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10 results for “Critical Raw Materials”
From waste to value: Recovering critical raw materials from urban mines in the European Union and the United States
<p><strong>Submitted data was used to write an article: </strong>Jędrusiak, R., Bielowicz, B., Drobniak, A., 2023, From waste to value: Recovering critical raw materials from urban mines in the European Union and the United States, Mineral Resource Management 39 (3), 43-63. <a href="https://doi.org/10.24425/gsm.2023.147557">https://doi.org/10.24425/gsm.2023.147557</a></p> <p> </p> <p><strong>Funding acknowledgments: </strong>Agnieszka Drobniak contribution comes from the support of the Polish National Agency for Academic Exchange within the Polish Returns Programme (BPN/PPO/2021/1/00005/DEC/1), and the National Science Center, Poland (2022/01/1/ST10/00024). This research was funded by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of Poland (subsidies no. 16.16.140.315).</p> <p> </p> <p><strong>Article Abstract: </strong>Modern human consumption, rapid urbanization and further increases in the world’s population lead to the demand for more goods and materials. However, after utilization, only some of these materials are recovered or recycled, many are discarded due to a lack of implemented recovery technologies and regulations, or due to the content of contaminants. Moreover, many of the potentially recoverable materials are deposited in landfills or shipped to less developed countries for disposal where they can cause environmental contamination. The new approach to waste management follows the hierarchy of waste prevention. First, waste is prepared for reuse and repair without the need for treatment processes, or it is recycled. If this is not possible, the waste is incinerated with energy recovery, or failing that, it is disposed of in landfills. This waste hierarchy has become one of the key factors in the transformation of a linear economy into a circular economy. Particularly noteworthy is waste containing raw materials of significant economic importance, especially those of a high supply risk due to the level of concentration in another country and import dependence. These critical raw materials (CRM) are an inherent part of our modern, technology-driven life. They are essential to national security and the economic development of every country. Their use is drastically increasing, and with it, the need to assure their reliable and unrestricted access along with lowering the environmental impact from their production and extraction. Currently, scientists and industry direct a lot of effort into finding new supplies of these materials, not only from traditional sources in nature but also from new sources like anthropogenic waste. The purpose of this study is to present the raw material potential which remains mostly unused in residues from municipal waste incineration in regions with highly developed economies – the United States and the European Union. These economies have shortages of their own raw material extraction capacity due to high levels of consumption and insufficient amounts of raw-material content in natural resources.</p>
Supplementary data to Challenges and Opportunities for the Recovery of Critical Raw Materials from Electronic Waste
<p>Content of the excell file:</p> <p>Table S1: Relationship between UNU-keys and MINCOTUR codes</p> <p>Table S2: UNU-Key composition and alpha and beta values for Weibull distributions</p> <p>Table S3: Metal prices used in this study.</p>
Mining minerals and critical raw materials from bittern: Understanding metal ions fate in saltwork ponds
<p>Seawater represents a potential resource for raw materials extraction. Although NaCl is the most representative mineral<br> extracted other valuable compounds such as Mg, Li, Sr, Rb and B and elements at trace level (Cs, Co, In, Sc, Ga and<br> Ge) are also contained in this “liquid mine”. Most of them are considered as Critical Raw Materials by the European<br> Union. Solar saltworks, providing concentration factors of up-to 20 to 40, offer a perfect platform for the development<br> of minerals and metal recovery schemes taking benefit of the concentration and purification achieved along the evaporation<br> saltwork ponds.<br> However, the geochemistry of these elements in this environment has not been yet thoroughly evaluated. Their knowledge<br> could enable the deployment of technologies capable to achieve the recovery of valuable minerals. The high ionic<br> strengths expected (0.5–7 mol/kg) and the chemical complexity of the solutions imply that only numerical geochemical<br> codes, as PHREEQC, and the use of Pitzer model to estimate the activity coefficients of the different species in solution<br> can be adopted to provide valuable description of the systems.<br> In the present work, for the first time, PHREEQC Pitzer code database was extended to include the target minor and<br> trace elements using Trapani saltworks (Sicily, Italy) as a case study system. The model was able to predict: i) the purity<br> in halite and the major impurities contained, mainly Ca,Mgand sulphate species; ii) the fate of minor components as B,<br> Sr, Cs, Co, Ge and Ga along the evaporation ponds. The results obtained pose a fundamental step in critical raw materials<br> mining from seawater brine, for process intensification and combination with desalination.</p>
Polymeric and inorganic sorbents as a green option to recover critical raw materials at trace levels from sea saltwork bitterns
<p>Seawater mining is certainly a green alternative source for obtaining minerals as seawater is a natural renewable and unlimited available resource. Based on the lack of ways to obtain certain raw materials, the European Union has created the Critical Raw Materials (CRM) list. Seawater contains almost all elements, including some of those present in the CRM list, but only a few are economically feasible to be extracted as most of them are considered Trace Elements (TEs) (μg L−1). Therefore, an improvement in TEs extraction must be carried out. Saltwork brines can be considered as they are naturally concentrated (20–40 times) compared to seawater, which makes the extraction and recovery of TEs easier. Selective polymeric and inorganic sorbents were evaluated for TEs recovery (Li, B, Co, Ga, Ge, Rb, Sr, and Cs) from synthetic brines mimicking sea saltwork bitterns. Distribution coefficients were determined to characterize selectivity patterns toward TEs. Although amine and sulphonic sorbents showed low sorption of TEs, carboxylic sorbents presented good sorption and recovery for Co and Ga. Among phosphonic/phosphinic sorbents, MTX8010 achieved >98% sorption and desorption of Ga. Aminophosphonic and iminodiacetic are the best sorbents for Sr, but its desorption was incomplete. B was only sorbed by N-Methylglucamine (>98%) and N-Methylpyridine sorbents (75%), and its desorption was 37–64% and 66−>99%, respectively. SbTreat presented good performance targeting Ga and Ge, and CsTreat demonstrated high Cs uptake, but its desorption was unachieved. The most highly selective sorbents could provide the possibility of building a green option to recover critical elements for societal development in the next decade.</p>
Applicability of new sustainable and efficient alginate-based composites for critical raw materials recovery: General composites fabrication optimization and adsorption performance evaluation
<p>This dataset contains the raw data for the publication "Applicability of new sustainable and efficient alginate-based composites for critical raw materials recovery: General composites fabrication optimization and adsorption performance evaluation" by Fila et al, published in Chemical Engineering Journal. The upload includes raw data of physicochemical characterizations of calcium alginate and its composites, i.e. alginate-biochar and alginate-clinoptilolite, including BET, SEM, TG, XPS and XRD analyses. </p>
Sorption strategies for recovering critical raw materials: Extracting trace elements from saltworks brines
<p><span>Rising population, industrialisation, and resource demand intensify resource limitations, particularly critical for European Union (EU) industries dependent on raw materials. Based on economic importance and supply risk, 32 Critical Raw Materials (CRMs) and two strategic raw materials were identified in 2023. With most CRMs sourced outside the EU, sea mining emerges as a promising secondary resource for CRMs extraction from seawater, although the harvest of Trace Elements (TEs) will require energy-intensive processes. Several EU-funded projects explore circular economy and resource recovery, considering sorption methods’ potential to extract TEs from brines. Commercial polymeric (IRC747, S940, MTX8010) and inorganic (SbTreat, SrTreat) sorbents, plus another synthesised inorganic one (CuHCF), were assessed for recovering TEs (cobalt, gallium, germanium, rubidium, strontium, caesium) from saltworks brines (bitterns). Polymeric sorbents, containing chelating functional groups, effectively targeted cobalt, gallium, and strontium, commercial inorganic sorbents favoured cobalt, gallium, germanium and strontium, and CuHCF targeted rubidium and caesium. Kinetic batch experiments demonstrated rapid element retention (≤30 min) by most sorbents. In dynamic column experiments, high sorption capacities were observed for cobalt and gallium with the polymeric sorbents, particularly for aminophosphonic sorbents (IRC747 and S940) (≥2.1 mg/g). SrTreat exhibited also a high sorption capacity of 7 mg/g for strontium, SbTreat achieved 20 mg/g for gallium and germanium and CuHCF retained rubidium (10 mg/g) and caesium (70 mg/g). Acidic desorption effectively recovered (>70 %) most of the elements from the sorbents, achieving concentration factors up to 708 for cobalt with IRC747 and S940, highlighting the potential valorisation of saltworks bitterns.</span></p>
Dataset of "Wasting of Critical Raw Materials in Batteries for Single-Use E-Cigarettes "
<p>This paper focuses on the use of lithium-ion batteries in single-use e-cigarettes, examining their material composition and impact on the waste of critical raw materials. The consumption of these single-use e-cigarettes, which employ lithium-ion cells with a potential lifespan of several hundred cycles if reused, leads to the waste of critical and strategic raw materials in the Czech Republic alone. These discarded materials could have been used to manufacture several thousand batterypacks for electric vehicles annually.</p>
Facile synthesis of eco-friendly alginate-chitosan bio-adsorbent for critical raw materials adsorption: A comprehensive study
<p>This dataset contains the raw data for the publication "Facile synthesis of eco-friendly alginate-chitosan bio-adsorbent for critical raw materials adsorption: A comprehensive study" by Fila et al, published in Journal of Environmental Management. The upload includes raw data of physicochemical characterizations of alginate-chitosan composite, including TG, ATR/FT-IR, SEM, and XPS analyses. </p>
Unlocking hidden mineral resources: Characterization and potential of bitterns as alternative sources of critical raw materials_dataset
Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.
Fostering the circular economy by unlocking the secondary critical raw material potential of historical mine sites. A study in the Lousal Mine, southern Portugal
<p>Table s1: p-XRF results from the samples collected in the Lousal waste dump</p>
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