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Figure 43 in Cretaceous Crocodyliforms from the Sahara

Figure 43. Phylogeny of stem crocodyliforms. Maximum parsimony and bootstrap analysis of representative stem crocodyliforms scored for 252 characters using the protosuchian Orthosuchus as an outgroup. Taxon names in red highlight those species described here. The character list, character-state matrix, and apomorphy list (for one of the minimum-length trees) are available in the Appendix. A Strict consensus tree based on 4 minimum-length trees (TL = 986, consistency index = 0.34; retention index = 0.64) from maximum-parsimony analysis using PAUP* (Swofford 1998) of all 42 ingroup crocodyliforms, which places Hsisosuchus and Thalattosuchia at the base of Crocodyliformes, recognizes a diverse Notosuchia including Anatosuchus and Araripesuchus, and positions several taxa including Kaprosuchus and Laganosuchus within Neosuchia. B 50%-majority-rule consensus tree based on 2000 bootstrap replicate parsimony analyses on 40 ingroup crocodyliforms (excluding for computational effi ciency the poorly known taxa Araripesuchus rattoides and Laganosuchus thaumastos). The bootstrap result recognizes less structure at the base of Metasuchia and within Notosuchia. Taxon names (circled numbers) are positioned on nodes and stems to reflect their node- and stem-based phylogenetic definitions, respectively (Sereno 2005; Larsson and Sues 2007). Abbreviations: 1, Mesoeucrocodylia; 2, Thalattosuchia; 3, Metasuchia; 4, Notosuchia; 5, Neosuchia; 6, Sebecia; 7, Mahajangasuchidae; 8, Pholidosauridae; 9, Crocodylia.

Figure 40 in Cretaceous Crocodyliforms from the Sahara

Figure 40. Lower jaws of the crocodyliform Laganosuchus thaumastos gen. n. sp. n. Cast (UCRC PVC9) of the posterior portion of the lower jaws (MNN IGU13). A Left side in dorsal view. B Right side in dorsal view. Dashed line indicates missing bone. Scale bar equals 5 cm. Abbreviations: a, angular; ar, articular; gl, glenoid; cp, coronoid process; pb, pathologic bone; rp, retroarticular process; ru, rugosities; sa, surangular.

Figure 35 in Cretaceous Crocodyliforms from the Sahara

Figure 35. Skull of the crocodyliform Kaprosuchus saharicus gen. n. sp. n. Detailed views of the external nares and orbital region (MNN IGU12). A Snout end in dorsal view. B Orbital, antorbital, and coronoid regions of the skull in right lateral view. Scale bars equal 5 cm. Abbreviations: a, angular; antfe, antorbital fenestra; antfo, antorbital fossa; apap, articular surface for the palpebral; asaf, anterior surangular foramen; d3, dentary tooth 3; en, external naris; j, jugal; l, lacrimal; m, maxilla; n, nasal; nf, narial fossa; pm, premaxilla; pmru, premaxillary rugosity; pob, postorbital bar (jugal portion); sa, surangular.

Figure 22 in Cretaceous Crocodyliforms from the Sahara

Figure 22. Endocast of the crocodyliform Araripesuchus wegeneri. Endocast (UCRC PVC5) prototyped from a computed-tomography scan of skull MNN GAD19. Th e endocast lacks a portion of the pituitary fossa and right and left labyrinths. A Lateral view. B Dorsal view. C Ventral view. Scale bar equals 1 cm. Abbreviations: cer, cerebrum; cnII, cranial nerve II (optic nerve); lsin, longitudinal sinus; opt, optic lobe; pit, pituitary fossa; vfo, ventral fossa.

Figure 26 in Cretaceous Crocodyliforms from the Sahara

Figure 26. Manus and pes of the crocodyliform Araripesuchus wegeneri. A Right manus in dorsal view (MNN GAD22). B Right pes in dorsal view (MNN GAD22). Scale bar equals 1 cm in A and 2 cm in B. Abbreviations: I-V, digits I-V; mc1–5, metacarpal 1–5; mt1–4, metatarsal 1–4; ph, phalanx; un, ungual.

Figure 34 in Cretaceous Crocodyliforms from the Sahara

Figure 34. Skull of the crocodyliform Kaprosuchus saharicus gen. n. sp. n. Drawings matching the cranium and lower jaws (MNN IGU12) in Fig. 33. A Cranium and lower jaws in left lateral view. B Cranium in dorsal view. C Cranium in ventral view. Dashed line indicates missing bone or tooth crown. Scale bar equals 20 cm. Abbreviations: a, angular; antfe, antorbital fenestra; antfo, antorbital fossa; apap, articular surface for palpebral; ar, articular; asaf, anterior surangular foramen; bo, basioccipital; bs, basisphenoid; ch, choana; d, dentary; d1–3, 8, 16, dentary tooth 1–3, 8, 16; dd3, 8, diastema for dentary tooth d3, d8; ec, ectopterygoid; Ef, Eustachian foramen; emf, external mandibular fenestra; en, external naris; f, frontal; fd1, 2, 5, fossa for dentary tooth 1, 2, 5; gef, groove for ear flap; j, jugal; jfo, jugal fossa; l, lacrimal; m, maxilla; m1, 3, 7, 10, maxillary tooth 1, 3, 7, 10; n, nasal; nfo, narial fossa; p, parietal; pf, prefrontal; pl, palatine; pm, premaxilla; pm1–3, premaxillary tooth 1–3; po, postorbital; pt, pterygoid; q, quadrate; qc, quadrate cotylus; qj, quadratojugal; rp, retroarticular process; sa, surangular; se, septum; sof, suborbital fenestra; sq, squamosal; sqh, squamosal horn; tm, tooth mark; vg, vascular groove.

Figure 24 in Cretaceous Crocodyliforms from the Sahara

Figure 24. Caudal skeleton of the crocodyliform Araripesuchus wegeneri. Flexed, articulated tail showing paired dorsal osteoderm rows in dorsal view, lateral osteoderm row in lateral view and ventral osteoderm rows in ventral view (MNN GAD20). Scale bar equals 5 cm. Abbreviations: k, keel; l do, left dorsal osteoderm; l vo, left ventral osteoderm; r do, right dorsal osteoderm; r lo, right lateral osteoderm; r vo, right ventral osteoderm.

Figure 33 in Cretaceous Crocodyliforms from the Sahara

Figure 33. Skull of the crocodyliform Kaprosuchus saharicus gen. n. sp. n. Cast (UCRC PVC8) of cranium and lower jaws (MNN IGU12), which were separated from a cast of the skull (which remains in one piece). Left maxillary teeth 1 and 8 were missing and are based on the corresponding right maxillary teeth. Dentary teeth 9–16 cannot be seen as a result of the adduction of the jaws but were visualized and then reconstructed on the basis of a computed-tomographic scan. A portion of the right side of the skull table is not preserved and is a reflection from the left side. Most of the occiput is not preserved and has been reconstructed. A Cranium and lower jaws in left lateral view. B Cranium in dorsal view. C Cranium in ventral view. Scale bar equals 20 cm.

Figure 9 in Cretaceous Crocodyliforms from the Sahara

Figure 9. Dentary of the crocodyliform Anatosuchus minor. Pencil drawing of mid-section of the left dentary including alveoli 7–14 (MNN GAD18). A Dorsal view. B Ventral view (reversed). Parallel lines indicate broken bone; double-dash pattern indicates matrix. Scale bar equals 1 cm. Abbreviations: ad7, 12, alveolus of dentary tooth 7, 12; asp, articular surface for splenial; d14, dentary tooth 14; fo, foramen; Mc, Meckel's canal; sh, shelf.

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Figure 1 in Corrigenda: Sereno PC, Larsson HCE (2009) Cretaceous Crocodyliforms from the Sahara. ZooKeys 28: 1–143.

Figure 1. Lower jaw of Kaprosuchus saharicus. Drawing of the lateral view of the lower jaw (MNN IGU12). Scale bar equals 10 cm. Abbreviations: a, angular; ar, articular; asaf, anterior surangular foramen; d, dentary; d1-3, 8, 16, dentary tooth 1-3, 8, 16; emf, external mandibular fenestra; qc, quadrate cotylus; ri, ridge; rp, retroarticular process; sa, surangular.

Fig. 5 in A New Gobiosuchid Crocodyliform Taxon from the Cretaceous of Mongolia

Fig. 5. Right posterolateral process of the squamosal of Zaraasuchus shepardi IGM 100/1321 in dorsal view.

Fig. 8 in A New Gobiosuchid Crocodyliform Taxon from the Cretaceous of Mongolia

Fig. 8. Cervical osteoderms of Zaraasuchus shepardi IGM 100/1321 in (A) dorsal view; (B) lateral view

Fig. 3 in A New Gobiosuchid Crocodyliform Taxon from the Cretaceous of Mongolia

Fig. 3. Skull of the holotype of Zaraasuchus shepardi IGM 100/1321 in (A) left lateral view; (B) right lateral view.

Fig. 7 in A New Gobiosuchid Crocodyliform Taxon from the Cretaceous of Mongolia

Fig. 7. Posterior region of the mandibular ramus of Zaraasuchus shepardi IGM 100/1321 in (A) posterolateral view; (B) ventral view.

FIG. 96 in Form and function of the pelvic girdle of Thalattosuchia and Dyrosauridae (Crocodyliformes)

FIG. 96. — Projected great axes of the femoral condyles and head onto a X-Y plane perpendicular to the greatest axis of the femur: A, Dakosaurus maximus (Plieninger, 1846), SMNS 8203; B, 'Metriorhynchus' brachyrhynchus (Eudes-Deslongchamps, 1867), NHMUK PV R 3804; C, 'Metriorhynchus' brachyrhynchus, NHMUK PV R 4763; D, Suchodus durobrivensis Lydekker, 1890, NHMUK PV R 2618. Target indicates anterior. Arrow points anteriorly. Femora with anteversion will display similar orientations of the greatest axis of the distal condyles and the femoral head. Scale bars: A, B, 5 cm; C, D, 1 cm.

FIG. 95 in Form and function of the pelvic girdle of Thalattosuchia and Dyrosauridae (Crocodyliformes)

FIG. 95. — Projected great axes of the femoral condyles and head onto a X-Y plane perpendicular to the greatest axis of the femur: A, Charitomenosuchus leedsi (Andrews, 1909), NHMUK PV R 3806; B, Neosteneosaurus edwardsi (Eudes-Deslongchamps, 1868), NHMUK PV R 2076; C, Lemmysuchus obtusidens (Andrews, 1909), NHMUK PV R 3168; D, Machimosaurus sp., SMNS 81608. Target indicates anterior. Arrow points anteriorly. Femora with anteversion will display similar orientations of the greatest axis of the distal condyles and the femoral head. Scale bars: 5 cm.

FIG. 93 in Form and function of the pelvic girdle of Thalattosuchia and Dyrosauridae (Crocodyliformes)

FIG. 93. — Comparison of the adduction and abduction movements with similar femoral head orientation between Dyrosauridae, Metriorhynchoidea and Teleosauroidea in lateral and anterior views: A, Congosaurus bequaerti Dollo, 1914 (holotype); B, 'Metriorhynchus' brachyrhynchus (Eudes-Deslongchamps, 1867), NHMUK PV R 4763; C, Neosteneosaurus edwardsi (Eudes-Deslongchamps, 1868), NHMUK PV R 3701. Target indicates anterior. Arrow points anteriorly. Scale bars: 10 cm.

FIG. 99 in Form and function of the pelvic girdle of Thalattosuchia and Dyrosauridae (Crocodyliformes)

FIG. 99. — Comparison of hind fin shapes in three different clades of marine reptiles:A, Thalattosuchia; B, Ichthyosauria;C, Plesiosauria.

FIG. 92 in Form and function of the pelvic girdle of Thalattosuchia and Dyrosauridae (Crocodyliformes)

FIG. 92. — Comparative figures illustrating the dorsoventral compression Crocodyliformes femora using the unidirectional scaling tool in Blender (version 3.6.2). In the compressed femora, the distal condyles appear further squashed, not reoriented: 1, Mecistops cataphractus Cuvier, 1825, RBINS 18374; 2, Hyposaurus natator (Troxell, 1925), NJSM 23368; 3, Hyposaurus natator, YPM VP.000753;4: Congosaurus bequaerti Dollo, 1914, MRAC 1817; A, anterior view; B, posterior view; C, dorsal view; D, ventral view. Blue line represents main axis of femoral head; orange line indicates main axis of medial distal condyle; fuchsia line indicates main axis of lateral distal condyle. Target indicates anterior. Cross indicates posterior. Arrow points anteriorly. Scale bars: 5 cm.

FIG. 98 in Form and function of the pelvic girdle of Thalattosuchia and Dyrosauridae (Crocodyliformes)

FIG. 98. — Projected great axes of the femoral condyles and head onto a X-Y plane perpendicular to the greatest axis of the femur: A, Thalattosuchus superciliosus (Blainville in Eudes-Deslongchamps & Blainville, 1852), NHMUK PV R 1530; B, 'Thalattosuchus' superciliosus, GLAHM V1005; C, 'Thalattosuchus' superciliosus, GLAHM V960; D, Tyrannoneustes lythrodectikos Young, de Andrade, Brusatte, Sakamoto & Liston, 2012, GLAHM V1145. Target indicates anterior. Arrow points anteriorly. Femora with anteversion will display similar orientations of the greatest axis of the distal condyles and the femoral head. Scale bars: A, B, D, 5 cm; C, 1 cm.