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mRNA expression data of genes related to mitochondrial quality control in hepatopancreas of the two marine bivalves, Mytilus edulis and Crassostrea gigas, during short-term hypoxia/reoxygenation stress
<p>Coastal environments commonly experience strong oxygen fluctuations. Resulting hypoxia/reoxygenation stress can negatively affect mitochondrial functions, since oxygen deficiency impairs ATP generation, whereas a surge of oxygen causes mitochondrial damage by oxidative stress mechanisms. Marine intertidal bivalves are adapted to fluctuating oxygen conditions, yet the underlying molecular mechanisms that sustain mitochondrial integrity and function during oxygen fluctuations are not yet well understood. We used targeted mRNA expression analysis to determine the potential involvement of the mitochondrial quality control mechanisms in responses to short-term hypoxia (24 h at <0.01% O<sub>2</sub>) and subsequent reoxygenation (1.5 h at 21% O<sub>2</sub>) in two hypoxia-tolerant marine bivalves, the Pacific oysters <em>Crassostrea gigas</em> and the blue mussels <em>Mytilus edulis</em>. To test these hypotheses, We focused on the transcript levels of the following marker genes: for mitochondrial fission and fusion - <em>mfn</em>2 (encoding mitofusin 2), <em>opa</em>1 (mitochondrial dynamin-like 120kDa protein), <em>dnm</em>1<em>l </em>(dynamin-1-like protein), <em>mff</em> (mitochondrial fission factor), <em>fis</em>1 (mitochondrial fission protein 1); for protein and DNA quality control - <em>tsfm</em> (encoding mitochondrial translation elongation factor Ts), <em>lonp</em>1 (mitochondrial Lon protease), <em>spg</em>7 (paraplegin), <em>oma</em>1 (mitochondrial metalloendopeptidase OMA1), <em>clpB</em> (mitochondrial caseinolytic matrix peptidase chaperone subunit B), <em>atp</em>23 (mitochondrial inner membrane protease ATP23), <em>twnk</em> (mitochondrial twinkle mtDNA helicase); and for mitophagy - <em>mieap</em> (encoding mitochondrial eating protein), <em>hyou</em>1 (hypoxia upregulated protein 1), <em>prkn</em> (parkin), <em>pink</em>1 (PTEN- induced kinase 1), and <em>pgam</em>5 (mitochondrial serine/threonine protein phosphatase PGAM5). The revealed species-specific differences in the expression of the mitochondrial quality control pathways shed light on the potentially important mechanisms of mitochondrial protection against H/R-induced damage that might contribute to hypoxia tolerance in marine bivalves. </p>
Рис. 4. Сетка термальных ресурсов Зал. Посьета с кривой раЗвития личинок приморского гребешка (номограмма для 1972 г.). Fig. 4. A grif of thermal resources of waters of Possjet Bay and the curve line of development of larvae of the Crassostrea gigas (nomogram for 1972). in Review of methods for the forecast of mollusk's spat productivity in sea-farms of Primorye and probable ways of their enhancement
Рис. 4. Сетка термальных ресурсов Зал. Посьета с кривой раЗвития личинок приморского гребешка (номограмма для 1972 г.). Fig. 4. A grif of thermal resources of waters of Possjet Bay and the curve line of development of larvae of the Crassostrea gigas (nomogram for 1972).
Рис. 3. Сетка термальных ресурсов Зал. Посьета с кривой раЗвития личинок тихоокеанской устрицы (номограмма) [Раков, 1977]. Fig. 3. A grid of thermal resources of waters of Possjet Bay and the curve line of development of larvae of the giant oyster Crassostrea gigas (nomogram) [Rakov, 1977]. in Review of methods for the forecast of mollusk's spat productivity in sea-farms of Primorye and probable ways of their enhancement
Рис. 3. Сетка термальных ресурсов Зал. Посьета с кривой раЗвития личинок тихоокеанской устрицы (номограмма) [Раков, 1977]. Fig. 3. A grid of thermal resources of waters of Possjet Bay and the curve line of development of larvae of the giant oyster Crassostrea gigas (nomogram) [Rakov, 1977].
Рис. 9. Частотно-раЗмерное распределение створок устрицы (Crassostrea gigas) иЗ раковинной кучи (все выборки). Fig. 9. Size-frequency distribution of valves of the giant oyster (Crassostrea gigas) from the shell-midden (all samples). in Mollusks from the shell-midden of the Telyakovskogo 2 site in southern Primorye (Yankovskaya culture), their paleoecology and role in paleoeconomy
Рис. 9. Частотно-раЗмерное распределение створок устрицы (Crassostrea gigas) иЗ раковинной кучи (все выборки). Fig. 9. Size-frequency distribution of valves of the giant oyster (Crassostrea gigas) from the shell-midden (all samples).
Рис. 15. ПляЖи и пляЖевые танатоценоЗы б. Теляковского (июнь 2015 г.): А – северная часть бухты: пляЖ и валунно-глыбовая литораль; В – срединная часть бухты; С – массовые выбросы устриц (Crassostrea gigas), мидий (Crenomytilus grayanus) и модиолусов (Modiolus kurilensis) в северной части бухты; D – выбросы спиЗулы (Spisula sachalinensis) в срединной части бухты. Fig. 15. Beaches and beach thanatocoenoses of Telyakovskogo Bay (June 2015): A – northern part of the bay: a beach and rocky intertidal zone; B – middle part of the bay; C – abundant strandings of oysters (Crassostrea gigas), mussels (Crenomytilus grayanus and Modiolus kurilensis) in the northern part; D – strandings of Spisula sachalinensis in the middle part. in Mollusks from the shell-midden of the Telyakovskogo 2 site in southern Primorye (Yankovskaya culture), their paleoecology and role in paleoeconomy
Рис. 15. ПляЖи и пляЖевые танатоценоЗы б. Теляковского (июнь 2015 г.): А – северная часть бухты: пляЖ и валунно-глыбовая литораль; В – срединная часть бухты; С – массовые выбросы устриц (Crassostrea gigas), мидий (Crenomytilus grayanus) и модиолусов (Modiolus kurilensis) в северной части бухты; D – выбросы спиЗулы (Spisula sachalinensis) в срединной части бухты. Fig. 15. Beaches and beach thanatocoenoses of Telyakovskogo Bay (June 2015): A – northern part of the bay: a beach and rocky intertidal zone; B – middle part of the bay; C – abundant strandings of oysters (Crassostrea gigas), mussels (Crenomytilus grayanus and Modiolus kurilensis) in the northern part; D – strandings of Spisula sachalinensis in the middle part.
Рис. 9. Частотно-раЗмерное распределение створок устрицы (Crassostrea gigas) иЗ раковинной кучи (все выборки). in Mollusks from the shell-midden of the Telyakovskogo 2 site in southern Primorye (Yankovskaya culture), their paleoecology and role in paleoeconomy
Рис. 9. Частотно-раЗмерное распределение створок устрицы (Crassostrea gigas) иЗ раковинной кучи (все выборки).
Рис. 8. Характер фрагментации и сохранности створок устрицы (Crassostrea gigas) иЗ раскопа 2 (фракция крупных фагментов). in Mollusks from the shell-midden of the Telyakovskogo 2 site in southern Primorye (Yankovskaya culture), their paleoecology and role in paleoeconomy
Рис. 8. Характер фрагментации и сохранности створок устрицы (Crassostrea gigas) иЗ раскопа 2 (фракция крупных фагментов).
Рис. 7. Целые створки устрицы (Crassostrea gigas) иЗ раскопа 2. Fig. 7. Intact valves of the giant oyster (Crassostrea gigas) from excavation 2. in Mollusks from the shell-midden of the Telyakovskogo 2 site in southern Primorye (Yankovskaya culture), their paleoecology and role in paleoeconomy
Рис. 7. Целые створки устрицы (Crassostrea gigas) иЗ раскопа 2. Fig. 7. Intact valves of the giant oyster (Crassostrea gigas) from excavation 2.
Фототаблица 2 Plate 2 A, B – Crassostrea gigas (Thunberg, 1793): СевернаЯ КореЯ, провинциЯ Северный Хамгён, высота 91.3 мм, ЗМ ДВФУ № 38379/Bv-5785; C, D – Pododesmus (Monia) macrochisma (Deshayes, 1839): СевернаЯ КореЯ, провинциЯ Северный Хамгён, Чипсам, длина 49.6 мм, ЗМ ДВФУ № 38635/Bv-5915; E, F – Mactra (Mactra) chinensis Philippi, 1846: СевернаЯ КореЯ, провинциЯ Северный Хамгён, длина 47.5 мм, ЗМ ДВФУ № 38353/Bv-5769; G, H – Spisula (Pseudocardium) sachalinensis (Schrenck, 1861): СевернаЯ КореЯ, провинциЯ Северный Хамгён, длина 95.0 мм, ЗМ ДВФУ № 38355/Bv-5771; I, J – Mactromeris polynyma (Stimpson, 1860): СевернаЯ КореЯ, провинциЯ Северный Хамгён, Чипсам, длина 45.6 мм, ЗМ ДВФУ № 38625/Bv-5905; K–N – Mizuhopecten yessoensis (Jay, 1857): СевернаЯ КореЯ, провинциЯ Северный Хамгён, г. ЧхондЖин, рынок, длина 65.9 мм, ЗМ ДВФУ № 38377/Bv-5783; O–P – Chlamys (Swiftopecten) swiftii (Bernardi, 1858): СевернаЯ КореЯ, провинциЯ Северный Хамгён, длина 70.8 мм, ЗМ ДВФУ № 38378/Bv-5784. A, B – Crassostrea gigas (Thunberg, 1793): North Korea, North Hamgyong Province, shell height 91.3 mm, ZMFU no. 38379/Bv-5785; C, D – Pododesmus (Monia) macrochisma (Deshayes, 1839): North Korea, North Hamgyong Province, Jipsam, shell length 49.6 mm, ZMFU no. 38635/Bv-5915; E, F – Mactra (Mactra) chinensis Philippi, 1846: North Korea, North Hamgyong Province, shell length 47.5 mm, ZMFU no. 38353/Bv-5769; G, H – Spisula (Pseudocardium) sachalinensis (Schrenck, 1861): North Korea, North Hamgyong Province, shell length 95.0 mm, ZMFU no. 38355/Bv-5771; I, J – Mactromeris polynyma (Stimpson, 1860): North Korea, North Hamgyong Province, Jipsam, shell length 45.6 mm, ZMFU no. 38625/Bv-5905; K–N – Mizuhopecten yessoensis (Jay, 1857): North Korea, North Hamgyong Province, Chongjin City, market, shell length 65.9 mm, ZMFU no. 38377/Bv-5783; O–P – Chlamys (Swiftopecten) swiftii (Bernardi, 1858): North Korea, North Hamgyong Province, shell length 70.8 mm, ZMFU no. 38378/Bv-5784. in On the bivalve molluscan fauna of North Hamgyong Province (North Korea)
Фототаблица 2 Plate 2 A, B – Crassostrea gigas (Thunberg, 1793): СевернаЯ КореЯ, провинциЯ Северный Хамгён, высота 91.3 мм, ЗМ ДВФУ № 38379/Bv-5785; C, D – Pododesmus (Monia) macrochisma (Deshayes, 1839): СевернаЯ КореЯ, провинциЯ Северный Хамгён, Чипсам, длина 49.6 мм, ЗМ ДВФУ № 38635/Bv-5915; E, F – Mactra (Mactra) chinensis Philippi, 1846: СевернаЯ КореЯ, провинциЯ Северный Хамгён, длина 47.5 мм, ЗМ ДВФУ № 38353/Bv-5769; G, H – Spisula (Pseudocardium) sachalinensis (Schrenck, 1861): СевернаЯ КореЯ, провинциЯ Северный Хамгён, длина 95.0 мм, ЗМ ДВФУ № 38355/Bv-5771; I, J – Mactromeris polynyma (Stimpson, 1860): СевернаЯ КореЯ, провинциЯ Северный Хамгён, Чипсам, длина 45.6 мм, ЗМ ДВФУ № 38625/Bv-5905; K–N – Mizuhopecten yessoensis (Jay, 1857): СевернаЯ КореЯ, провинциЯ Северный Хамгён, г. ЧхондЖин, рынок, длина 65.9 мм, ЗМ ДВФУ № 38377/Bv-5783; O–P – Chlamys (Swiftopecten) swiftii (Bernardi, 1858): СевернаЯ КореЯ, провинциЯ Северный Хамгён, длина 70.8 мм, ЗМ ДВФУ № 38378/Bv-5784. A, B – Crassostrea gigas (Thunberg, 1793): North Korea, North Hamgyong Province, shell height 91.3 mm, ZMFU no. 38379/Bv-5785; C, D – Pododesmus (Monia) macrochisma (Deshayes, 1839): North Korea, North Hamgyong Province, Jipsam, shell length 49.6 mm, ZMFU no. 38635/Bv-5915; E, F – Mactra (Mactra) chinensis Philippi, 1846: North Korea, North Hamgyong Province, shell length 47.5 mm, ZMFU no. 38353/Bv-5769; G, H – Spisula (Pseudocardium) sachalinensis (Schrenck, 1861): North Korea, North Hamgyong Province, shell length 95.0 mm, ZMFU no. 38355/Bv-5771; I, J – Mactromeris polynyma (Stimpson, 1860): North Korea, North Hamgyong Province, Jipsam, shell length 45.6 mm, ZMFU no. 38625/Bv-5905; K–N – Mizuhopecten yessoensis (Jay, 1857): North Korea, North Hamgyong Province, Chongjin City, market, shell length 65.9 mm, ZMFU no. 38377/Bv-5783; O–P – Chlamys (Swiftopecten) swiftii (Bernardi, 1858): North Korea, North Hamgyong Province, shell length 70.8 mm, ZMFU no. 38378/Bv-5784.
Temporally-balanced selection during development of larval Pacific oysters (Crassostrea gigas) inherently preserves genetic diversity within offspring
<p>Balancing selection is one of the mechanisms which has been proposed to explain the maintenance of genetic diversity in species across generations. For species with large populations and complex life histories, however, heterogeneous selection pressures may create a scenario in which the net effects of selection are balanced across developmental stages. With replicated cultures and a pooled sequencing approach, we show that genotype-dependent mortality in larvae of the Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) is largely temporally dynamic and inconsistently in favor of a single genotype or allelic variant at each locus. Overall, the patterns of genetic change we observe to be taking place are more complex than what would be expected under classical examples of additive or dominant genetic interactions. They are also not easily explained by our current understanding of the effects of genetic load. Collectively, temporally heterogeneous selection pressures across different larval developmental stages may act to maintain genetic diversity in oysters, while also inherently sheltering genetic load within populations.</p>
Mitochondrial responses to long-term and cyclic hypoxia depend on the oxidized fuel in a hypoxia-tolerant marine bivalve Crassostrea gigas
<p>These are the metadata for a publication "Mitochondrial responses to long-term and cyclic hypoxia depend on the oxidized fuel in a hypoxia-tolerant marine bivalve <em>Crassostrea gigas"</em> under consideration for publication in the Scientific reports. Sessile benthic organisms like oysters inhabits intertidal zone transitioning between aquatic and terrestrial condition during tidal movements exposing the organisms to alternating hypoxia and reoxygenation (H/R) episodes thereby altering the respiratory chain activities and metabolome compositions. Our study investigated the effects of constant long-term H/R stress (90 min at ~0% O<sub>2, </sub>and 10 min reoxygenation) and constant cyclic H/R stress (5 cycles of 15 min at ~0% O<sub>2, </sub>and 10 min reoxygenation) on isolated mitochondria from the gill and the digestive gland of <em>C. gigas</em> respiring on different substrates (pyruvate, palmitate, and succinate). Both gill and the digestive gland mitochondria exposed to constant long-term H/R suppressed OXPHOS respiration especially during Complex I oxidation with no change in ROS efflux but an increase FEL. In the gill mitochondria oxidizing Complex I substrates, exposure to constant cyclic H/R prompted a significant drop after the first H/R cycle. In contrast, succinate-driven respiration only showed significant decline after the fifth H/R cycle. ROS efflux and FEL however saw little to no change after constant cyclic H/R. This observation from our study further suggests succinate as a potential stress fuel under H/R stress and might assist in post-hypoxic recovery of oysters mitigating oxidative stress and supporting rapid ATP re-synthesis during oxygen fluctuations such as commonly observed in intertidal zones. Additionally, our study revealed that constant long-term hypoxia is more damaging than constant cyclic hypoxia. </p>
Temporally-balanced selection during development of larval Pacific oysters (Crassostrea gigas) inherently preserves genetic diversity within offspring
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Data from: Comprehensive cDNA cloning and putative feature analysis of endogenous cellulases possessed by the Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas
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High temperature induces transcriptomic changes in Crassostrea gigas that hinder progress of ostreid herpes virus (OsHV-1) and promote survival
<p>Of all environmental factors, seawater temperature plays a decisive role in triggering marine diseases. Like fever in vertebrates, high seawater temperature could modulate the host response to pathogens in ectothermic animals. In France, massive mortality of Pacific oysters, <em>Crassostrea gigas</em>, caused by the ostreid herpesvirus 1 (OsHV-1) is markedly reduced when temperatures exceed 24°C in the field. In the present study we assess how high temperature influences the host response to the pathogen by comparing transcriptomes (RNA sequencing) during the course of experimental infection at 21°C (reference) and 29°C. We show that high temperature induced host physiological processes that are unfavorable to the viral infection. Temperature influenced the expression of transcripts related to the immune process and increased the transcription of genes related to the apoptotic process, synaptic signaling and protein processes at 29°C. Concomitantly, the expression of genes associated with catabolism, metabolite transport, macromolecule synthesis and cell growth remained low from the first stage of infection at 29°C. Moreover, viral entry into the host might have been limited at 29°C by changes in extracellular matrix composition and protein abundance. Overall, these results provide new insights into how environmental factors modulate host–pathogen interactions.</p>
Data from: Genetic evidence for the uncoupling of local aquaculture activities and a population of an invasive species – a case study of Pacific oysters (Crassostrea gigas)
Human-mediated introduction of non-native species into coastal areas via aquaculture is one of the main pathways that can lead to biological invasions. To develop strategies to counteract invasions it is critical to determine whether populations establishing in the wild are self-sustaining or based on repeated introductions. Invasions by the Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) have been associated with the growing oyster aquaculture industry worldwide. In this study, temporal genetic variability of farmed and wild oysters from the largest enclosed bay in Ireland was assessed to reconstruct the recent biological history of the feral populations using seven anonymous and seven microsatellites linked to expressed sequence tags (ESTs). There was no evidence of EST-linked markers showing footprints of selection. Allelic richness was higher in feral than in aquaculture samples (p=0.003, paired t-test). Significant deviations from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) due to heterozygote deficiencies were detected for almost all loci and samples, most likely explained by the presence of null-alleles. Relatively high genetic differentiation was found between aquaculture and feral oysters (largest pairwise multilocus FST 0.074, p < 0.01) and between year classes of oysters from aquaculture (largest pairwise multilocus FST 0.073, p < 0.01), which was also confirmed by the strong separation of aquaculture and wild samples using Bayesian clustering approaches. A ten-fold higher effective population size (Ne) – and a high number of private alleles – in wild oysters suggest an established self-sustaining feral population. The wild oyster population studied appears demographically independent from the current aquaculture activities in the estuary and alternative scenarios of introduction pathways are discussed.
Data from: Fine-scale temporal analysis of genotype-dependent mortality at settlement in the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas
Settlement and metamorphosis mark a critical transition in the life cycle of marine invertebrates, during which substantial mortality occurs in both field and laboratory settings. Previous pair-crossing experiments with the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas have revealed significant selective or genotype-dependent mortality around the metamorphic transition, but the fine-scale nature and timing of this mortality is not known, particularly whether it occurs before, during or after metamorphosis. In this laboratory study, microsatellite marker segregation ratios were followed daily throughout the settlement and metamorphosis of an F2 cross of the Pacific oyster to examine the fine-scale patterns of genotype dependent mortality at this transition and whether settlement timing (early vs. late) might be under genetic control and affect inference of genotype dependent mortality. Settlement occurred over nine days (day 18 to day 27 post-fertilization) with 68% of individuals settling either early (day 19) or late (day 24). Tracking the survival of spat for 40 days after initial settlement revealed almost no mortality and thus no appreciable genetic mortality. Temporal genetic analysis revealed that 3/11 loci exhibited genotype dependent mortality around the metamorphic transition, one of which (Cg205) was followed throughout settlement and metamorphosis. Alternative temporal patterns of strong selection against each homozygous genotype at Cg205 revealed possible defects in both the competency pathway (inability to initiate metamorphosis) and the morphogenesis pathway (mortality during the metamorphic transition). Quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping of settlement timing identified three individual and one epistatic QTL with significant genetic effects on this trait (29% of the variance explained in total); however, two of these loci were linked to markers exhibiting selective mortality at metamorphosis, potentially confounding their apparent association with settlement timing. Overall, the results of this study highlight the complex nature of mortality and behavior during settlement and metamorphosis in oysters and suggest that endogenous sources of mortality at settlement may play an important role in the recruitment dynamics of oysters and possibly other broadcast spawning marine invertebrates.
Data from: The density and spatial arrangement of the invasive oyster Crassostrea gigas determines its impact on settlement of native oyster larvae
Understanding how the density and spatial arrangement of invaders is critical to developing management strategies of pest species. The Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas, has been translocated around the world for aquaculture and in many instances has established wild populations. Relative to other species of bivalve, it displays rapid suspension feeding, which may cause mortality of pelagic invertebrate larvae. We compared the effect on settlement of Sydney rock oyster, Saccostrea glomerata, larvae of manipulating the spatial arrangement and density of native S. glomerata, and non-native C. gigas. We hypothesized that while manipulations of dead oysters would reveal the same positive relationship between attachment surface area and S. glomerata settlement between the two species, manipulations of live oysters would reveal differing density-dependent effects between the native and non-native oyster. In the field, whether oysters were live or dead, more larvae settled on C. gigas than S. glomerata when substrate was arranged in monospecific clumps. When, however, the two species were interspersed, there were no differences in larval settlement between them. By contrast, in aquaria simulating a higher effective oyster density, more larvae settled on live S. glomerata than C. gigas. When C. gigas was prevented from suspension feeding, settlement of larvae on C. gigas was enhanced. By contrast, settlement was similar between the two species when dead. While the presently low densities of the invasive oyster C. gigas may enhance S. glomerata larval settlement in east Australian estuaries, future increases in densities could produce negative impacts on native oyster settlement. Synthesis and applications: Our study has shown that both the spatial arrangement and density of invaders can influence their impact. Hence, management strategies aimed at preventing invasive populations reaching damaging sizes should not only consider the threshold density at which impacts exceed some acceptable limit, but also how patch formation modifies this.
Data from: Genetic evidence for the uncoupling of local aquaculture activities and a population of an invasive species – a case study of Pacific oysters (Crassostrea gigas)
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Data from: Detailed insights into pan-European population structure and inbreeding in wild and hatchery Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) populations revealed by genome-wide SNP data
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Data from: Fine-scale temporal analysis of genotype-dependent mortality at settlement in the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas
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