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FIGURE 6 in A review of Cordylus machadoi (Squamata: Cordylidae) in southwestern Angola, with the description of a new species from the Pro-Namib desert

FIGURE 6. PCA plots of A) 32 meristic and continuous and B) 22 meristic characters from 73 specimens of Cordylus. Green dots = C. namakuiyus sp. nov. (N = 10), red dots = C. machadoi (N = 13), yellow dots = AMNH C. cf. namakuiyus collected on the 1925 Vernay expedition (N = 48), purple star = C. cf. machadoi (TM 57561) from northern Namibia. Polygons with solid lines show morphospace of adult specimens, those with dotted lines represent morphospace of adults + juveniles.

FIGURE 5 in A review of Cordylus machadoi (Squamata: Cordylidae) in southwestern Angola, with the description of a new species from the Pro-Namib desert

FIGURE 5. High-resolution Computed Tomography reconstructions showing the ventral aspects of (top) Cordylus namakuiyus sp. nov. (CAS 254912, holotype) and (bottom) C. machadoi PEM R18006. Osteoderms are shown in green. A–F tomograms showing cross-sections of the throat (A+D), torso (B+E), and hind limb (C+F).

FIGURE 4 in A review of Cordylus machadoi (Squamata: Cordylidae) in southwestern Angola, with the description of a new species from the Pro-Namib desert

FIGURE 4. Dorsal, lateral, and ventral views of A) Cordylus namakuiyus sp. nov. (CAS 254912, holotype) and B) C. machadoi (PEM R 18006).

FIGURE 3 in A review of Cordylus machadoi (Squamata: Cordylidae) in southwestern Angola, with the description of a new species from the Pro-Namib desert

FIGURE 3. Maximum likelihood phylogeny of 11 - gene dataset of Cordylus. Bootstrap support for MP and ML shown above branches, Bayesian posterior probabilities below. The new species, Cordylus namakuiyus sp. nov., is highlighted for reference. The numbered circles to the right of the Angolan specimens correspond to the numbered localities in Figure 2.

FIGURE 2 in A review of Cordylus machadoi (Squamata: Cordylidae) in southwestern Angola, with the description of a new species from the Pro-Namib desert

FIGURE 2. Map showing localities for Cordylus in Angola and Namibia. Cordylus namakuiyus sp. nov. 1) Iona national park: PEM R 18005, 2) Pico Azevedo: CAS 254754, 254755, 256529 – 31, 3) Caraculo: CAS 254912, 256529, 4) Iona National Park: TM 40430. C. machadoi: 5) Humpata environs: PEM R 18006 – 8, 19782, 19784, 6) Nasecute do Tchiviuguira: PEM R 18009, 7) NMN 7002, 8) TM 40131 – 3, 9) TM 40095, 40096. C. cf. machadoi: 10) Otjihipa Mountains: NCN – FN 377, 378, 11) Baynes Mountains: TM 57561, NCN-FP 402, 403, 12) Sera de Neve (sight record, P. Vaz Pinto), 13) C. angolensis, Caconda: type locality, and 14) Mombolo: AMNH 47331 – 35.

FIGURE 1 in A review of Cordylus machadoi (Squamata: Cordylidae) in southwestern Angola, with the description of a new species from the Pro-Namib desert

FIGURE 1. Head and body diagrams of Cordylus sp. (AMNH 47301, "Angola") from an unpublished species description by Charles M. Bogert, illustrated by Alma W. Froderstrom, reproduced with the permission of the Department of Herpetology at the American Museum of Natural History

FIGURE 2 in A review of Cordylus machadoi (Squamata: Cordylidae) in southwestern Angola, with the description of a new species from the Pro-Namib desert

FIGURE 2. Map showing localities for Cordylus in Angola and Namibia. Cordylus namakuiyus sp. nov. 1) Iona national park: PEM R18005, 2) Pico Azevedo: CAS 254754, 254755, 256529–31, 3) Caraculo: CAS 254912, 256529, 4) Iona National Park: TM 40430. C. machadoi: 5) Humpata environs: PEM R18006–8, 19782, 19784, 6) Nasecute do Tchiviuguira: PEM R18009, 7) NMN 7002, 8) TM 40131–3, 9) TM 40095, 40096. C. cf. machadoi: 10) Otjihipa Mountains: NCN–FN 377, 378, 11) Baynes Mountains: TM 57561, NCN-FP 402, 403, 12) Sera de Neve (sight record, P. Vaz Pinto), 13) C. angolensis, Caconda: type locality, and 14) Mombolo: AMNH 47331–35.

FIGURE 4 in A review of Cordylus machadoi (Squamata: Cordylidae) in southwestern Angola, with the description of a new species from the Pro-Namib desert

FIGURE 4. Dorsal, lateral, and ventral views of A) Cordylus namakuiyus sp. nov. (CAS 254912, holotype) and B) C. machadoi (PEM R18006).

FIGURE 3 in A review of Cordylus machadoi (Squamata: Cordylidae) in southwestern Angola, with the description of a new species from the Pro-Namib desert

FIGURE 3. Maximum likelihood phylogeny of 11-gene dataset of Cordylus. Bootstrap support for MP and ML shown above branches, Bayesian posterior probabilities below. The new species, Cordylus namakuiyus sp. nov., is highlighted for reference. The numbered circles to the right of the Angolan specimens correspond to the numbered localities in Figure 2.

Figure 6 in Taxonomic inflation due to inadequate sampling: are girdled lizards (Cordylus minor species complex) from the Great Karoo one and the same?

Figure 6. Isolation by distance scatterplots for pairwise intra- and interspecific comparisons for Karoo cordylid lizards. (A) The Karoo taxa only (C.aridus, C. cloetei, C.minor) and (B) Karoo species compared to sister taxa (C.imkeae, C. macropholis). Intraspecific comparisons denoted by black dots. Interspecific pairwise comparisons: C. aridus/C. cloetei – triangles, C. aridus/C. minor – squares, C. cloetei/C. minor – circles, three Karoo species/C. imkeae – diamonds, three Karoo species/C. mclachlani – crosses. Isolation by distance trend is shown by the dotted line. Axes in A and B are not of the same range.

Figure 3 in Taxonomic inflation due to inadequate sampling: are girdled lizards (Cordylus minor species complex) from the Great Karoo one and the same?

Figure 3. Maximum likelihood consensus tree for Cordylus with bootstrap values (top) and Bayesian posterior probabilities (bottom). Support values not shown for intraspecific nodes or for nodes with ≤ 0.90 pp/70% bootstrap. Species delimitation groupings are indicated by the bars for the barcoding analysis, bGMYC for the three-gene (all), and the mitochondrial only (mt) analyses.

Figure 4 in Taxonomic inflation due to inadequate sampling: are girdled lizards (Cordylus minor species complex) from the Great Karoo one and the same?

Figure 4. Frequencies of pairwise sequence divergence values for Cordylus. Interspecific distances are shown by the black bars, intraspecific distances are shown by grey bars. The range of pairwise sequence divergence values that were estimated for the study taxa (Supporting Information, Table S3) are shown by the grey shading. Light grey shading shows the range for C. aridus, C. cloetei and C. minor and dark grey shading shows the range for C. imkeae.

Figure 7 in Taxonomic inflation due to inadequate sampling: are girdled lizards (Cordylus minor species complex) from the Great Karoo one and the same?

Figure 7. Species distribution models for the Cordylus minor species complex at four time-slices under a scenario that assumes four separate taxa (non-synonymy of the Karoo taxa) for the (A) Present, (B) Mid-Holocene (6 Kya), (C) Last Glacial Maximum (21 Kya) and (D) Last Interglacial (120 Kya) with shading showing the areas of suitability at the 10% training presence logistic threshold (Supporting Information, Table S5). The most suitable areas for each species are overlaid to show the areas of connectivity between taxa. The location of C. imkeae is indicated by the white diamond.

Figure 2 in Taxonomic inflation due to inadequate sampling: are girdled lizards (Cordylus minor species complex) from the Great Karoo one and the same?

Figure 2. Girdled lizards in the Cordylus minor species complex from South Africa according to the original taxonomy – (A) C. aridus (type locality), (B) C. cloetei (near type locality), (C) C. minor (type locality), (D) C. imkeae (type locality), (E) C. mclachlani, (F) C. cordylus.

Figure 1 in Taxonomic inflation due to inadequate sampling: are girdled lizards (Cordylus minor species complex) from the Great Karoo one and the same?

Figure 1. (A) Terrain in the Karoo and the Great Escarpment, South Africa, and (B) Map of the study area with records for taxa in the Cordylus minor species complex (Cordylus aridus – triangles, C. cloetei – circles, C. imkeae – diamond, C. minor – squares). Symbols with a black dot indicate localities of samples included in the genetic analyses. Recent grid cells surveyed are indicated by squares, and the type localities for each species are indicated by arrows.

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Figure 5 in Taxonomic inflation due to inadequate sampling: are girdled lizards (Cordylus minor species complex) from the Great Karoo one and the same?

Figure 5. Network of (A) 16S, (B) ND2 and (C) PRLR for the Cordylus minor species complex. The size of the circles is proportional to the frequency of individuals with that haplotype/allele, and the branch lengths are proportional to the number of mutations. The branches interrupted by hatch marks are shortened, with the number of mutations along that branch indicated. The colours represent the proportion of taxa with that haplotype/allele.