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Fig. 6 in Cranial phenotypic variation in Meriones crassus and M. libycus (Rodentia, Gerbillinae), and a morphological divergence in M. crassus from the Iranian Plateau and Mesopotamia (Western Zagros Mountains)

Fig. 6. Scatter plot of PCA results on shape variables of the (A) ventral, (B) dorsal and (C) lateral sides of Meriones crassus Sundevall, 1842 specimens. Legends: ○ = Iranian Plateau, ● = Western Zagros, * = Kuwait, Δ = Arabian, ▲ = Jeddah, □ = Jordan/NW Arabia, ■ = African. Deformation grids (two times magnified) along the first principal components, representing shape differences between configurations corresponding to minimal and maximal scores, are shown to the right of each plot. For the numbering of landmarks, see Fig. 2.

Fig. 4 in Cranial phenotypic variation in Meriones crassus and M. libycus (Rodentia, Gerbillinae), and a morphological divergence in M. crassus from the Iranian Plateau and Mesopotamia (Western Zagros Mountains)

Fig. 4. Scatter plot of the CVA results of the (A) ventral and (B) dorsal shape data of Meriones crassus Sundevall, 1842 (two groups) and M. libycus Lichtenstein, 1823. Legends: ○ = M. crassus (other than Western Zagros), ● = M. crassus of Western Zagros, □ = M. libycus. The grids below show deformation along the arrows, when moving from the M. crassus group mean shape to the Western Zagros group mean shape (A1 and B1), and from the M. libycus mean shape to the mean shape of the Western Zagros (A2 and B2) (shape differences magnified three times for better visualization). For the numbering of landmarks, see Fig. 2.

Fig. 3 in Cranial phenotypic variation in Meriones crassus and M. libycus (Rodentia, Gerbillinae), and a morphological divergence in M. crassus from the Iranian Plateau and Mesopotamia (Western Zagros Mountains)

Fig. 3. Scatter plot of RW1 versus RW2 of the (A) ventral and (B) dorsal cranium of Meriones crassus Sundevall, 1842 and M. libycus Lichtenstein, 1823. Legends: ○ = M. crassus (other than Western Zagros), ● = M. crassus of Western Zagros, □ = M. libycus. Below: thin-plate spline deformation grids visualize shape variation as expressed by the first two RWs axes (grids represent shape difference between configurations corresponding to lowest and highest RW-values). For the numbering of landmarks, see Fig. 2.

Fig. 7 in Cranial phenotypic variation in Meriones crassus and M. libycus (Rodentia, Gerbillinae), and a morphological divergence in M. crassus from the Iranian Plateau and Mesopotamia (Western Zagros Mountains)

Fig. 7. CVA scatter plot (axes 1 and 2) on shape variables of the (A) ventral, (B) dorsal and (C) lateral side of the Meriones crassus groups (Jeddah group not included). Legends: ○ = Iranian plateau, ● = Western Zagros, Δ = Arabian and ■ = African. Grids show deformation (3 x magnified) when following the trajectory within the morphospace along the arrows and between the groups' consensus (from African to Western Zagros – A1, B1 and C1; and from Iranian plateau to Western Zagros – A2, B2 and C2). For the numbering of landmarks, see Fig. 2.

Fig. 1 in Cranial phenotypic variation in Meriones crassus and M. libycus (Rodentia, Gerbillinae), and a morphological divergence in M. crassus from the Iranian Plateau and Mesopotamia (Western Zagros Mountains)

Fig. 1. Map showing the sampling localities of Meriones crassus Sundevall, 1842 (circles) and M. libycus Lichtenstein, 1823 (squares) and groups of sampling localities indicated by ellipses (see more detail about the grouping in Material and Methods). The dark closed symbols are the sampling localities of the type specimens (synonyms of Meriones crassus and M. libycus, see Table 1). The ellipses (from left to right) show the following groups: African, Jeddah, Arabian, Western Zagros and Iranian Plateau.

FIG. A3A, B in A sabre-tooth predator from the Neotropics: Cranial morphology of Anachlysictis gracilis Goin, 1997 (Metatheria, Thylacosmilidae), based on new specimens from La Venta (Middle Miocene, Colombia)

FIG. A3A, B. — Six most parsimonious trees (A-F) obtained from the parsimony phylogenetic analysis under equal weights,with the Dasyuromorphia node constrained.

FIG. 18 in A sabre-tooth predator from the Neotropics: Cranial morphology of Anachlysictis gracilis Goin, 1997 (Metatheria, Thylacosmilidae), based on new specimens from La Venta (Middle Miocene, Colombia)

FIG. 18. — Reconstruction of Anachlysictis gracilis Goin, 1997 stalking some rodents ("Neoreomys" huilensis Fields, 1957) in the La Venta area during Middle Miocene. Artist: Juan Giraldo.

FIG. 7 in A sabre-tooth predator from the Neotropics: Cranial morphology of Anachlysictis gracilis Goin, 1997 (Metatheria, Thylacosmilidae), based on new specimens from La Venta (Middle Miocene, Colombia)

FIG. 7. — Anachlysictis gracilis Goin, 1997; VPPLT 1612, right side of the skull: A, lateral view; B, dorsolateral view; C, lineal draw in dorsolateral view. Abbreviations: Al, alisphenoid; dmm, depression for the masseter muscle; Eo, exoccipital; fdv, foramen for diploic vein; Fr, frontal; Ip, interparietal; Ju, jugal; La, lacrimal; Mx, maxilla; Na, nasal; oc, occipital condyle; Pa, parietal; Pal, palatine; pgp, postglenoid process; pop, postorbital process; prgp, preglenoid process of jugal; Px, premaxilla; smf, suprameatal foramen; Sq, squamosal; scr, sagittal crest. Scale bar: 20 mm.

FIG. 6 in A sabre-tooth predator from the Neotropics: Cranial morphology of Anachlysictis gracilis Goin, 1997 (Metatheria, Thylacosmilidae), based on new specimens from La Venta (Middle Miocene, Colombia)

FIG. 6. — Anachlysictis gracilis Goin, 1997; VPPLT 1612, left side of the skull: A, lateral view; B, dorsolateral view; C, lineal draw in dorsolateral view. Abbreviations: Al, alisphenoid; Eo, exoccipital; Fr, frontal; fro, foramen rotundum; iof, infraorbital foramen; Ip, interparietal; Ju, jugal; La, lacrimal; Mx, maxilla; Na, nasal; oc, occipital condyle; Os, orbitosphenoid; Pa, parietal; Pal, palatine; pgp, postglenoid process; pop, postorbital process; prgp, preglenoid process of jugal; sof, sphenorbital fissure; smf, suprameatal foramen; Sq, squamosal; scr, sagittal crest; tl, temporal line. Scale bar: 20 mm.

FIG. A4 in A sabre-tooth predator from the Neotropics: Cranial morphology of Anachlysictis gracilis Goin, 1997 (Metatheria, Thylacosmilidae), based on new specimens from La Venta (Middle Miocene, Colombia)

FIG. A4. — Result of parsimony phylogenetic analysis under implied weights, with concavity constant k = 3, showing the single recovered most parsimonious tree. Numbers represent bootstrap values. Support values not given for Dasyuromorphia, as this node was constrained a priori (see text).

FIG. A5 in A sabre-tooth predator from the Neotropics: Cranial morphology of Anachlysictis gracilis Goin, 1997 (Metatheria, Thylacosmilidae), based on new specimens from La Venta (Middle Miocene, Colombia)

FIG. A5. — Result of parsimony phylogenetic analysis under implied weights, with concavity constant k = 12, showing the single recovered most parsimonious tree. Numbers represent bootstrap values. Support values not given for Dasyuromorphia, as this node was constrained a priori (see text).

FIG. A2 in A sabre-tooth predator from the Neotropics: Cranial morphology of Anachlysictis gracilis Goin, 1997 (Metatheria, Thylacosmilidae), based on new specimens from La Venta (Middle Miocene, Colombia)

FIG. A2. — Strict consensus of six most parsimonious trees obtained from the parsimony phylogenetic analysis under equal weights, including Thylacinus cynocephalus (Harris, 1808) and constraining the Dasyuromorphian clade. Numbers indicate the number of nodes.For additional information,see Synapomorphies below.

FIG. 12 in A sabre-tooth predator from the Neotropics: Cranial morphology of Anachlysictis gracilis Goin, 1997 (Metatheria, Thylacosmilidae), based on new specimens from La Venta (Middle Miocene, Colombia)

FIG. 12. — Skulls of three species of Thylacosmilidae: A, Thylacosmilus atrox Riggs, 1933; B, Patagosmilus goini Forasiepi & Carlini, 2010; C, Anachlysictis gracilis Goin, 1997. Scale bar: 20 mm.

FIG. A1 in A sabre-tooth predator from the Neotropics: Cranial morphology of Anachlysictis gracilis Goin, 1997 (Metatheria, Thylacosmilidae), based on new specimens from La Venta (Middle Miocene, Colombia)

FIG. A1. — Consensus tree resulted from the alternative phylogenetic analysis under equal weights, excluding Thylacinus cynocephalus (Harris, 1808), made to test differences in topology.

FIG. 9 in A sabre-tooth predator from the Neotropics: Cranial morphology of Anachlysictis gracilis Goin, 1997 (Metatheria, Thylacosmilidae), based on new specimens from La Venta (Middle Miocene, Colombia)

FIG. 9. — Anachlysictis gracilis Goin, 1997; VPPLT 1612, left dentary in lingual (A), labial (B) and occlusal (C) views; and right dentary in labial view (D). Abbreviations: acoc, anterior coronoid crest; an, angular process; con, mandibular condyle; cor, coronoid process; maf, masseteric fossa; manf, mandibular foramen; mc, masseteric crest (= inferior coronoid crest); mf, mental foramen; syf, symphyseal flange. Scale bars: 20 mm.

FIG. A3E, F in A sabre-tooth predator from the Neotropics: Cranial morphology of Anachlysictis gracilis Goin, 1997 (Metatheria, Thylacosmilidae), based on new specimens from La Venta (Middle Miocene, Colombia)

FIG. A3E, F. — Six most parsimonious trees (A-F) obtained from the parsimony phylogenetic analysis under equal weights, with the Dasyuromorphia node constrained.

FIG. 2 in A sabre-tooth predator from the Neotropics: Cranial morphology of Anachlysictis gracilis Goin, 1997 (Metatheria, Thylacosmilidae), based on new specimens from La Venta (Middle Miocene, Colombia)

FIG. 2. — Anachlysictis gracilis Goin, 1997; IGM 184247 (holotype). Right mandibular ramus in lateral (A) and occlusal (B) views; C, left symphyseal flange fragment in medial and lateral views; D, left cranial fragment (postorbital portion; arrow indicates anterior direction); E, left mandibular ramus fragment with m2-3 in labial and lingual views; G, left m2-3 in occlusal view. Abbreviations: Fr, frontal; La, lacrimal; Na, nasal. Scale bars: 5 mm (vertical); 20 mm (horizontal).

FIG. A3C, D in A sabre-tooth predator from the Neotropics: Cranial morphology of Anachlysictis gracilis Goin, 1997 (Metatheria, Thylacosmilidae), based on new specimens from La Venta (Middle Miocene, Colombia)

FIG. A3C, D. — Six most parsimonious trees (A-F) obtained from the parsimony phylogenetic analysis under equal weights, with the Dasyuromorphia node constrained.

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FIGURE 2. Hauffiopteryx typicus, cranial morphology. A–G in A revision of the Early Jurassic ichthyosaur Hauffiopteryx (Reptilia: Ichthyosauria), and description of a new species from southwestern Germany

FIGURE 2. Hauffiopteryx typicus, cranial morphology. A–G, overview of cranial morphology. A, lectotype, GPIT 1491/ 4; B, SMNS 51552; C, MHH 9; D, SMNS 80226. E, basioccipital in ventral view (SMNS 80226); F, maxillary and posterior dentary teeth (GPIT 1491/4); G, anterior mandible with displaced teeth (SMNS 80226). Scale bars in cm (parts B, D, E). Abbreviations: an, angular; bo, basioccipital; de, dentary; hc, hyoid corpus; hy, hyoid element; en, external narial opening; ex, exoccipital; f, frontal; j, jugal; la, lacrimal; lj, lower jaw; mx, maxilla; n, nasal; op, opisthotic; pa, parietal; pal, palatine; pf, prefrontal; pl, palate; pm, premaxilla; po, postorbital; pof, postfrontal; pt, pterygoid; Q, quadrate; qj, quadratojugal; sa, surangular; scr, sclerotic ring; sp, splenial; sq, squamosal; st, supratemporal; s, stapes; utf, supratemporal fenestra.