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FIGURE 3 in Taxonomy and ecology of a new species of Corynura (Hymenoptera: Halictidae: Augochlorini) from Chile and Argentina

FIGURE 3. Nesting site of Corynura moscosensis n. sp. A, map showing the distribution of the nests, axes in cm; B, general views of the earth bank (facing NW) colonized by bees; C, frequency of nest-nest nearest neighbour distances (NND), distances falling into NND ranks; D, box-and-whisker diagrams showing medians (horizontal dashed lines), means (+), 1° and 3° quartile (horizontal continuous lines), and maximum and minimum values (Ǫ) for soil hardness recorded in plots with three, 12 and 21 nests (ends of the whiskers represent the lowest datum still within 1.5 × interquartile range of the lower quartile, and the highest datum still within 1.5 × interquartile range of the upper quartile).

FIGURE 2 in Taxonomy and ecology of a new species of Corynura (Hymenoptera: Halictidae: Augochlorini) from Chile and Argentina

FIGURE 2. Antennal sensillar equipment in Corynura moscosensis n. sp. and allied species (C. chloromelas). A, dorsal side of F2–F3 in male C. moscosensis n. sp., showing the SP exclusive area covering the whole flagellomere length; B, dorsal side of F2–F3 in male C. chloromelas, showing the SP exclusive area covering the central part of flagellomere length. C–M female C. moscosensis n. sp. C, ventral side of F9, showing ST-A, ST-B, SP, setae and a cluster of SAm; D, dorsal view of F9, with abundant ST-A; E, ventral view of F9, with a field of SB; F, lateral view of F9, with abundant setae; G, dorsal view of F10; H, an erected SB; I, a curved SB; J, ventral side of F10 showing a cluster of SCo and SAm; K, SCo with visible peg; L, long ST-C/ D; M, a field of setae (s) in the dorsal side of F7. ST-A, sensilla trichoidea type A; ST-B, sensilla trichoidea type B; ST-C/D, sensilla trichoidea type C/D; SP, sensilla placoidea; SB, sensilla basiconica; SAm, sensilla ampullacea; SCo, sensilla coeloconica.

FIGURE 4. A, a in Taxonomy and ecology of a new species of Corynura (Hymenoptera: Halictidae: Augochlorini) from Chile and Argentina

FIGURE 4. A, a female of Corynura moscosensis n. sp. with head at the entrance; B, a female walking on the ground after having recently left the nest on a cool morning; C, a possibly new but still empty brood cell; D, a female found in a brood cell during nest excavation (note the unworn wings in the inset picture); E, a female satellite fly (Leucophora peullae) perching at the nesting site; F, a female mutillid wasp (Dimorphomutilla suavissima) walking on the nesting site (a picture taken under the stereo microscope is on the right).

FIGURE 1. A–B in Taxonomy and ecology of a new species of Corynura (Hymenoptera: Halictidae: Augochlorini) from Chile and Argentina

FIGURE 1. A–B: Corynura moscosensis n. sp. A, male, holotype (MACN-En 8207); B, female, paratype (MACN-En 8163); C–D, genital capsule of Corynura male, dorsal view (on the left), ventral view (on the right): C, C. moscosensis n. sp., D, C. chloromelas; E–G, female of C. moscosensis n. sp.: E, inner hind tibial spur, F, labrum, G, right half of metapostnotum. Genital capsule: bl, basal lobe of gonostylus; bp, basal process of gonostylus; dag, dorsal area of gonostylus; gx, gonocoxite; vag, ventral area of gonostylus.

Figure 10 in Solitary and semisocial behaviour in the Corynura group: new findings in a clade sister to all other Augochlorini bees (Hymenoptera: Halictidae)

Figure 10. Locations where the studies were performed in Argentina (present study) and Chile. Geographical coordinates are given in Table 1.

Figure 8 in Solitary and semisocial behaviour in the Corynura group: new findings in a clade sister to all other Augochlorini bees (Hymenoptera: Halictidae)

Figure 8. Profile of a typical nest of the studied species. (a) Co. bruchiana; (b) Co. nahuelita; (c) H. reticulatus (Table S12: nest 3); (d) Ca. aureoviridis; (e) Co. ampliata; (f) H. amplilobus (Table S10: nest 3). Scale bars = 1 cm.

Figure 4 in Solitary and semisocial behaviour in the Corynura group: new findings in a clade sister to all other Augochlorini bees (Hymenoptera: Halictidae)

Figure 4. Corynura bruchiana, nesting bank in Lake Paimún, Neuquén. (a) Vertical bank with nests; (b) entrances of the nests; (c) exposed, old, earthen block with cells. Half of the block is missing, resulting in the transversal cut of two cells, and the longitudinal cut of another one; (d) earthen block in a chamber, with some cornstarch that was blown in to follow the tunnel; (e) ovoid block, with cells irregularly orientated. The longitudinal axis of the broken cell is approximately 100 degrees from those of the open cells; (f) cell containing a dead larva. Scale bars: b = 5 cm; c, d = 1 cm; e, f = 5 mm.

Figure 1 in Solitary and semisocial behaviour in the Corynura group: new findings in a clade sister to all other Augochlorini bees (Hymenoptera: Halictidae)

Figure 1. Some of the species studied. (a) Ca. aureoviridis; (b) Co. bruchiana; (c) Co. ampliata removing soil from the nest to the exterior.

Figure 3 in Solitary and semisocial behaviour in the Corynura group: new findings in a clade sister to all other Augochlorini bees (Hymenoptera: Halictidae)

Figure 3. Nesting site of Co. ampliata and H. reticulatus near Lake Lácar. (a) Habitat; (b) nest entrances with the characteristic tumulus of soil (in this case, Co. ampliata).

Figure 6 in Solitary and semisocial behaviour in the Corynura group: new findings in a clade sister to all other Augochlorini bees (Hymenoptera: Halictidae)

Figure 6. Halictillus amplilobus, nesting site in Sierra de Los Difuntos, Buenos Aires. (a) Habitat; (b) cell cluster at the end of a burrow; (c) bank where the nests were found; (d) entrances of the nests; (e) cluster with open and close cells. Scale bars: b, d = 1 cm, e = 5 mm.

Figure 5 in Solitary and semisocial behaviour in the Corynura group: new findings in a clade sister to all other Augochlorini bees (Hymenoptera: Halictidae)

Figure 5. Corynura nahuelita, nesting area in Puerto Arrayán, Neuquén. (a) Slope; (b) cell with faeces and a male pupa; (c) cluster with some open cells, and some broken cells; (d) entrance to a nest, gradually widened; (e) comb-like cluster. Scale bars: b, d, e = 5 mm; c = 1 cm.

Figure 2 in Solitary and semisocial behaviour in the Corynura group: new findings in a clade sister to all other Augochlorini bees (Hymenoptera: Halictidae)

Figure 2. Callistochlora aureoviridis, nesting site in the Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA) Trevelin (Chubut, Argentina). (a) habitat; (b) nest entrances; (c) cluster; (d) cluster at the end of a nest, a pupa can be seen from a broken cell; (e) immature stages, from left to right: small, medium, large and postdefecating larva; (f) different degrees of sclerotisation on male pupae. Scale bars: b, c = 2 cm; e, f = 2 mm.

Figure 9 in Solitary and semisocial behaviour in the Corynura group: new findings in a clade sister to all other Augochlorini bees (Hymenoptera: Halictidae)

Figure 9. Schematic diagram of the life cycle of the studied species, modified from Schwarz et al. (2007). Black arrows indicate brood oviposition, grey arrows indicate females that overwinter. Species studied in Central Argentina (Buenos Aires) and Central Chile (Santiago Metropolitan Area) produced two (or more) broods, while those studied at southern latitudes, in Patagonia, produced only one brood. See references in Table 4. Active period of females and male appearance in the field can be found in Table S14.

Figure 7 in Solitary and semisocial behaviour in the Corynura group: new findings in a clade sister to all other Augochlorini bees (Hymenoptera: Halictidae)

Figure 7. Halictillus reticulatus nesting site in Challhuaco Valley. (a) Habitat; (b) male on Chrysanthemum sp.; (c) seven males feeding on Chrysanthemum sp., near the nesting site.