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30 results for “Cost of living;”
Respectable Standards of Living: The Alternative Lens of Maintenance Costs, Britain 1270-1860
<p>Data set and code book. Replication materials for paper accepted in Economic History Review, April 2024.</p> <p>Abstract </p> <p><span>This paper argues that in all societies there is considerable agreement about what goods and services are needed to provide a decent living, and that this standard can be measured by the expense involved in maintaining people of good standing.<span> </span><span> </span>Maintenance costs include two components of living costs that are neglected in conventional approaches.<span> </span>First, in contrast to the usual focus on a fixed basket of commodities, maintenance costs capture changes in the composition and quality of the goods required for a respectable lifestyle.<span> </span>Second, unlike the conventional accounting they include the costs of the household services required to turn the basket commodities into livings. Ignored in the conventional methodology, the inclusion of these costs represents a core innovation. More than 4600 observations, drawn mainly from primary sources, trace levels and trends in maintenance costs for Britain, 1270-1860. <span> </span>These can be compared with established cost of living indicators to offer a complementary perspective on real consumption that accommodates aspirational goods and the input of household labour.<span> </span>The struggle to support families at respectable standards emerges as driving industriousness and motivating prudence among a class that played a major role in economic development.<span> </span><span> </span></span></p> <p> </p>
Raw data accompanying the manuscript "Cost-effective high-speed, three-dimensional live-cell imaging of HIV-1 transfer at the T cell virological synapse"
<p>These are the raw datasets used to generate the figures for the manuscript entitled "Cost-effective high-speed, three-dimensional live-cell imaging of HIV-1 transfer at the T cell virological synapse". The data files are 3D image stacks of a custom-built wide field deconvolution fluorescence microscope (.tif) and super-resolution structured illumination microscopy data (.dv) of Jurkat T cells transferring HIV-1 virus particles to previously uninfected primary T cells.</p>
Cost of living by country
<p>This dataset shows the different cost of living per country divided by different categories. This data is the result of scraping from the page <a href="https://www.expatistan.com/cost-of-living">Expatistan.</a></p>
Cost of living by city
<p>This dataset shows the different cost of living per city divided by different categories. This data is the result of scraping from the page <a href="https://www.expatistan.com/cost-of-living">Expatistan.</a></p>
Data from: Social living simultaneously increases infection risk and decreases the cost of infection
Elevated parasite infection risk is considered to be a near universal cost of social living. However, living in groups may also provide benefits that reduce the negative impacts of infection. These potential 'tolerance' benefits of living socially are theoretically possible, but have rarely been described. In this study, we used an anthelmintic treatment experiment in wild Grant's gazelles (Nanger granti), who are commonly infected with gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN), to show that social living confers both costs and benefits related to GIN parasitism. We show that although larger group size increases GIN infection risk, a key cost of GIN infection – the suppression of food intake − is simultaneously moderated by living in larger groups. Our findings help illuminate the complex role parasites play in the evolution of host social behavior.
Data from: Costs and benefits of group living in primates: an energetic perspective
Group size is a fundamental component of sociality, and has important consequences for an individual's fitness as well as the collective and cooperative behaviours of the group as a whole. This review focuses on how the costs and benefits of group living vary in female primates as a function of group size, with a particular emphasis on how competition within and between groups affects an individual's energetic balance. Because the repercussions of chronic energetic stress can lower an animal's fitness, identifying the predictors of energetic stress has important implications for understanding variation in survivorship and reproductive success within and between populations. Notably, we extend previous literature on this topic by discussing three physiological measures of energetic balance—glucocorticoids, c-peptides and thyroid hormones. Because these hormones can provide clear signals of metabolic states and processes, they present an important complement to field studies of spatial and temporal changes in food availability. We anticipate that their further application will play a crucial role in elucidating the adaptive significance of group size in different social and ecological contexts.
Raw images, video, and data file for the manuscript "Fabrication of Low-Cost, High-Resolution Open Capillary Microfluidics towards Self-Sustaining, Long-Term Hydration of Engineered Living Materials"
<p>This dataset includes the raw images and data file in the manuscript "Fabrication of Low-Cost, High-Resolution Open Capillary Microfluidics towards Self-Sustaining, Long-Term Hydration of Engineered Living Materials", specifically:</p> <ul> <li>Raw images for the optimized print with the PEGDA-glycerol-water resin (Figure 2 & Figure S2)</li> <li>Raw images for the optimized print with the PEGDA-glycerol-LB resin (Figure 2)</li> <li>Raw images for the optimized print with the BSA-PEGDA-water resin (Figure 3)</li> <li>Raw images and video for the spontaneous capillary flow of LB media in a PEGDA-glycerol-LB microfluidic chip (Figure 4)</li> <li>Raw data for the UV-vis spectrum of LB media (Figure S4)</li> </ul>
Data from: The costs of living on the coast: reduction in body size and size-specific reproductive output in coastal populations of a widespread amphibian
<ol> <li>Body size is a critical component of organismal biology. Body size is known to be influenced by a plethora of environmental conditions, among which exposure to large-scale variations of salinity has been comparatively overlooked. Yet, exposure to salinity is known to affect energetic allocation toward growth and reproduction.</li> <li>In this study, we investigated the morphological differences between inland and coastal individuals of spined toads (<em>Bufo</em> <em>spinosus</em>) in Western France. </li> <li>We measured adult morphology both outside and during the reproductive season on 190 individuals, and assessed reproduction in pairs originating from inland (N=20) and coastal (N=30) environments.</li> <li>Overall, we found that adult coastal toads were smaller and lighter than inland individuals. Reproductive correlates of these differences included lower fecundity and smaller egg size (but higher egg density) in coastal females. Interestingly, these differences were not allometric correlates of body size, as coastal females invested proportionally less in all components of reproduction (fecundity, egg size and egg protection).</li> <li>These results suggest altered resource allocation to growth and reproduction in coastal amphibians, which may be related to the marked spatial gradient of salinity (measured in reproductive ponds) and the associated costs of osmoregulation (higher osmolality in coastal individuals), for which local adaptation and higher tolerance to salinity remains to be tested.</li> </ol>
Dataset for the Cost of Living Index as a Primary Driver of Homelessness
<p>SPSS data file</p> <p>SPSS output file</p> <p>Excel data and sources file</p> <p>Excel data only file for use with python processing (program on Github and archived on Zenodo)</p>
Data from: Social living simultaneously increases infection risk and decreases the cost of infection
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Data from: The costs of living on the coast: reduction in body size and size-specific reproductive output in coastal populations of a widespread amphibian
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Data from: Costs and benefits of group living in primates: an energetic perspective
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Data from: Costs of reproduction in a long-lived female primate: injury risk and wound healing
Reproduction is a notoriously costly phase of life, exposing individuals to injury, infectious disease, and energetic tradeoffs. The strength of these costs should be influenced by life history strategies, and in long-lived species, females may be selected to mitigate costs of reproduction because life span is such an important component of their reproductive success. Here we report evidence for two costs of reproduction that may influence survival in wild female baboons— injury risk and delayed wound healing. Based on 29 years of observations in the Amboseli ecosystem, Kenya, we found that wild female baboons experienced the highest risk of injury on days when they were most likely to be ovulating. In addition, lactating females healed from wounds more slowly than pregnant or cycling females, indicating a possible tradeoff between lactation and immune function. We also found variation in injury risk and wound healing with dominance rank and age: older and low-status females were more likely to be injured than younger or high-status females, and older females exhibited slower healing than younger females. Our results support the idea that wild non-human primates experience energetic and immune costs of reproduction, and they help illuminate life history tradeoffs in long-lived species.
Data from: Determinants and long-term costs of early reproduction in males of a long-lived polygynous mammal
<p>In long-lived polygynous species, male reproductive success is often monopolized by a few mature dominant individuals. Young males are generally too small to be dominant and may employ alternative tactics, however, little is known about the determinants of reproductive success for young males. Understanding the causes and consequences of variability in early reproductive success may be crucial to assess the strength of sexual selection and possible long-term trade-offs among life-history traits. Selective pressures driven by fluctuating environmental conditions may depend on age-class. We evaluated the determinants of reproduction in male bighorn sheep (<em>Ovis canadensis</em>) aged 2-4 years using 30 years of individual-level data. These young males cannot defend estrous ewes and use alternative mating tactics. We also investigated how the age of first detected reproduction was correlated to lifetime reproductive success and longevity. We found that reproductive success of males aged three years was positively correlated to body mass, to the proportion of males aged 2-4 years in the competitor pool and to the number of females available per adult male. These results suggest that reproductive success depends on both competitive ability and population age-sex structure. None of these variables, however, had significant effects on the reproductive success of males aged 2 or 4 years. Known reproduction before the age of five increased lifetime reproductive success but decreased longevity, suggesting a long-term survival cost of early reproduction. Our analyses reveal that both individual-level phenotypic and population-level demographic variables influence reproductive success by young males and provide a rare assessment of fitness trade-offs in wild polygynous males.</p>
Primary Fossil Energy Use and Costs as used for "Savings and Avoided Costs of Living Carbon Negative"
<p>This Excel file provides the primary fossil energy use and costs data and calculations as used for "Savings of Living Carbon Negative".</p>
Cost of living squeeze
<p><span>Climate warming can induce a ‘cost-of-living squeeze’ in ectotherms by increasing energetic expenditures while reducing foraging gains. We used biophysical models (validated by 2,685 field observations) to test this hypothesis for ten ecologically diverse lizards in African and Australian deserts. Historical warming (1950-2020) has been more intense in Africa than in Australia, translating to an energetic ‘squeeze’ for African diurnal species, no net impact on Australian diurnal species, but generating an energetic ‘relief’ (by increasing foraging time) for nocturnal species. Future warming impacts will be more severe in Africa than in Australia, especially in summer, requiring increased rates of food intake (+10% per hour active for diurnal species). The effects of climate warming on energy budgets of desert lizards will be species-specific but predictable.</span></p>
Data from: Integrating fitness components reveals that survival costs outweigh other benefits and costs of group living in two closely related species
Group living can be beneficial when individuals reproduce or survive better in the presence of others, but simultaneously there might be costs due to competition for resources. Positive and negative effects on various fitness components might thus counteract each other, so integration is essential to determine their overall effect. Here, we investigated how an integrated fitness measure (reproductive values; RV) based on six fitness components varied with group size among group members in cooperatively-breeding red-winged and superb fairy-wrens (Malurus elegans and M. cyaneus). Despite life historie differences between the species, patterns of RVs were similar, suggesting that the same behavioural mechanisms are important. Group living reduced RVs for dominant males, but for other group members this was only true in large groups. Decomposition analyses showed that our integrated fitness proxy was most strongly affected by group size effects on survival, which was amplified through carry-over effects between years. Our study shows that integrative consideration of fitness components and subsequent decomposition analysis provide much needed insights into the key behavioural mechanisms shaping the costs and benefits of group living. Such attribution is crucial if we are to synthesize the relative importance of the myriad group size costs and benefits currently reported in the literature.
Effectiveness and Cost-Effectiveness of Robot Therapy With the Paro Robot in People Living With Dementia
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT05884424. IPD Sharing: NO. Countries: 1. Publications: 21.
The Energy Cost of Living in the Developing World
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT05563896. IPD Sharing: NO. Countries: 1. Publications: 2.
Effectiveness and Cost-Effectiveness of Cognitive Stimulation Therapy - Spain (CST-ES) in People Living With Dementia
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT06372002. IPD Sharing: NO. Countries: 1. Publications: 19.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.