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FIGURE 70 in Systematics, ecology and distribution of the mygalomorph spider genus Cteniza Latreille, 1829 (Araneae, Mygalomorphae, Ctenizidae)

FIGURE 70. Geographical records of collection sites (derived from literature, museum labels and personal correspondence) of the two known Cteniza species. Blue dots: C. moggridgei, red dots: C. sauvagesi. Blue and red areas represent projected suitable habitats for C. moggridgei and C. sauvagesi, respectively, according to SDM analysis (threshold: 0.6).

FIGURES 59–62. C in Systematics, ecology and distribution of the mygalomorph spider genus Cteniza Latreille, 1829 (Araneae, Mygalomorphae, Ctenizidae)

FIGURES 59–62. C. sauvagesi (specimen Colo.015 Sardinia) palp-organ (right hand side) in four clockwise rotational shifts of 90° around a central longitudinal axis. 59, standard ventral orientation used for taking measurements. Note tiny scoop (sc) at the tip of the slender, regularly curved embolus. Scale bars= 0.5 mm

FIGURES 51–54 in Systematics, ecology and distribution of the mygalomorph spider genus Cteniza Latreille, 1829 (Araneae, Mygalomorphae, Ctenizidae)

FIGURES 51–54. Dentation of tarsal claws and structure of spermathecae in C. sauvagesi NEOTYPE (female, Isaia.137, Corsica). 51, palp-claw (note bifid (bt) proximal tooth and more distal (su) subsidiary tooth); 52, claws leg I (note singule sharp tooth proximal (st) and more distal subsidiary tooth (st) on paired claws); 53, claws leg IV (note bifid proximal tooth (bt) and (atc) smooth auxiliary claw); 54, spermathecae (note straight tripartite receptacles, with (pp) membranous proximal part, (mp) sclerotized medial collar and (dp) donut-shaped glandular distal parts). Scale bars= 0.5mm

FIGURES 55–58. C.sauvagesi male NHMB.011 in Systematics, ecology and distribution of the mygalomorph spider genus Cteniza Latreille, 1829 (Araneae, Mygalomorphae, Ctenizidae)

FIGURES 55–58. C.sauvagesi male NHMB.011 Corsica (descript). 55, left palp retrolateral. Note lack of spines and strongly elongated tibia (et), patella (ep) and femur (ef). 56, left cymbium dorsal note spines (sp) and spine-sockets (ss). 57, tarsal claws leg I. 58, tarsal claws leg IV. Note the combs of side teeth on all paired claws. Scale bars= 0.5 mm

FIGURES 43–44 in Systematics, ecology and distribution of the mygalomorph spider genus Cteniza Latreille, 1829 (Araneae, Mygalomorphae, Ctenizidae)

FIGURES 43–44. Species level diagnostics, differences in the shape of the male carapace. 43, C. sauvagesi (Colo.015, Sardinia); 44, C. moggridgei, (Shu.19.06.14, Alpes Maritimes). Note the anterior distinctively narrowing carapace in C. sauvagesi versus the rounded carapace in C. moggridgei.

FIGURES 37–40 in Systematics, ecology and distribution of the mygalomorph spider genus Cteniza Latreille, 1829 (Araneae, Mygalomorphae, Ctenizidae)

FIGURES 37–40. Top row: variable, sub-rectangular to trapezoidal, eye-formations in male and female of the genus Cteniza. 37, Ct. sauvagesi (male, Colo.018, Sardinia); 38, Ct. moggridgei (females, Isaia.020, Liguria). Bottom row: Patterns of sternal sigilla in male and female of the genus Cteniza. 39, Ct. moggridgei (male, Shu.19.06.14, Alpes Maritimes); 40, Ct. sauvagesi (female, Riz.006, Calabria). Note the large central sigilla (cs) and the small lateral sigilla (ls). Points of attention are marked with arrows. Scale bars= top-row= 0.5 mm, bottom row 1.0 mm

FIGURES 41–42 in Systematics, ecology and distribution of the mygalomorph spider genus Cteniza Latreille, 1829 (Araneae, Mygalomorphae, Ctenizidae)

FIGURES 41–42. Sexual dimorphic carapace structure in lateral view within Cteniza. 41, Ct. sauvagesi (female, AR4224, Corsica); 42, Ct. sauvagesi (male, Riz.008). Note high elevated cephalic part steeply sloping to the fovea and smooth, shining cuticle in female (41) and finely sculptured, dull cuticle with thick lateral/caudal rim and reduced elevation of the cephalic part in male. Scale bars= 2mm

FIGURES 21–24 in Systematics, ecology and distribution of the mygalomorph spider genus Cteniza Latreille, 1829 (Araneae, Mygalomorphae, Ctenizidae)

FIGURES 21–24. Top left to right: 21, Ct. moggridgei (female, Isaia.020 Liguria); 22, Ct. sauvagesi (female, Colo.017, Sardinia) Note the irregular distribution of macro-spigots pointed by arrows. Bottom left tyo right: 23, Cy. cunicularium (female, 15/04/90.4, Crete); 24, Cy. grajum (female, Isiai.016a, Kefalonia). Note the compacte groups of macro-spigots in Cy. cunicularium and the more slender PLS with conical distal segment in C. grajum. Scale bars= 1.0 mm

FIGURES 9–14 in Systematics, ecology and distribution of the mygalomorph spider genus Cteniza Latreille, 1829 (Araneae, Mygalomorphae, Ctenizidae)

FIGURES 9–14. Top row left to right: 9, Ct. sauvagesi (female, AR4211a, Corsica); 10, Cy. grajum (female, 04/07/95.2, Paxi); 11, Stasimopus sp. (female, AR4117, Bloemfontijn). Note the differences in the width of the eye-group, narrow (n) in Cteniza, medium (m) in Cyrtocarenum and wide (w) in Stasimopus. Bottom row left to right: 12, Ct. sauvagesi (female, AR4224, Corsica); 13, Cy. grajum (female, 04/07/95.2, Paxi); 14, Stasimopus sp. (female, AR4117, Bloemfontijn). Note the differences in the shape of the carapace in lateral view (thoracic part horizontal at the fovea in Cteniza + Cyrtocarenum, sloping downward in Stasimopus). Points of attention are marked with arrows. Scale bars= 2.0 mm

FIGURES 15–20 in Systematics, ecology and distribution of the mygalomorph spider genus Cteniza Latreille, 1829 (Araneae, Mygalomorphae, Ctenizidae)

FIGURES 15–20. Top row left to right: 15, Ct. sauvagesi (female, Riz.006, Calabria); 16, Cy. cunicularium (female, 20/04/ 90.1, Crete); 17, Stasimopus sp. (female, AR4117, Bloemfontijn). Note open groups of "dagger-type" spines on the prolateral distal segments of leg I in Cteniza + Cyrtocarenum (15–16) versus the compact groups of short "curvy-spines" in Stasimopus (17). Bottom row left to right: 18, Ct. sauvagesi (female, Bra.005, Corsica); 19, Cy. cunicularium (female, 20/04/90.1, Crete); 20, Stasimopus sp. (female, AR4117, Bloemfontijn), note the cylindrical tibia III and proximally concave dorsal femur in Cteniza + Cyrtocarenum (18–19) versus the distally inflated tibia III and convex dorsal femur in Stasimopus (20).). Points of attention are marked with arrows. Scale bars= 1.0 mm

FIGURE 71 in Systematics, ecology and distribution of the mygalomorph spider genus Cteniza Latreille, 1829 (Araneae, Mygalomorphae, Ctenizidae)

FIGURE 71. Bi-plot of Principal Component Analysis (PCA) scores for the first two axes based on the values of the environmental predictors extracted for the localities of Cteniza moggridgei (blue dots) and C. sauvagesi (red dots). See Table 1 for an explanation of the explanatory variables.

FIGURES 3–8 in Systematics, ecology and distribution of the mygalomorph spider genus Cteniza Latreille, 1829 (Araneae, Mygalomorphae, Ctenizidae)

FIGURES 3–8. Top row left to right: 3, Cteniza sauvagesi (female, AR4216, Corsica); 4, Cyrtocarenum sp. (female, 01/07/ 95.4, Corfu); 5, Stasimopus sp. (female, AR4117, Bloemfontijn). Note the differences in the distal maxillae with narrow, straight anterior lobes in Cteniza + Cyrtocarenum and wide, curved lobe in Stasimopus (arrows). Bottom row left to right: 6, Ct. sauvagesi (female, Isaia.137, Calabria); 7, Cy. grajum (female, 22/10/92.2, Peloponnesos); 8, Stasimopus sp. (female, AR4117, Bloemfontijn). Note the differences in the distal labium (rounded in Cteniza + Cyrtocarenum, conical in Stasimopus), and sternal sigilla (clear, rounded and separated in Cteniza + Cyrtocarenum, vague, longitudinal and fussed in Stasimopus) (arrows). Scale bars= 1.0 mm

FIGURES 1–2 in Systematics, ecology and distribution of the mygalomorph spider genus Cteniza Latreille, 1829 (Araneae, Mygalomorphae, Ctenizidae)

FIGURES 1–2. Methods of measurement of sexual characters. 1, Bulb (C. sauvagesi, male, Isaia.133, Calabria) measures in standard ventral view. BuL: bulb length. EmL: embolus length. BuW bulb width. 2, Spermathecae (C. moggridgei, female, NHMB.002, Liguria) in ventral view. Int: internal distance receptacles. Ext: external distance receptacles. LRL and RRL: lengths of the left and right receptacle. Scale bars= 0.5 mm

FIGURES 66–69. C. moggridgei specimen Shu.19.06.14 in Systematics, ecology and distribution of the mygalomorph spider genus Cteniza Latreille, 1829 (Araneae, Mygalomorphae, Ctenizidae)

FIGURES 66–69. C. moggridgei specimen Shu.19.06.14 Alpes Maritimes palp-organ (right hand side) in four clockwise rotational shifts of 90° around a central longitudinal axis. 66, standard ventral orientation used for taking measurements. Note general similarity with C. sauvagesi (Figs. 59–62) with slightly more slender and more proximally curved embolus, the apical tiny scoop (sc) is identical. Scale bars= 0.5 mm

FIGURES 72–75. Habitat types for Cteniza species. 72, C in Systematics, ecology and distribution of the mygalomorph spider genus Cteniza Latreille, 1829 (Araneae, Mygalomorphae, Ctenizidae)

FIGURES 72–75. Habitat types for Cteniza species. 72, C. moggridgei shady, moss-covered humid Mediterranean forest habitat, France, Alpes Maritimes (photo A. Decae); 73, C. sauvagesi open scrubland habitat, Italy, Calabria (photo P. Rizzo); 74, C. sauvagesi exposed road-side habitat Italy, Sardinia (photo S. Huber, permission); 75, shaded road-side habitat Calabria (photo P. Rizzo).

FIGURES 49–50. C in Systematics, ecology and distribution of the mygalomorph spider genus Cteniza Latreille, 1829 (Araneae, Mygalomorphae, Ctenizidae)

FIGURES 49–50. C. sauvagesi habitus of the NEOTYPE (female, Isaia.137, Corsica, Cap Corse, Oreta, (42.86°N, 9.43°E), leg. S. Mammola and A. Giresi) photographed submerged in 80% ethanol. 49, dorsal view; 50, ventral view. Scale bars= 10 mm.

FIGURES 33–36 in Systematics, ecology and distribution of the mygalomorph spider genus Cteniza Latreille, 1829 (Araneae, Mygalomorphae, Ctenizidae)

FIGURES 33–36. Living spiders of the genus Cteniza. 33, Ct. moggridgei (female, 20/04/05.4, Gorbio Alpes Maritimes); 34, Ct. sauvagesi (female, field recording by P. Rizzo Calabria); Ct. moggridgei (male, 20/04/05.5, Gorbio Alpes Maritimes); Ct. sauvagesi (male, field recording by P. Rizzo Calabria).

FIGURES 45–48 in Systematics, ecology and distribution of the mygalomorph spider genus Cteniza Latreille, 1829 (Araneae, Mygalomorphae, Ctenizidae)

FIGURES 45–48. Species level diagnostics, differences in spine patterns on leg I in males 45, C. sauvagesi (right, prolateral, NHMB.011, Corsica); 46, C. sauvagesi (right, retrolateral, NHMB.011, Corsica); 47, C. moggridgei (right, prolateral, 20.04.05.5, Alpes Maritimes); 48, C. moggridgei (right, retolateral, 20.04.05.5, Alpes Maritimes). Note the field of spikybristles (sb) on prolateral femur in C. sauvagesi (45) absent in C. moggridgei (47), and the relatively stronger spines on prolateral patella (ps) and tibia (ss) in C. moggridgei (47–48).

FIGURES 29–32 in Systematics, ecology and distribution of the mygalomorph spider genus Cteniza Latreille, 1829 (Araneae, Mygalomorphae, Ctenizidae)

FIGURES 29–32. Genus level diagnostic differences between Cteniza and Cyrtocarenum as seen in the armature and shape of the retrolateral male tibia and proximal metatarsus of leg I. 29, Ct. moggridgei (Shu-19.06.14 Alpes Maritimes); 30, Ct. sauvagesi (NHMB.011, Corsica); 31, Cy. cunicularium (GR80.11, Tinos); 32, Cy. grajum (GR.8.82.5, Kithira). Note strong spines (ss) in ventral half of the tibia and metatarsus as the sole armature in Cteniza and the strong ventral apical clasper-hooks mounted on a distinct process (ch) in Cyrtocarenum. Note also the difference in tibiae shape between the genera and the proximal bent and sclerotized metatarsus (sb) in Cyrtocarenum (absent in Cteniza). Scale bars= 1.0 mm

FIGURES 25–28 in Systematics, ecology and distribution of the mygalomorph spider genus Cteniza Latreille, 1829 (Araneae, Mygalomorphae, Ctenizidae)

FIGURES 25–28. Genus level diagnostic differences between Cteniza and Cyrtocarenum in the male bulb structure (standard ventral orientation). Left to right: 25, Ct. moggidgei (SHu.19.06.14, Alpes Maritimes); 26, Ct. sauvagesi (Isaia.134, Calabria); 27, Cy. cunicularium (GR80.11, Tinos); 28, Cy. grajum (GR.8.82.5, Kithira). Note the regular curve and tiny apical scoop (SC) in the embolus of the two Cteniza species and the robust distally bent and twisted embolus (tw) in the two Cyrtocarenum species. Scale bars= 0.5 mm