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21 results for “Crocodylus acutus”
Data from: Genetic and morphological evidence of a geographically widespread hybrid zone between two crocodile species, Crocodylus acutus and Crocodylus moreletii
<p>Hybrid zones represent natural laboratories to study gene flow, divergence and the nature of species boundaries between closely related taxa. We evaluated the level and extent of hybridization between <em>Crocodylus moreletii </em>and<em> C. acutus </em>using genetic and morphological data on 300 crocodiles from 65 localities. To our knowledge, this is the first genetic study that includes the entire historic range and sympatric zone of the two species. Contrary to expectations, Bayesian admixture proportions and maximum likelihood estimates of hybrid indexes revealed that most sampled crocodiles were admixed and that the hybrid zone is geographically extensive, extending well beyond their historical region of sympatry. We identified a few geographically isolated, non-admixed populations of both parental species. Hybrids do not appear to be F<sub>1</sub>s or recent backcrosses, but rather are more likely later-generation hybrids, suggesting that hybridization has been going on for several to many generations and is mostly the result of natural processes. <em>C. moreletii </em>is not the sister species of <em>C. acutus,</em> suggesting that the hybrid zone formed from secondary contact rather than primary divergence. Non-admixed individuals from the two species were distinguishable based on morphological characters, whereas hybrids had a complex mosaic of morphological characters that hinders identification in the wild. Very few non-admixed <em>C. acutus</em> and <em>C. moreletii</em> populations exist in the wild. Consequently, the last non-admixed <em>C. moreletii</em> populations have become critically endangered. Indeed, not only the parental species but also the naturally occurring hybrids should be considered for their potential conservation value.</p>
Fig. 3 in Effect of vegetation and abiotic factors on the abundance and population structure of Crocodylus acutus (Cuvier, 1806) in coastal lagoons of Colima, Mexico
Fig. 3. Dendrogram considering the crocodiles observed, water salinity, temperature, depth, and the four vegetation types present. Acronym definitions and characteristics of the sites are given in Table 1.
Fig. 1 in Effect of vegetation and abiotic factors on the abundance and population structure of Crocodylus acutus (Cuvier, 1806) in coastal lagoons of Colima, Mexico
Fig. 1. Selected sites in the study area. Acronym definitions and characteristics of the sites are given in Table 1.
Fig. 2 in Effect of vegetation and abiotic factors on the abundance and population structure of Crocodylus acutus (Cuvier, 1806) in coastal lagoons of Colima, Mexico
Fig. 2. Non-metric Multidimensional Scaling (NMDS) analysis showing the formation of two groups, by taking into account the crocodiles observed, water salinity, temperature, depth, and the four vegetation types present. Acronym definitions and characteristics of the sites are given in Table 1.
Data from: Genetic and morphological evidence of a geographically widespread hybrid zone between two crocodile species, Crocodylus acutus and Crocodylus moreletii
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Out with the old, introgression with the new: Signals of ancient and recent admixture in hybridizing Mesoamerican crocodiles (Crocodylus acutus x Crocodylus moreletii)
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Effect of the Central American Isthmus on gene flow and divergence of the American crocodile Crocodylus acutus
<p>The final formation of the Central American Isthmus (CAI) about 3.5 Ma altered global ocean circulation, connected North and South America terrestrial biotas and established the Caribbean Sea. The nature of this event creates a natural scenario to test vicariance, divergence, and speciation by allopatry. Studies have shown the effect of the CAI on marine and terrestrial species, but none have examined a large-bodied amphibious taxon. We used RAD sequencing on populations of the American crocodile <em>Crocodylus acutus</em>, to study the genomic variation of <em>C. acutus</em> on both sides of the CAI, infer its demographic history and measure the effect of the opening of the Panama Canal. Our results showed three genomic clusters: 1) Caribbean and the Panama Canal, 2) Pacific coast, and 3) Coiba island. The estimated divergence times between the Caribbean and Pacific populations are about 20 ka, which is two orders of magnitude younger than the formation of the CAI, but coincides with the Last Glacial Maximum. We hypothesize the glacial/interglacial cycles facilitated gene flow between the Caribbean and Pacific crocodile populations after the formation of the CAI, masking any genomic divergence the CAI may have caused. There is no evidence of gene flow associated with the opening of the Panama Canal.</p>
Data from: Differences in distress: variance and production of American crocodile (Crocodylus acutus) distress calls in Belize
Acoustic communication of American Crocodiles (Crocodylus acutus) is relatively understudied. Our overall aim was to determine the acoustic structure of wild American Crocodile distress calls, distinguish call differences among size classes (hatchling, juvenile, sub-adult, and adult), and investigate call production on a gradient of human disturbance. American Crocodile distress calls have strong frequency modulation and are comprised of multiple harmonics in a downsweeping pattern. Measured parameters (total duration, first quartile duration, maximal frequency, first quartile frequency, end frequency, slope of first quartile, slope of last quartiles) differed significantly among size classes (P < 0.05). Hatchling distress calls are higher in frequency and strongly modulated, whereas calls produced by sub-adults and adults showed little modulation, are lower in frequency, and have greater overall duration. Proportion of crocodiles that produced distress calls during capture differed by size class and sampling location, particularly adult distress calls which are reported here to be produced with undocumented frequency. We determined that American Crocodiles of all size classes produce distress calls at varying rates among study sites. Our results demonstrate that American crocodiles produce distress call more frequently at sites with higher anthropogenic activity. Measured call parameters of juveniles and hatchling American crocodiles also varied among sites in relation to human disturbance. Calls recorded at sites of high anthropogenic impact have increased duration and less modulation which may adversely affect response to emitted distress calls. Proportional and call parameter variances suggest anthropogenic activity as a driver for increased call production and alteration of call parameters at high human-impacted sites.
Figure 4 in Tropical cyclones and reproductive ecology of Crocodylus acutus Cuvier, 1807 (Reptilia: Crocodilia: Crocodylidae) on a Caribbean atoll in Mexico
Figure 4. Fluctuation of temperature in (A) three nests of 2007 and (B) three nests of 2008 of American crocodiles in Banco Chinchorro. Note: Data-logger in Nest 6 ceased functioning on 1 June 2008 during tropical storm Arthur.
Figure 3 in Tropical cyclones and reproductive ecology of Crocodylus acutus Cuvier, 1807 (Reptilia: Crocodilia: Crocodylidae) on a Caribbean atoll in Mexico
Figure 3. Relationship between gap fraction and incident solar radiation intensity (ISRI) for 34 sites in Cayo Centro, Banco Chinchorro, showing 9 successful nests (black squares); 7 unsuccessful nests (grey squares); and 18 control sites (white squares).
Figure 2 in Tropical cyclones and reproductive ecology of Crocodylus acutus Cuvier, 1807 (Reptilia: Crocodilia: Crocodylidae) on a Caribbean atoll in Mexico
Figure 2. Climatic diagram from the meteorological station of Mahahual, with periods of courtship and mating (thin line), laying (dashed line), and hatching (thick line) of American crocodiles in Banco Chinchorro.
Figure 1 in Tropical cyclones and reproductive ecology of Crocodylus acutus Cuvier, 1807 (Reptilia: Crocodilia: Crocodylidae) on a Caribbean atoll in Mexico
Figure 1. Localisation map of Banco Chinchorro biosphere reserve and of Cayo Centro, with nesting areas and nests location.
Figure 5 in Tropical cyclones and reproductive ecology of Crocodylus acutus Cuvier, 1807 (Reptilia: Crocodilia: Crocodylidae) on a Caribbean atoll in Mexico
Figure 5. Monthly mean direct solar radiation intensity (DSRI) at nine nesting sites of American crocodiles in Banco Chinchorro, with incubation period indicated.
Figure 2 in Fauna associated with the nests of Crocodylus moreletii and Crocodylus moreletii × acutus in Belize
Figure 2. Map of Belize showing major population centres and approximate location of our study sites (1992–2000). 1. Sapote Lagoon. 2. Gold Button Lagoon. 3. Rio Hondo wetlands. 4. New River, New River Lagoon, and associated wetlands. 5. Habanero Lagoon. 6. Gallon Jug. 7. Cox Lagoon. 8. Banana Bank Ranch. 9. Monkey River. 10. Bladen-Swasey River. 11. Payne's Creek. 12. Temash River. Inset shows the location of Belize in relation to other Caribbean countries.
Figure 1 in Fauna associated with the nests of Crocodylus moreletii and Crocodylus moreletii × acutus in Belize
Figure 1. Typical mound nest of Morelet's Crocodile (Crocodylus moreletii) composed of vegetation (largely Typha) and soil on a small island at Gold Button Lagoon in northern Belize (a). Nest mound constructed by hybrid crocodile (C. moreletii × acutus) along a river in southern Belize. Boat paddle is approximately 1.4 m long (b). Nest mound opened to expose hybrid crocodile eggs (c).
Figure 4 in Fauna associated with the nests of Crocodylus moreletii and Crocodylus moreletii × acutus in Belize
Figure 4. Black-bellied whistling-duck (Dendrocygna autumnalis) nest found in close proximity to a C. moreletii nest on an island in Gold Button Lagoon, northern Belize (a). Photograph showing location of duck nest (yellow notebook at lower left) relative to crocodile nest (white arrow) among dense tangle of vines covering the small island (b).
Figure 3 in Fauna associated with the nests of Crocodylus moreletii and Crocodylus moreletii × acutus in Belize
Figure 3. Clutch of neotropical slider (Trachemys venusta) eggs (right) found in a C. moreletii nest containing 21 crocodile eggs (left) at Gold Button Lagoon in northern Belize.
Data from: Conservation genetics of American crocodile, Crocodylus acutus, populations in Pacific Costa Rica
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Effect of the Central American Isthmus on gene flow and divergence of the American crocodile Crocodylus acutus
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Data from: Life histories and conservation of long-lived reptiles, an illustration with the American Crocodile (Crocodylus acutus)
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