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Host-parasite interactions between a copepod (Pharodes tortugensis) and small reef-associated gobies (Coryphopterus) in the British Virgin Islands

The effects of parasitic copepods on free-living hosts are infrequently documented, and the copepod Pharodes tortugensis has remained virtually unstudied since described. For the first time, we document its host range in the British Virgin Islands (BVI), the prevalence and intensity of infections on wild hosts, and its impacts on host morphology and performance. Infections were observed on four benthic gobies in the BVI (Coryphopterus glaucofraenum, C. venezuelae, C. dicrus and C. eidolon) but not on other host species previously reported from other parts of the western Atlantic. Infected gobies were widespread in the BVI (detected at 33 of 52 sites, prevalence from 1–25%) but extremely rare elsewhere in the Caribbean (detected at 2 of 16 sites, prevalence <0.006%). As is typical of macroparasite infections, P. tortugensis was over-dispersed in BVI host populations (mean intensity = 4.7, range = 1–17). Infections were most common in juvenile and female hosts, and rarely found in larger male hosts. The copepods attach in the branchial chamber of the goby; female copepods show high attachment fidelity to the ventral surface of the chamber, while male copepods attached most often to the first two gill arches and in the branchial chamber adjacent to the female. Infections caused substantial damage to the host's branchial chamber and gill filaments. Parasitized gobies also had larger livers and smaller gonads than unparasitized individuals of similar length. The changes in organ mass of infected gobies were not sizeable enough to affect total body mass, and host condition (the body-length vs. body-mass relationship) was similar for gobies with and without infections. Parasitized gobies were, however, significantly smaller in body mass at a given age, reflecting slower overall growth. Effects of P. tortugensis on individual hosts were broadly similar to those of other parasitic copepods that infect fish gills and, for unknown reasons, the BVI appears to be a persistent hotspot of infections on these goby hosts.

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Spatial Distribution and Habitat Usage of Coryphopterus personatus and C. hyalinus in Turneffe Atoll, Belize

Data used to develop 3D models of coral reefs using structure-from-motion photogrammetry. The data used to generate photogrammetry models are pictures of the reef from ~1 m above the substratum and coordinates of ground control points for each of twelve distinct ~20 m x 10 m reef areas. The photogrammetry workflow to create the digital models included photo alignment, followed by geometry building, and lastly texture building using Agisoft Pro. Additionally included are the orthomosaics and digital elevation models derived from the 3D models and training data used to build a classification algorithm to classify reef vs sand benthic types using the site orthomosaics. Finally, the location and sizes of mixed shoals of Coryphopterus personatus and Coryphopterus hyalinus are included. All data were collected from Turneffe Atoll (17.3638° N, 87.8581° W), Belize in January 2017. These data are used in conjunction to develop a habitat usage model to understand what features of coral reefs are correlated with the distribution of C. personatus/hyalinus. All code associated with the analysis can be found here: <a href="https://github.com/jdselwyn/Habitat_Usage">https://github.com/jdselwyn/Habitat_Usage</a>.

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opencc-zeroOct 2021View details →

Data from: Using DNA barcoding to identify host-parasite interactions between cryptic species of goby (Coryphopterus: Gobiidae, Perciformes) and parasitic copepods (Pharodes tortugensis: Chondracanthidae, Cyclopoida)

Previous work, using morphological characters, identified a generalist copepod parasite (Pharodes tortugensis) at high prevalence on two common gobies (Coryphopterus glaucofraenum and C. dicrus) in the British Virgin Islands (BVI). DNA barcoding subsequently revealed C. glaucofraenum to be three morphologically similar species (C. glaucofraenum, C. venezuelae and C. tortugae), casting doubt on host identities in the BVI and the classification of the parasite as a single species. Mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) data from 67 gobies in the BVI showed that, in addition to C. dicrus, host gobies were a mix of C. glaucofraenum and C. venezuelae, while C. tortugae was unexpectedly absent from the study area. COI data (n = 70) indicated that the copepod infecting all three hosts was a single species, almost certainly P. tortugensis. The pharodes–coryphopterus interaction has a strong impact on host dynamics in the BVI, and a revised understanding of these dynamics must account for any differences among the three newly confirmed hosts in transmission of, and susceptibility to, the shared parasite. No other infected hosts were discovered at our sites, but P. tortugensis is reportedly widespread and infects 12 additional host species elsewhere. Further DNA barcoding is thus needed to test whether P. tortugensis is truly a widespread generalist, or instead represents a group of more specialized cryptic species.

publicOct 2021View details →

Data from: Using DNA barcoding to identify host-parasite interactions between cryptic species of goby (Coryphopterus: Gobiidae, Perciformes) and parasitic copepods (Pharodes tortugensis: Chondracanthidae, Cyclopoida)

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publicMay 2022View details →

Host-parasite interactions between a copepod (Pharodes tortugensis) and small reef-associated gobies (Coryphopterus) in the British Virgin Islands

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FIGURE 4 in The larval, juvenile, and adult stages of the Caribbean goby, Coryphopterus kuna (Teleostei: Gobiidae): a reef fish with a pelagic larval duration longer than the post-settlement lifespan

FIGURE 4. Sagittal otolith of a 15.3 mm SL Coryphopterus kuna: the dark rod-shaped primordium is at far left, surrounded by the prehatching core (white oval), then followed by wide larval increments, sharply narrowing before the settlement transition (white arrow); the edge of the otolith is at far right; length of arrow=30 microns.

FIGURE 2 in The larval, juvenile, and adult stages of the Caribbean goby, Coryphopterus kuna (Teleostei: Gobiidae): a reef fish with a pelagic larval duration longer than the post-settlement lifespan

FIGURE 2. Adult Coryphopterus kuna from Utila, Honduras: 10.9 mm SL female (A and B); 13.3 mm SL male (C); 15.2 mm SL male (D); pelvic fin and probe under the frenum on 15.2 mm SL male (E).

Figure 3 in The larval, juvenile, and adult stages of the Caribbean goby, Coryphopterus kuna (Teleostei: Gobiidae): a reef fish with a pelagic larval duration longer than the post-settlement lifespan

Figure 3. Larvae and juvenile of Coryphopterus kuna: 7.1 mm SL (A), 8.0 mm SL (B), and 7.0 mm SL (C, lateral and dorsal view) larvae from Xcalak; 8.1 mm SL settled juvenile from Utila, Honduras (D, lateral and dorsal view). Head melanophores labeled following abbreviations in Table 1. (A) and (B) courtesy of José A. Cohúo.

FIGURE 1 in The larval, juvenile, and adult stages of the Caribbean goby, Coryphopterus kuna (Teleostei: Gobiidae): a reef fish with a pelagic larval duration longer than the post-settlement lifespan

FIGURE 1. The reported range of Kuna Gobies within the Caribbean (map by Robert Myers, Coral Graphics, reprinted with permission) (A); Live photographs from Utila, Gulf of Honduras (B); Guadeloupe in the Lesser Antilles (C); and San Andres, Colombia, an offshore island in the Western Caribbean (D); photos by Keri Wilk.

FIGURE 3 in Coryphopterus kuna, a new goby (Perciformes: Gobiidae: Gobiinae) from the western Caribbean, with the identification of the late larval stage and an estimate of the pelagic larval duration

FIGURE 3. Sagittal otolith of transitional larva of Coryphopterus kuna, lateral view, photographed at 400x. The array of daily otolith increments extends along the longest radius of the sagitta from the center of the otolith (at left) to the edge of the otolith (at right). The primordium is the horizontal black oblong at the left edge of the figure and is about 7 microns long, the core (pre-hatching) is the area without clear increments about 20 microns out from the center.

FIGURE 1D, E in Coryphopterus kuna, a new goby (Perciformes: Gobiidae: Gobiinae) from the western Caribbean, with the identification of the late larval stage and an estimate of the pelagic larval duration

FIGURE 1D, E. Holotype of Coryphopterus kuna, pelvic fin frenum absent (D); prominent melanophores over eyeball (E).

FIGURE 1A–C in Coryphopterus kuna, a new goby (Perciformes: Gobiidae: Gobiinae) from the western Caribbean, with the identification of the late larval stage and an estimate of the pelagic larval duration

FIGURE 1A–C. Holotype of Coryphopterus kuna, 17.1 mm SL male (SIO-07-5)(A); head and fin markings (B); pelvic fins united along full-length (C).

opennotspecifiedOct 2021View details →

FIGURE 3 in Using DNA barcoding to identify host-parasite interactions between cryptic species of goby (Coryphopterus: Gobiidae, Perciformes) and parasitic copepods (Pharodes tortugensis: Chondracanthidae, Cyclopoida)

FIGURE 3. Maximum likelihood tree derived from COI sequences of our copepod samples (labeled as P. tortugensis) plus voucher sequences from related copepods in the suborder Ergasilida (see Table 5 for a list). Sequences of copepods confamilial to P. tortugenis (Chondracanthidae) are labelled to species (and shaded blue in the online colour version), and members other taxa are labeled to family (and shaded pink in the colour online version). Support values for bipartitions are indicated, and divergence represented by dark blue scale bar = 3 %.

opennotspecifiedOct 2021View details →

FIGURE 1 in Using DNA barcoding to identify host-parasite interactions between cryptic species of goby (Coryphopterus: Gobiidae, Perciformes) and parasitic copepods (Pharodes tortugensis: Chondracanthidae, Cyclopoida)

FIGURE 1. Maximum likelihood tree derived from COI sequences of our goby samples plus voucher sequences from all Coryphopterus species except C. punctipectophorus. Voucher sequences are identified by GenBank sequence ID. Sequences from several other goby species are included as outgroups (not all are identified in the figure; see Table 4 for a list). Support values for bipartitions are indicated, and divergence represented by scale bar = 6%.

opennotspecifiedOct 2021View details →

FIGURE 2 in Using DNA barcoding to identify host-parasite interactions between cryptic species of goby (Coryphopterus: Gobiidae, Perciformes) and parasitic copepods (Pharodes tortugensis: Chondracanthidae, Cyclopoida)

FIGURE 2. Differences in body depth between goby species. A boxplot of body depth (as a % of body length in SL) for the three gobies, with sample sizes in parentheses. For the boxplot: box boundaries represent 25th and 75th percentiles respectively; line inside box indicates the median, lower and upper error lines indicate 10th and 90th percentiles respectively, and circles show data falling outside 10th and 90th percentiles.

FIGURE 2 in Coryphopterus kuna, a new goby (Perciformes: Gobiidae: Gobiinae) from the western Caribbean, with the identification of the late larval stage and an estimate of the pelagic larval duration

FIGURE 2. Transitional larva of Coryphopterus kuna, 7.3 mm SL (SIO-07-55).

Figure 4 from: Baldwin CC, Robertson DR (2015) A new, mesophotic Coryphopterus goby (Teleostei, Gobiidae) from the southern Caribbean, with comments on relationships and depth distributions within the genus. ZooKeys 513: 123-142. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.513.9998

Figure 4 - The strict consensus of a maximum parsimony analysis of the COI region of 42 individuals of Coryphopterus and Lophogobius cyprinoides. Fusigobius duospilus and Rhinogobiops nicholsii were outgroups in the analysis. Numbers above branches represent bootstrap support values > 50. Note: Coryphopterus punctipectophorus from the Gulf of Mexico was not available for inclusion in this analysis.

Figure 2 from: Baldwin CC, Robertson DR (2015) A new, mesophotic Coryphopterus goby (Teleostei, Gobiidae) from the southern Caribbean, with comments on relationships and depth distributions within the genus. ZooKeys 513: 123-142. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.513.9998

Figure 2 - Comparison of A Coryphopterus curasub sp. n., holotype, USNM 406373, 33.3 mm SL, and its most similar congener B Coryphopterus dicrus, USNM 413296, 30 mm SL. Note the differences in the shape of the basicaudal pigment marking (with distinct anterior projection in Coryphopterus curasub), body depth (shallower in Coryphopterus curasub), head pigment (absence of a distinct blotch of black pigment immediately posterior to the orbit and presence of a black triangle of pigment beneath the anteroventral portion of orbit in Coryphopterus curasub (present and absent, respectively, in Coryphopterus dicrus), and trunk pigment (blotches predominantly yellow with few melanophores interspersed among them in Coryphopterus curasub vs. blotches predominantly orange/rust with numerous melanophores interspersed among them in Coryphopterus dicrus).

Figure 3 from: Baldwin CC, Robertson DR (2015) A new, mesophotic Coryphopterus goby (Teleostei, Gobiidae) from the southern Caribbean, with comments on relationships and depth distributions within the genus. ZooKeys 513: 123-142. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.513.9998

Figure 3 - Neighbor-joining tree derived from COI sequences for western Atlantic species of Coryphopterus. The tree was rooted on Fusigobius duospilus. Divergence represented by scale bar = 3%. Note: Coryphopterus punctipectophorus from the Gulf of Mexico was not available for inclusion in this analysis.

Figure 1 from: Baldwin CC, Robertson DR (2015) A new, mesophotic Coryphopterus goby (Teleostei, Gobiidae) from the southern Caribbean, with comments on relationships and depth distributions within the genus. ZooKeys 513: 123-142. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.513.9998

Figure 1 - Coryphopterus curasub sp. n., type specimens: A, B USNM 406373, holotype, Smithsonian DNA number CUR 11373, 33.3 mm SL, female – after preservation (A) and before preservation (B) C USNM 431328, Paratype, CUR 14003, 31.0 mm SL, male, before preservation D USNM 430019, Paratype, CUR 13303, 17.5 mm SL, immature, before preservation and clearing and staining. Note that the dark color on the posterior portion of the caudal fin is an artifact of flash photography and does not reflect the existence of dark pigment. Photos by Ian Silver-Gorges (A) and D. R. Robertson and C. C. Baldwin (B–D).