). B, C Binuclear pollen. D, E TS of functionally male flower %note strongly stained tissue adjacent to the connective). F TS of functionally female flower %note the undifferentiated archespore). G LS of functionally female flower %note strongly stained tissue adjacent to the connective and undifferentiated archespore). H TS of functionally male flower %note crystals at dehiscence line of microsporangia). J, K Secantial section of young, functionally female flower %note deposited crystals). L bud, with calyx and corolla removed %note short filaments) %LS, longisection; TS, transverse section; a, anther; arc, archespore; c, calyx; cn, cell nuclei; co, corolla; con, connective and adjacent tissue; cr, crystals; f, filament; g, gynoecium; ms, microsporangium; p, pollen; ta, tapetum; th, theca)

◂Fig. 6 Gynoecial development, fruit and seedling of C. crenata %yellow frames), C. cf. grandicalyx %blue frames) and C. sinensis %pink frames; A–F light microscopy, G–K stereo microscopy of endocarp, mesocarp removed; L–O field images; TS in horizontal orientation). A, B TS of anthetic flower %note two to three abortive ovules and strongly stained, peripheral tissue). C, D TS of anthetic flower %note two to three abortive ovules and lignifying portions of prospective mesocarp). E Young fruit %note developing endocarp and flashily pink portions of the mesocarp). F TS of postanthetic flower %note three abortive ovules and lignifying portions of prospective mesocarp). G TS of endocarp, with three developed embryos removed %note scanty endosperm). H Endocarp. J TS of endocarp. K Endocarp. L Immature fruits. M Mature fruits. N Seedlings %note short hypocotyl and long petioles of cotyledons). O Seedlings %note long hypocotyl and short petioles of cotyledons; image taken from cultivated plant, accession number 2012–0005, in the Botanical Garden Munich) %LS, longisection; TS, transverse section; ao, abortive ovule; cot, cotyledon; db, dorsal bundle; c, calyx; ec, endocarp; ens, endosperm; ex, exocarp; fr, fruit; h, hypocotyl; int, integument; lb, lateral bundle; mc, mesocarp; o, ovule; pet, petiolus; sty, style; ut, peripheral tissue; vs, ventral slit) in Observations on flower and fruit anatomy in dioecious species of Cordia (Cordiaceae, Boraginales) with evolutionary interpretations

◂Fig. 6 Gynoecial development, fruit and seedling of C. crenata %yellow frames), C. cf. grandicalyx %blue frames) and C. sinensis %pink frames; A–F light microscopy, G–K stereo microscopy of endocarp, mesocarp removed; L–O field images; TS in horizontal orientation). A, B TS of anthetic flower %note two to three abortive ovules and strongly stained, peripheral tissue). C, D TS of anthetic flower %note two to three abortive ovules and lignifying portions of prospective mesocarp). E Young fruit %note developing endocarp and flashily pink portions of the mesocarp). F TS of postanthetic flower %note three abortive ovules and lignifying portions of prospective mesocarp). G TS of endocarp, with three developed embryos removed %note scanty endosperm). H Endocarp. J TS of endocarp. K Endocarp. L Immature fruits. M Mature fruits. N Seedlings %note short hypocotyl and long petioles of cotyledons). O Seedlings %note long hypocotyl and short petioles of cotyledons; image taken from cultivated plant, accession number 2012–0005, in the Botanical Garden Munich) %LS, longisection; TS, transverse section; ao, abortive ovule; cot, cotyledon; db, dorsal bundle; c, calyx; ec, endocarp; ens, endosperm; ex, exocarp; fr, fruit; h, hypocotyl; int, integument; lb, lateral bundle; mc, mesocarp; o, ovule; pet, petiolus; sty, style; ut, peripheral tissue; vs, ventral slit)

◂Fig. 4 Gynoecium of C. crenata %yellow frames), C. cf. grandicalyx %blue frames) and C. sinensis %pink frames; A–R light microscopy; TS in horizontal orientation). A Secantial section. B, C TS %note cellular organisation). D Secantial section. E, F TS %note cellular organisation). G Secantial section of young gynoecium showing cellular organisation. H–J TS %note lacking cellular organisation, localisation in K–M). K–M LS at different levels from outside to inside of the same specimen %note strongly stained peripheral tissue; asterisks indicate tissue illustrated in H–J). N TS %note dehiscence lines of the prospective endocarp). O, P TS showing transmission tissue and dorsal bundles at top of style. Q vascularisation at base of gynoecium %note strongly stained peripheral tissue). R Vascularisation at base of flower %LS, longisection; TS, transverse section; db, dorsal bundle; dl, dehiscent line; ep, epidermis; lb, lateral bundle; tt, transmission tissue; ut, peripheral tissue; vb, ventral bundle; vs, ventral slit) in Observations on flower and fruit anatomy in dioecious species of Cordia (Cordiaceae, Boraginales) with evolutionary interpretations

◂Fig. 4 Gynoecium of C. crenata %yellow frames), C. cf. grandicalyx %blue frames) and C. sinensis %pink frames; A–R light microscopy; TS in horizontal orientation). A Secantial section. B, C TS %note cellular organisation). D Secantial section. E, F TS %note cellular organisation). G Secantial section of young gynoecium showing cellular organisation. H–J TS %note lacking cellular organisation, localisation in K–M). K–M LS at different levels from outside to inside of the same specimen %note strongly stained peripheral tissue; asterisks indicate tissue illustrated in H–J). N TS %note dehiscence lines of the prospective endocarp). O, P TS showing transmission tissue and dorsal bundles at top of style. Q vascularisation at base of gynoecium %note strongly stained peripheral tissue). R Vascularisation at base of flower %LS, longisection; TS, transverse section; db, dorsal bundle; dl, dehiscent line; ep, epidermis; lb, lateral bundle; tt, transmission tissue; ut, peripheral tissue; vb, ventral bundle; vs, ventral slit)

◂Fig. 3 Gynoecium of C. crenata %yellow frames), C. cf. grandicalyx %blue frames) and C. sinensis %pink frames; A, B stack shot images; C–K light microscopy; G polarised light; TS in horizontal orientation). A, B Anthetic female flower, calyx and corolla partly removed. B LS of gynoecium. C LS of functionally female flower %note strongly stained peripheral tissue of corolla, anther and gynoecium). D LS of gynoecium. E, F TS of functionally female flower %note strongly stained, peripheral tissue). G TS of functionally female flower %note crystal deposition). H LS of ovule %note stalked embryo sac). J TS of functionally male flower with non-functional ovules. K LS of functionally male flower %style lacking, original position indicated by an asterisk) %LS, longisection; TS, transverse section; a,anther; bs, basal septum; c, calyx; car, carpel; co, corolla; db, dorsal bundles; es, embryo sac; fs, false septum; lb, lateral bundles; o, ovule; stg, stigma; sty, style; t, trichomes; tt, transmission tissue; ut, peripheral, strongly stained tissue; vb, ventral bundles; vs, ventral slit) in Observations on flower and fruit anatomy in dioecious species of Cordia (Cordiaceae, Boraginales) with evolutionary interpretations

◂Fig. 3 Gynoecium of C. crenata %yellow frames), C. cf. grandicalyx %blue frames) and C. sinensis %pink frames; A, B stack shot images; C–K light microscopy; G polarised light; TS in horizontal orientation). A, B Anthetic female flower, calyx and corolla partly removed. B LS of gynoecium. C LS of functionally female flower %note strongly stained peripheral tissue of corolla, anther and gynoecium). D LS of gynoecium. E, F TS of functionally female flower %note strongly stained, peripheral tissue). G TS of functionally female flower %note crystal deposition). H LS of ovule %note stalked embryo sac). J TS of functionally male flower with non-functional ovules. K LS of functionally male flower %style lacking, original position indicated by an asterisk) %LS, longisection; TS, transverse section; a,anther; bs, basal septum; c, calyx; car, carpel; co, corolla; db, dorsal bundles; es, embryo sac; fs, false septum; lb, lateral bundles; o, ovule; stg, stigma; sty, style; t, trichomes; tt, transmission tissue; ut, peripheral, strongly stained tissue; vb, ventral bundles; vs, ventral slit)

Fig. 6 Vascularisation. A–G, J–L, V in Flower and fruit anatomy of Cordia nodosa Lam. and Varronia bonplandii Desv. (Cordiaceae, Boraginales) with phylogenetic implications

Fig. 6 Vascularisation. A–G, J–L, V. bonplandii (yellow frames). H, C. nodosa (blue frames). A–D, TS of gynoecium from apex to base (corresponding levels are indicated in Fig. 6E, F). E, F, LS showing the branching of sepal, petal, stamen and carpel bundles. G, H, LS showing ovule vascularisation (dashed line indicates the section level of Fig. 6A). J, K, TS of receptacle and pedicel showing splitting of vascular strands in sepals, petals, stamens and the ring-shaped stele. L, TS of a fruit.

Fig. 4 in Flower and fruit anatomy of Cordia nodosa Lam. and Varronia bonplandii Desv. (Cordiaceae, Boraginales) with phylogenetic implications

Fig. 4 Gynoecial architecture (loculaments and vasculature; all TS are arranged with the carpels positioned in the median plane of the flower). A, C–F, V. bonplandii (yellow frames). B, G–K, C. nodosa (blue frames). A, B, gynoecia. C–K, serial TSs of gynoecium (corresponding levels are indicated in Fig. 1). Abbreviations: as, apical septum; cc, carpel

Fig. 1 in Flower and fruit anatomy of Cordia nodosa Lam. and Varronia bonplandii Desv. (Cordiaceae, Boraginales) with phylogenetic implications

Fig. 1 Internal gynoecial architecture of Cordiaceae (including vascularisation in red), built by the formation of septa. The idealised longisection shows the anatomy of two planes: the bold blue line represents the primary loculament in median section through the false septa, while a primary septum, to which the funiculi and the ovules are attached, is presented as dashed line in the back. Regions of the peltate-ascidiate organ are indicated as well as the level of transverse sections in Fig. 4. Abbreviations: as, apical septum; bs, basal septum; db, dorsal bundle; f, funiculus; fs, false septum; o, ovule; pb, placental bundle; rb, raphal bundle; ts, primary septum; tt, pollen tube transmitting tract; vb, ventral bundle

FIGURE 4. A–B Varronia johnstoniana. A in A new species of Varronia (Cordiaceae) and a checklist of Boraginales for the State of Sergipe, Brazil

FIGURE 4. A–B Varronia johnstoniana. A. Holotype (J.E. Nascimento-Júnior et al. 976). B. Detail of the inflorescence types.

FIGURE 1 in A new species of Varronia (Cordiaceae) and a checklist of Boraginales for the State of Sergipe, Brazil

FIGURE 1. Map of Sergipe State, northeastern Brazil, highlighting the Serra de Itabaiana National Park (PARNA).

FIGURE 2. A–F Varronia johnstoniana. A in A new species of Varronia (Cordiaceae) and a checklist of Boraginales for the State of Sergipe, Brazil

FIGURE 2. A–F Varronia johnstoniana. A. Habit (J.E. Nascimento-Júnior et al. 976). B. Flower (G. Viana 1121). C. Open corolla, showing the androecium. D. Gynoecium. E–F. Fruit. E. Frontal view. F. Lateral view (J.E. Nascimento-Júnior et al. 986).

FIGURE 3. A–I in A new species of Varronia (Cordiaceae) and a checklist of Boraginales for the State of Sergipe, Brazil

FIGURE 3. A–I Boraginales species of Sergipe State, Brazil. A. Cordia sellowiana. B. C. trichotoma. C. Euploca polyphylla. D. Heliotropium elongatum. E. Myriopus salzmannii. F. M. villosus. G. Tournefortia bicolor. H. Varronia curassavica. I. V. leucocephala. (Photos: A, H, I, D.D. Vieira; B, L. Nusbaumer; C–E, J.I.M. Melo; F, L. Cavalheiro; G, J.D. García G.).

FIGURE 3 in A new species of Varronia P. Browne (Cordiaceae) from central Colombia

FIGURE 3. Light micrographs of a dried specimen of Varronia teguorum. A. Insertion of the petiole in the branch, the base of the leaf blade, and the axillary bud. B. Adaxial surface of leaf blade: impressed venation and indumentum with conspicuous long hairs along the veins and cystolithic pustules. C. Abaxial surface of leaf blade showing prominent reticulate venation (2º, 3º, and 4º orders) and hairs with cystolithic pustules. D. Slightly adnate region of the petiole (right) with the inflorescence axis (left). E. Young inflorescence, showing the indumentum of the peduncle and the incurved appendages of the calyx lobes. F. Inflorescence rachis, showing its dense indumentum and the flower arrangement. G. Inflorescence with flowers at anthesis: G1. Two open flowers showing the corolla lobes and some dehisced anthers; G2. Open flower, showing the glabrous anthers covering the corolla throat. Scale bar in all cases = 5 mm long. (Voucher: Fernández-Alonso 24079, COL). Photos by J.L. Fernández-Alonso.

FIGURE 2 in A new species of Varronia P. Browne (Cordiaceae) from central Colombia

FIGURE 2. Field images of Varronia teguorum. A. Apex of a young branch, showing the rusty indumentum and the tertiary and quaternary veins on the leaf adaxial surface. B. Branch with developed axillary inflorescences, showing floral buds. C. Branch with an inflorescence. D. Inflorescences with some flowers at anthesis (white corolla) and others at post-anthesis (senescent corolla), and immature fruits (red). E. Inflorescences with an open flower at a basal position, showing the senescent flowers with accrescent calyx and incurved lobes obscuring the calyx throat. Scale bar in all cases = 15 mm long. Photos by J.L. Fernández-Alonso taken in the type locality, Santa María, Boyacá.

FIGURE 1 in A new species of Varronia P. Browne (Cordiaceae) from central Colombia

FIGURE 1. Image of the isotype of Varronia teguorum Fern. Alonso & J.I.M. Melo, Fernández-Alonso 24079 (MA 888445).

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Fig. 1 in Observations on flower and fruit anatomy in dioecious species of Cordia (Cordiaceae, Boraginales) with evolutionary interpretations

Fig. 1 Flower and perianth of C. cf. grandicalyx %blue frames) and C. sinensis %pink frames; A–C, L–N: field images; D–K: stack shot images). A, B Inflorescence in bud. C inflorescence at anthesis. D Anthetic flower. E Opening calyx. F Calyx, longitudinally opened. G Bud, calyx partly removed to show the corolla still closed. H Postanthetic corolla, androecium %both turning brown) and gynoecium. J Postanthetic corolla with disrupting corolla tube. K Opened corolla tube with stamen insertion and anthers showing red lines and spots %exemplarily indicated by an arrow). L Shrubby habitus. M, N Inflorescence %abbreviations: a, anther; b, bud; c, calyx; co, corolla; f, filament; fl, flower; g, gynoecium; t, trichomes)

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FIGURE 4 in A new species of Varronia P. Browne (Cordiaceae) from central Colombia

FIGURE 4. Map showing the type locality of Varronia teguorum.

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Fig. 5 Gynoecial architecture and intraspecific variability. A–C, F, G, C in Flower and fruit anatomy of Cordia nodosa Lam. and Varronia bonplandii Desv. (Cordiaceae, Boraginales) with phylogenetic implications

Fig. 5 Gynoecial architecture and intraspecific variability. A–C, F, G, C. nodosa (blue frames). D, E, H–K, V. bonplandii (yellow frames). A, LS of carpel with two hemianatropous ovules. B, LS of stigma with pollen. C, LS of gynoecium. D, LS of hemianatropous ovule. E, F, LS of egg apparatus (white arrow indicates stalk under chalazal haustorium). G, TS of gynoecium with four locules and only two fertile ovules (i.e., one ovule per carpel). H, flower at anthesis with two styles, ten stamens and ten petals (arrow indicates dehiscence line of thecae). J, flower after

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Fig. 2 Flower and perianth. A–E, G, V in Flower and fruit anatomy of Cordia nodosa Lam. and Varronia bonplandii Desv. (Cordiaceae, Boraginales) with phylogenetic implications

Fig. 2 Flower and perianth. A–E, G, V. bonplandii (yellow frames). F, H–L, C. nodosa (blue frames). A, inflorescence. B, bud (arrow indicates detached adaxial calyx epidermis). C, flower. D, gynoecium after anthesis in opened calyx (arrow indicates delaminated adaxial calyx epidermis). E, F, TS of sepals, petals and gynoecium (level of corolla tube). G, LSs of bud (left) and developing fruit (right; upper arrow indicates delaminated adaxial calyx epidermis, lower arrow indicates abscission area of the detached corolla tube). H, inflorescence. J, bud (right) and flower. K, operculate calyx (corolla shed). L, LSs of bud (left; arrow indicates constriction between the receptacle and the pedicel), flower at anthesis (middle) and flower after anthesis (right). Abbreviations: a, anther; c, corolla; d, disc; g, ovary; k, calyx; LS, longisection; o, ovule (or young seed); stg, stigma; sty, style; tr, trichomes; TS, transverse section

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Fig. 3 Anthers and pollen. A, C, D, F, K–M, V in Flower and fruit anatomy of Cordia nodosa Lam. and Varronia bonplandii Desv. (Cordiaceae, Boraginales) with phylogenetic implications

Fig. 3 Anthers and pollen. A, C, D, F, K–M, V. bonplandii (yellow frames). B, E, G–J, C. nodosa (blue frames). A, opened corolla tube with trichomes (arrow). B–D, TS of anthers (arrows indicate dehiscence line, note crystals under phase-contrast microscopy in D). E, flower, stamens and yellow trichomes (arrow). F–H, TS of anther walls (arrows indicate binuclear tapetum cells). J, K, tricolporate and triporate pollen