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FIGURE 12 in Deciduous dentition and dental eruption of Hyainailouroidea (Hyaenodonta, "Creodonta," Placentalia, Mammalia)

FIGURE 12. Results of the phylogenetic analysis of Hyaenodonta character-taxon matrix including deciduous dental characters. Results are visualized as an "allcompat" (majority rule plus compatible groups) consensus tree. Posterior probabilities (PP) are placed over each node. Bold taxa are scored for deciduous dental characters. Major, named clades recovered or discussed in this analysis and recovered in other analyses are illustrated.

FIGURE 11 in Deciduous dentition and dental eruption of Hyainailouroidea (Hyaenodonta, "Creodonta," Placentalia, Mammalia)

FIGURE 11. Metasinopa sp. right dentary with dC, dP4, M1, M2 and I, C, P2, P3, P4 M3 in crypts (DPC 4544) from Quarry V (early Oligocene), Fayum Depression, Egypt. Original specimen figured with digital model based on µ-CT scans reconstructed in Avizo. Dentary rendered transparent to reveal developing dentition. Grey, deciduous dentition. Yellow, permanent dentition. 1) specimen occlusal view; 2) model occlusal view; 3) specimen lingual view; 4) model lingual view; 5) specimen buccal view; and 6) model buccal view. Scale bar is 10 mm.

FIGURE 10 in Deciduous dentition and dental eruption of Hyainailouroidea (Hyaenodonta, "Creodonta," Placentalia, Mammalia)

FIGURE 10. Metasinopa sp. left maxilla fragments with dP3, dP4, and M1 (DPC 10199) from Quarry V (early Oligocene), Fayum Depression, Egypt in 1) occlusal view; 2) buccal view; and 3) lingual view. Note that there is matrix around the roots of the specimens that has been cropped to make the dentition easier to view. Scale bar is 10 mm.

FIGURE 7. Masrasector nananubis left maxillae from Locality 41 in Deciduous dentition and dental eruption of Hyainailouroidea (Hyaenodonta, "Creodonta," Placentalia, Mammalia)

FIGURE 7. Masrasector nananubis left maxillae from Locality 41 (latest Eocene), Fayum Depression, Egypt. Original specimens figured with digital models based on µ-CT scans reconstructed in Avizo. Maxilla rendered transparent to reveal developing dentition. Grey, deciduous dentition. Yellow, permanent dentition. DPC 20882 is a left maxilla fragment that preserves dP3 and dP4 and no indication of developing permanent dentition. 1) specimen occlusal view; 2) model occlusal view; 3) specimen buccal view; 4) model buccal view; 5) specimen lingual view; 6) model lingual view. DPC 13837 is a left maxilla fragment that preserves erupted dP3, dP4, and M1 and P3 and P4 developing in crypts. 7) specimen occlusal view; 8) model occlusal view; 9) specimen buccal view; 10) model buccal view; 11) specimen lingual view; 12) model lingual view. Scale bar is 10 mm.

FIGURE 8 in Deciduous dentition and dental eruption of Hyainailouroidea (Hyaenodonta, "Creodonta," Placentalia, Mammalia)

FIGURE 8. Masrasector nananubis right dentary with erupted dC, dP2, dP3, and dP4, M1 alveoli and P2, P3, and M2 in crypts (DPC 18276) from Locality 41 (latest Eocene), Fayum Depression, Egypt. Original specimen figured with digital model based on µ-CT scans reconstructed in Avizo. Dentary rendered transparent to reveal developing dentition. Grey, deciduous dentition. Yellow, permanent dentition. 1) specimen occlusal view; 2) model occlusal view; 3) specimen lingual view; 4) model lingual view; 5) specimen buccal view; 6) model buccal view. Scale bar is 10 mm.

FIGURE 9 in Deciduous dentition and dental eruption of Hyainailouroidea (Hyaenodonta, "Creodonta," Placentalia, Mammalia)

FIGURE 9. Masrasector nananubis left dentary with erupted dP3, dP4, M1 and M2 and P2, P3, and M3 in crypts (DPC 10358) from Locality 41 (latest Eocene), Fayum Depression, Egypt. Original specimen figured with digital model based on µ-CT scans reconstructed in Avizo. Dentary rendered transparent to reveal developing dentition. Grey, deciduous dentition. Yellow, permanent dentition. 1) specimen occlusal view; 2) model occlusal view; 3) specimen lingual view; 4) model lingual view; 5) specimen buccal view; 6) model buccal view. Scale bar is 10 mm.

FIGURE 5 in Deciduous dentition and dental eruption of Hyainailouroidea (Hyaenodonta, "Creodonta," Placentalia, Mammalia)

FIGURE 5. Anasinopa libyca left dentary with dP3 and dP4 from Gebel Zelten (middle Miocene), Libya (BMNH M82378) in 1) occlusal view; 2) lingual view; 3) buccal view. Scale bar is 10 mm.

FIGURE 4 in Deciduous dentition and dental eruption of Hyainailouroidea (Hyaenodonta, "Creodonta," Placentalia, Mammalia)

FIGURE 4. Anasinopa leakeyi left maxilla cast with dP2, dP3 and dP4 (KNM-RU 2385) from Rusinga Island (early Miocene), Kenya in 1) occlusal view; 2) buccal view; and 3) lingual view. Scale bar is 10 mm.

FIGURE 6 in Deciduous dentition and dental eruption of Hyainailouroidea (Hyaenodonta, "Creodonta," Placentalia, Mammalia)

FIGURE 6. Dissopsalis pyroclasticus left maxilla with dP3 and dP4 (KNM-FT 3357) from Fort Ternan (early Miocene), Kenya in 1) occlusal view; 2) buccal view; and 3) lingual view. Scale bar is 10 mm.

FIGURE 2 in Deciduous dentition and dental eruption of Hyainailouroidea (Hyaenodonta, "Creodonta," Placentalia, Mammalia)

FIGURE 2. Apterodon macrognathus left dentary with dP3, dP4, M1 and M2 in crypt (DPC 8217) from Quarry M (early Oligocene) in the Fayum Depression, Egypt. Original specimen figured with digital model based on µ-CT scans reconstructed in Avizo. Mandibular corpus rendered transparent to reveal developing dentition. Grey, deciduous dentition. Yellow, permanent dentition. 1) Specimen occlusal view; 2) model occlusal view; 3) specimen lingual view; 4) model lingual view; 5) specimen buccal view; 6) model buccal view. Scale bar is 10 mm.

FIGURE 1 in Deciduous dentition and dental eruption of Hyainailouroidea (Hyaenodonta, "Creodonta," Placentalia, Mammalia)

FIGURE 1. Apterodon macrognathus left maxilla fragment with dP4 and alveoli of dP3 (DPC 4126) from Quarry M (early Oligocene) in the Fayum Depression, Egypt in 1) occlusal view; 2) buccal view; and 3) lingual view. Scale bar is 10 mm.

FIGURE 3 in Deciduous dentition and dental eruption of Hyainailouroidea (Hyaenodonta, "Creodonta," Placentalia, Mammalia)

FIGURE 3. Leakitherium hiwegi maxilla fragments from Rusinga Island (early Miocene), Kenya. KNM-RU 2949 (CMF 4025 in Savage, 1965) is a left maxilla fragment dP3 and dP4 shown in 1) occlusal view; 2) buccal view; and 3) lingual view. KNM-RU 15182 is a right maxilla fragment with dP3 and dP4 and the germ of P4 shown in 4) occlusal view; 5) buccal view; 6) lingual view; 7) dorsal view; 8) and distal view. The well-developed germ of P4 is best viewed in dorsal and distal view. Specimens are to scale and scale bar is 10 mm.

Figure 12 in Further evidence of the African antiquity of hyaenodontid ('Creodonta', Mammalia) evolution

Figure 12. Preliminary tentative and informal hypothesis on the phylogenetic relationships of Lahimia selloumi gen. et sp. nov. and Koholiinae with main lineages of hyaenodontids, based on the present character study, with indications of stratigraphical and palaeogeographical distribution. This phylogenetic sketch supports an African origin of the Hyaenodontidae (e.g. Gheerbrant et al., 2006) and a significant early African radiation that remains nearly unknown and that is exemplified here by several ghost lineages [Prototomus-like lineage, Proviverra-like lineage, Limnocyoninae, Boualitomus (? = uncertain age), Koholia]. D, dispersal from Africa to Laurasia. Cimolestes is taken here as the outgroup ancestral eutherian morphotype. Node 1: Hyaenodontidae: postvallum/prevallid shearing developed (postmetacrista/ paraconid–paracristid enhanced); first molar smaller than M2–3. Node 2: Trigonid larger than talonid; postfossid slightly narrow; P4 without metaconid ridge. Node 3: P1 single-rooted; postfossid narrow; talonid cusps reduced and crestiform (but base inflated transversally), especially the entoconid. Node 4: Koholiinae (lower dentition: inferred in Koholia): mandibular symphysis anterior to P2; P1 absent; precingulid extended labially; protoconid with labial flank inflated and apex set lingually; trigonid much larger than talonid; talonid reduced and simplified (including vs. Prototomus); postfossid very narrow (including vs. Prototomus); hypoconid and hypoconulid poorly separated distally (no deep notch); reduced exodaenodonty; prevallum/postvallid shearing secondarily developed? Node 5 (lower dentition: inferred in Koholia): P2 small with mesial root reduced; paraconid large, high and well lingual; talonid short; protocone reduced (Lahimia?) metaconid reduced; trigonid extended mesiodistally.

Figure 10 in Further evidence of the African antiquity of hyaenodontid ('Creodonta', Mammalia) evolution

Figure 10. Comparison of tooth length and width profiles (natural-logarithm scale in ordinate) for the three lower molars in Lahimia selloumi gen. et sp. nov. (OCP DEK/GE 443, OCP DEK/GE 442, MNHN PM56, and MNHN PM57), Boualitomus marocanensis, Prototomus minimus, and Prototomus girardoti Smith & Smith, 2001.

Figure 11 in Further evidence of the African antiquity of hyaenodontid ('Creodonta', Mammalia) evolution

Figure 11. Comparison of the occlusal sketch of the lower molars of Lahimia selloumi gen. et sp. nov. (M1 and M2 of MNHN PM 57 and M1 trigonid of OCP DEK/GE 443) and the upper molars of Koholia atlasense (M1). I–V: related morphological features: see Table 7. 1–6: wear facets.

Figure 9 in Further evidence of the African antiquity of hyaenodontid ('Creodonta', Mammalia) evolution

Figure 9. Comparison of the occlusal sketch of the lower molars of: A, Prototomus minimus (reconstruction; M3 in reversed view); B, Boualitomus marocanensis (reversed view); and C, D, Lahimia selloumi gen. et sp. nov. [C: MNHN PM57; D: OCP DEK/GE 443 (reversed view)].

Figure 8 in Further evidence of the African antiquity of hyaenodontid ('Creodonta', Mammalia) evolution

Figure 8. Lahimia selloumi gen. et sp. nov. View of the anterior part of the dentition of OCP DEK/GE 442. Alveoli with broken roots of left P2–M1. Occlusal stereo-view. Occlusal sketch of the anterior part of the dentition of OCP DEK/GE 442.

Figure 7 in Further evidence of the African antiquity of hyaenodontid ('Creodonta', Mammalia) evolution

Figure 7. Lahimia selloumi gen. et sp. nov. Detailed scanning electron micrograph views of the molars. A, B, MNHN PM56, M2–M3 in occlusal stereo-view (A), and labial view (B). C, D, holotype OCP DEK/GE 443, M1–M3 in occlusal (C) and labial views (D).

Figure 3 in Further evidence of the African antiquity of hyaenodontid ('Creodonta', Mammalia) evolution

Figure 3. Stratigraphical column of the phosphates series of the quarrying area of Sidi Chennane, Ouleb Abdoun Basin, Morocco (OCP documents).

Figure 4 in Further evidence of the African antiquity of hyaenodontid ('Creodonta', Mammalia) evolution

Figure 4. Lithological section of the Thanetian in the Sidi Chennane quarry with localization of the fossiliferous level of Lahimia selloumi gen. et sp. nov.