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FIG. 7 in Neutrophil: Lymphocyte Ratios as a Measure of Chronic Stress in Populations of the Hellbender (Cryptobranchus alleganiensis) across a Habitat Quality Gradient

FIG. 7. Hellbender neutrophil: lymphocyte ratio across 2017 and 2018 at Little River (LR; n ¼ 8), Tumbling Creek (TC; n ¼ 12), Hiwassee River (HR; n ¼ 11), Elk River (ER; n ¼ 3), North Fork Triplett Creek (NFTC; n ¼ 4), Little Buffalo River (LBR; n ¼ 4), Doe River (DR; n ¼ 1), and South Fork New River (SFNR; n ¼ 5). Letters indicate among-site differences, where sites that are significantly different have different letters, and error bars represent two standard deviations from the mean.

FIG. 5 in Neutrophil: Lymphocyte Ratios as a Measure of Chronic Stress in Populations of the Hellbender (Cryptobranchus alleganiensis) across a Habitat Quality Gradient

FIG. 5. Scatterplot showing regression between Hellbender neutrophil: lymphocyte ratio and water pH observed in 2018.

FIG. 4 in Neutrophil: Lymphocyte Ratios as a Measure of Chronic Stress in Populations of the Hellbender (Cryptobranchus alleganiensis) across a Habitat Quality Gradient

FIG. 4. Scatterplots showing multiple linear regression comparing Hellbender neutrophil: lymphocyte ratio and water characteristics for 2018. The first row of graphs depicts neutrophil: lymphocyte ratio on the y-axis and corresponding environmental variables on the x-axis; all other rows depict the relationship among water quality parameters assessed. R2 values are provided for each graph, the red line represents the overall trend line, and significant variables are indicated with an asterisk.

FIG. 3 in Neutrophil: Lymphocyte Ratios as a Measure of Chronic Stress in Populations of the Hellbender (Cryptobranchus alleganiensis) across a Habitat Quality Gradient

FIG. 3. Scatterplots showing regressions between Hellbender neutrophil: lymphocyte ratios and conductivity (A), pH (B), and dissolved oxygen (C), in 2017.

FIG. 1 in Neutrophil: Lymphocyte Ratios as a Measure of Chronic Stress in Populations of the Hellbender (Cryptobranchus alleganiensis) across a Habitat Quality Gradient

FIG. 1. Map of eight sites surveyed between 2017 and 2018 for Hellbenders, including North Fork Triplett Creek (NFTC) in Kentucky, Little Buffalo River (LBR), Hiwassee River (HR), Little River (LR), Doe River (DR), Tumbling Creek (TC), and Elk River (ER) in Tennessee, and South Fork New River (SFNR) in North Carolina.

opencc-zeroDec 2012View details →

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Data from: Habitat attributes associated with short-term settlement of Ozark hellbender (Cryptobranchus alleganiensis bishopi) salamanders following translocation to the wild

1. Organisms associated with lotic systems rank among the most threatened because of global change. Although translocation is being increasingly applied as a conservation strategy, most studies have focused on survival and recruitment of individuals, and few have attempted to identify how habitat attributes influence short-term settlement of animals during the critical post-release period. 2. We demonstrate the application of resource selection modelling in an information theoretic framework to identify release-site characteristics that will increase the likelihood of settlement for a fully aquatic benthic stream salamander, the Ozark hellbender (Cryptobranchus alleganiensis bishopi). We fit discrete choice models using data from 29 radio-tagged hellbenders that were translocated to two sites in the North Fork of the White River (NFWR), Missouri (U.S.A.). We defined resource availability at two spatial scales (stream reach and home range) and quantified abiotic habitat attributes at 3181 salamander locations and 6329 random available locations collected between May 2008 and August 2009. 3. At both sites and spatial scales, a single model received substantially greater support (0.96–1.00 of total model weight) than all other models, and top-ranked models were similar in form and predictive ability. At both spatial scales, selection was positively influenced by the presence of cobble-boulder substratum relative to bedrock and finer substrata. We also noted a negative interactive effect between distance to the nearest substratum particle large enough to provide cover (i.e. at least one axis ≥15 cm in length) and an increase in either a direct or relative (i.e. pool, run, and riffle) measure of water velocity. 4. Collectively, salamanders released in our study selected resources indicative of long-term benthic microhabitat stability. However, despite strong selection of cobble-boulder substratum, 8% (282 of 3181) of captive-reared hellbender locations occurred in bank crevices and root masses. Although several studies have reported the importance of near bed hydraulics in determining occurrence of stream macroinvertebrates, our findings are the first to indicate that spacing among cobble-boulder substrata may be important for hellbenders. 5. To increase the likelihood of short-term settlement of captive-reared hellbenders in the wild, we recommend prioritising release sites where the average distance between cobble-boulder particles within habitat patches is minimised. In general, average spacing among cobble and boulder substrata should be <1 m in habitat patches where mean benthic water velocity exceeds 0.1 m s−1, and <0.5 m where water velocity approaches 0.30 m s−1. Based on home range sizes of captive-reared Ozark hellbenders, the collective extent of suitable cobble-boulder habitat patches within release sites should approximate at least 10 m2 per salamander released.

Figure 4 from: A. Hopkins W, Moser B, Garst D, J. Richardson D, I. Hammond C, A. Lazo-Wasem E (2014) Morphological and molecular characterization of a new species of leech (Glossiphoniidae, Hirudinida): Implications for the health of its imperiled amphibian host (Cryptobranchus alleganiensis). ZooKeys 378: 83-101. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.378.6545

Figure 4 - Internal anatomy of Placobdella appalachiensis sp. n., Paratype USNM 1232939 collected from an adult eastern hellbender (Cryptobranchus alleganiensis) from stream reach A3 in southwest Virginia, USA. Ventral view, atrial cornuae (AC), ejaculatory duct (ED), intestinal ceca (IC), proboscis (Pr), testisac (T). Scale bar equals 2 mm.

Figure 3 from: A. Hopkins W, Moser B, Garst D, J. Richardson D, I. Hammond C, A. Lazo-Wasem E (2014) Morphological and molecular characterization of a new species of leech (Glossiphoniidae, Hirudinida): Implications for the health of its imperiled amphibian host (Cryptobranchus alleganiensis). ZooKeys 378: 83-101. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.378.6545

Figure 3 - Ventral surface of Placobdella appalachiensis sp. n., Holotype USNM 1232924 collected from an adult eastern hellbender (Cryptobranchus alleganiensis) from stream reach A3 in southwest Virginia, USA. Scale bar equals 1 mm.

Figure 1 from: A. Hopkins W, Moser B, Garst D, J. Richardson D, I. Hammond C, A. Lazo-Wasem E (2014) Morphological and molecular characterization of a new species of leech (Glossiphoniidae, Hirudinida): Implications for the health of its imperiled amphibian host (Cryptobranchus alleganiensis). ZooKeys 378: 83-101. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.378.6545

Figure 1 - Map of two streams in southwest Virginia, USA where hellbenders were collected from 8 stream reaches over 3 consecutive years. Leeches were only detected in stream reach A3.

Figure 2 from: A. Hopkins W, Moser B, Garst D, J. Richardson D, I. Hammond C, A. Lazo-Wasem E (2014) Morphological and molecular characterization of a new species of leech (Glossiphoniidae, Hirudinida): Implications for the health of its imperiled amphibian host (Cryptobranchus alleganiensis). ZooKeys 378: 83-101. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.378.6545

Figure 2 - Dorsal surface of Placobdella appalachiensis sp. n., Holotype USNM 1232924 collected from an adult eastern hellbender (Cryptobranchus alleganiensis) from stream reach A3 in southwest Virginia, USA. Scale bar equals 1 mm.

Figure 5 from: A. Hopkins W, Moser B, Garst D, J. Richardson D, I. Hammond C, A. Lazo-Wasem E (2014) Morphological and molecular characterization of a new species of leech (Glossiphoniidae, Hirudinida): Implications for the health of its imperiled amphibian host (Cryptobranchus alleganiensis). ZooKeys 378: 83-101. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.378.6545

Figure 5 - Relationship between total body length (cm) of eastern hellbenders (Cryptobranchus alleganiensis) and the number of leeches (Placobdella appalachiensis sp. n.) they harbored. All hellbenders were collected from stream reach A3 in southwest Virginia, USA.

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Data from: Habitat attributes associated with short-term settlement of Ozark hellbender (Cryptobranchus alleganiensis bishopi) salamanders following translocation to the wild

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FIG. 6 in Neutrophil: Lymphocyte Ratios as a Measure of Chronic Stress in Populations of the Hellbender (Cryptobranchus alleganiensis) across a Habitat Quality Gradient

FIG. 6. Hellbender neutrophil: lymphocyte ratio in 2017 at Little River (LR; n ¼ 4), Tumbling Creek (TC; n ¼ 9), Hiwassee River (HR; n ¼ 6), Little Buffalo River (LBR; n ¼ 2), and Doe River (DR; n ¼ 1). Letters indicate among-site differences, where sites that are significantly different have different letters, and error bars represent two standard deviations from the mean.

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FIG. 2 in Neutrophil: Lymphocyte Ratios as a Measure of Chronic Stress in Populations of the Hellbender (Cryptobranchus alleganiensis) across a Habitat Quality Gradient

FIG. 2. Scatterplots showing multiple linear regression comparing Hellbender neutrophil: lymphocyte ratio and water characteristics for 2017. The first row of graphs depicts neutrophil: lymphocyte ratio on the y-axis and corresponding environmental variables on the x-axis; all other rows depict the relationship among water quality parameters assessed. R2 values are provided for each graph, the red line represents the overall trend line, and significant variables are indicated with an asterisk.