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Figure 8 in Distribution and molecular differentiation of Culex pipiens complex species in the Middle and Eastern Black Sea Regions of Turkey

Figure 8. Unrooted haplotype network for CQ11. Each circle represents a haplotype, and lines above each link indicate mutations.

Figure 7 in Distribution and molecular differentiation of Culex pipiens complex species in the Middle and Eastern Black Sea Regions of Turkey

Figure 7. Phylogenetic tree based on a 151-bp region within the CQ11 microsatellite region of Culex pipiens. The tree was constructed using the maximum likelihood method, and bootstrap values are shown as numbers on the tree.

Figure 5. Unrooted haplotype network. Each circle represents a in Distribution and molecular differentiation of Culex pipiens complex species in the Middle and Eastern Black Sea Regions of Turkey

Figure 5. Unrooted haplotype network. Each circle represents a haplotype, and the lines above each link indicate one mutation. Small black dots indicate intermediate, missing, or unsampled haplotypes.

Figure 4 in Distribution and molecular differentiation of Culex pipiens complex species in the Middle and Eastern Black Sea Regions of Turkey

Figure 4. The phylogenetic tree is based on a 651-bp region of the Ace-2 gene from Culex pipiens. The tree was constructed using the maximum likelihood method, and bootstrap values are shown as numbers on the tree.

opencc-by-4.0Oct 2022View details →

Merged anvio profiles for Wolbachia MAGs from Culex pipiens midgut and ovary samples

Anvi’o merged profile databases for Wolbachia MAGs from Culex pipiens midgut and ovary metagenomes.

Fig. 6 in Molecular and physiological characterization of the chitin synthase B gene isolated from CUlex pipieNS palleNS (Diptera: Culicidae)

Fig. 6 Effect of CpCHSB silencing in third instar larvae on chitin content. a Relative chitin content in fourth-instar larvae at 72 h after siCHSB injection (n = 10). b Rhodamine B staining of the midgut of fourth-instar larvae isolated after 72 h after siCHSB injection. c Chitin staining in the midgut at 48 and 72 h after siCHSB injection (n = 10). Results are shown as the mean ± SE (Student's t-tests; *P <0.05, **P <0.01). Scale-bar: 50 μm

Fig. 5 in Molecular and physiological characterization of the chitin synthase B gene isolated from CUlex pipieNS palleNS (Diptera: Culicidae)

Fig. 5 CpCHSB gene suppression by RNAi at 1 day after injection (n = 200) in adult mosquitoes. a Expression levels of CpCHSB at 72 h after injecting siCHSB assessed by RT-qPCR. The group injected with siCHSB show a reduction in CpCHSB expression of 53% compared with the control group. b Relative chitin content at 72 h after siCHSB injection. c Midgut length at 72 h after siCHSB injection. d Number of follicles per ovary and number of eggs per female mosquito (e) after injecting siCHSB. Results are shown as the mean ± SE (Student's t-tests; **P <0.01, ***P <0.001, ns, not significant)

Fig. 2 in Molecular and physiological characterization of the chitin synthase B gene isolated from CUlex pipieNS palleNS (Diptera: Culicidae)

Fig. 2 Expression profiles of CpCHSB in different tissues of fourth-instar C. pipiens pallens larvae. Tissues include head (HE), foregut (FG), midgut (MG), hindgut (HG), Malpighian tubules (MT) and carcass (CA). Relative expression levels were calculated based on the lowest expression value, which was ascribed an arbitrary value of 1. Results are shown as the mean ± SE

Fig. 1 in Molecular and physiological characterization of the chitin synthase B gene isolated from CUlex pipieNS palleNS (Diptera: Culicidae)

Fig. 1 Alignment of the conserved catalytic domain of chitin synthases from three mosquito species Seven characteristic motifs (M1–M7) in insect chitin synthases are highlighted. Dashes are used to denote gaps introduced to maximise alignment. Abbreviations: Ae, Aedes aegypti; Ag, Anopheles gambiae; Cp, Culex pipiens pallens

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2020View details →

Fig. 1 in German CULex pipienS biotype MoLeStUS and CULex torrentiUM are vector-competent for Usutu virus

Fig. 1 Comparison of the feeding and survival rates (from 0 to 14/16 dpi) of the four tested mosquito populations. Data values above the bars indicate the number of fully engorged or survived females per species, respectively. Numbers in brackets specify the ratio of engorged and survived females to the total number of females exposed to a blood meal or subjected to the experiment (minus day-0 samples), respectively. Error bars represent 95% confidence intervals. *P <0.05, **P <0.01, and ***P <0.001 by generalized binomial regression models or Fisher's exact test with Bonferroni correction. †Cx. pipiens biotype molestus laboratory colony from "Wendland," Lower Saxony, Germany. ‡Cx. pipiens biotype molestus laboratory colony from Novi Sad, the Republic of Serbia. §Cx. torrentium field-collected colony near Berlin and Bonn, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. ¶Ae. aegypti laboratory colony from Malaysia (Bayer CropScience, Langenfeld, Germany)

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2014View details →

Figure 1 in Effect of the Guppy, Poecilia reticulata, on Oviposition of Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae)

Figure 1. (A) Average numbers (±SE) of egg rafts laid by Culex quinquefasciatus in treatment (with one mosquito fish) and control (without mosquito fish), and (B) average per night (±SE) of gravid Culex quinquefasciatus females collected in gravid traps (treatment: 10 mosquito fish; control: without mosquito fish). Both vertical bars represent standard error.

dryad40/100

Climate adaptation and genetic differentiation in the mosquito species Culex tarsalis

The increasing prevalence of vector-borne diseases around the world highlights the pressing need for an in-depth exploration of the genetic and environmental factors that shape the adaptability and widespread distribution of mosquito populations. This research focuses on Culex tarsalis, a principal vector for various viral diseases including West Nile Virus (WNV). Through the development of a new reference genome and the examination of Restriction-Site Associated DNA sequencing (RAD-seq) data from over 300 individuals and 28 locations, we demonstrate that variables such as temperature, evaporation rates, and the density of vegetation significantly impact the genetic makeup of Cx. tarsalis populations. Among the alleles most strongly associated with environmental factors is a nonsynonymous mutation in a key gene related to circadian rhythms. These results offer new insights into the mechanisms of spread and adaptation in a key North American vector species, which is poised to become a growing health threat to both humans and animals in the face of ongoing climate change.

opencc-zeroJun 2024View details →

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2022View details →

Figure 2 in Culex quinquefasciatus predominance during integrated mosquito surveillance in an urban area of the Brazilian Amazon

Figure 2. Nasci Aspirator (A) and a plastic pot (B) with a screen (C) adapted for electric vacuuming. Open pot (D) and pot with a lid (E) in the nozzle of the aspirator.

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2022View details →

Figure 1 in Culex quinquefasciatus predominance during integrated mosquito surveillance in an urban area of the Brazilian Amazon

Figure 1. Map of the study area, Porto Velho city in Rondônia State, Brazil, demonstrating the location of each residence of collect (represented by a black circle).

Fig. 3 in Influence of Hepatozoon parasites on host-seeking and host-choice behaviour of the mosquitoes Culex territans and Culex pipiens

Fig. 3. Time of mosquito biting activity on infected or uninfected frogs. Mosquitoes that fed on infected frogs are represented by the solid line, and those that fed on uninfected frogs are represented by the dashed line. The top figure represents the time for each mosquito to land in trials where mosquitoes were allowed to feed to repletion (i.e., uninterrupted trials). A significantly higher proportion of mosquitoes that fed on infected frogs began to land later in the trial, compared to mosquitoes feeding on uninfected frogs. The bottom figure represents the time for each mosquito to land in trials where mosquitoes were allow to land but were removed before feeding (i.e., interrupted trials). A significant difference in the time for mosquitoes to land on infected or uninfected frogs was not observed in interrupted trials.

Fig. 4 in Influence of Hepatozoon parasites on host-seeking and host-choice behaviour of the mosquitoes Culex territans and Culex pipiens

Fig. 4. Time between mosquito bites on infected and uninfected frogs. Mosquitoes that were allowed to feed are represented by a solid line. Mosquitoes that were aspirated off the frog after landing are represented by the dashed line. A significantly longer amount of time passed between the bite of one mosquito and the bite of the following mosquito during trials in which mosquitoes were allowed to feed on a frog, compared to trials where mosquitoes were removed before feeding.

Fig. 1 in Influence of Hepatozoon parasites on host-seeking and host-choice behaviour of the mosquitoes Culex territans and Culex pipiens

Fig. 1. Number of mosquitoes that chose wild-caught frogs paired by different levels of infection. Each panel represents a pairing by infection level in green frogs. Each trial was repeated three times, and separate trials are shown by different shapes. Higher numbers of mosquitoes chose to land on wild-caught frogs with high infections of H. clamatae when paired with frogs with moderate infections or without infection. Infection level had a weakly significant effect on the number of mosquitoes that chose to land on a frog. UI = uninfected.

Fig. 2 in Influence of Hepatozoon parasites on host-seeking and host-choice behaviour of the mosquitoes Culex territans and Culex pipiens

Fig. 2. Number of mosquitoes that chose laboratory-raised frogs that were uninfected or experimentally infected. Each panel represents a pairing of infected or uninfected green frogs. Each pairing was repeated four times and each trial is represented by a different shape. Infection level did not have a significant effect on the number of mosquitoes choosing to land on a frog.

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2021View details →

Figure 6 in Culex (Culex) gaugleri, a new species (Diptera: Culicidae) from India

Figure 6. Phylogenetic tree of Culex gaugleri sp. nov. with other mosquitoes using mitochondrial 16s rRNA gene sequences constructed with maximum likelihood method (1000 boot straps).